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The Development and Efffectiveness of International Administrative Law Queen Mary Studies in International Law Edited by Malgosia Fitzmaurice Panos Merkouris Phoebe Okowa VOLUME 8 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.nl/qmil The Development and Efffectiveness of International Administrative Law On the Occasion of the Thirtieth Anniversary of the World Bank Administrative Tribunal Edited by Olufemi Elias LEIDEN • BOSTON 2012 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The development and efffectiveness of international administrative law : on the occasion of the thirtieth anniversary of the World Bank Administrative Tribunal / edited by Elias Olufemi. p. cm. -- (Queen Mary studies in international law, ISSN 1877-4822 ; v. 8) Includes index. ISBN 978-90-04-19470-0 (hardback : alk. paper) -- ISBN 978-90-04-20437-9 (e-book) 1. International administrative courts. 2. World Bank. Administrative Tribunal. 3. International organizations. 4. Judicial review of administrative acts. I. Olufemi, Elias. KZ5274.D48 2012 342’.06--dc23 2012015269 This publication has been typeset in the multilingual “Brill” typeface. With over 5,100 characters covering Latin, IPA, Greek, and Cyrillic, this typeface is especially suitable for use in the humanities. For more information, please see www.brill.nl/brill-typeface. ISSN 1877-4822 ISBN 978-90-04-19470-0 (hardback) ISBN 978-90-04-20437-9 (e-book) Copyright 2012 by The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, The World Bank, with offfijices at 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, U.S.A. and Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Global Oriental, Hotei Publishing, IDC Publishers and Martinus Nijhofff Publishers. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill NV provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. This book is printed on acid-free paper. CONTENTS Foreword .....................................................................................................................ix Stephen M. Schwebel Editor’s Preface ..........................................................................................................xi Olufemi Elias Members of the World Bank Administrative Tribunal ................................xiii List of Contributors .............................................................................................. xvii INTRODUCTION Introduction The World Bank Administrative Tribunal at Thirty ..........................................3 Jan Paulsson, David Caron, David G. Hawkes, Anne-Marie Leroy & Graeme Wheeler Chapter One The de Merode Decision, and its Influence upon International Administrative Law ..................................................................................................15 Robert A. Gorman PART I THE DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNATIONAL ADMINISTRATIVE LAW AS A FIELD OF LAW Chapter Two Reflections on the Internal Judicial Systems of International Organizations ............................................................................................................33 C. F. Amerasinghe Chapter Three Administrative Tribunals of International Organizations and World Constitutionalism .......................................................................................59 Pedro Dallari Chapter Four Administrative Tribunals of International Organizations from the Perspective of the Emerging Global Administrative Law ......................69 Benedict Kingsbury and Richard Stewart vi contents Chapter Five The Role of Administrative Tribunals in Safeguarding the Independence of the International Civil Service .......................................... 105 Lisa Tabassi PART II THE DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNATIONAL ADMINISTRATIVE LAW BY ADMINISTRATIVE TRIBUNALS Chapter Six Perfection, Best Practice, Adequacy? The Standard Applied by International Tribunals to the Behaviour of International Organizations .......................................................................................................... 129 Peter Hulsroj Chapter Seven The Treatment of Monetary Problems by International Administrative Tribunals ......................................................................................137 Rutsel Silvestre J. Martha Chapter Eight Discovery in Administrative Tribunal Cases .................................................. 187 Marie Chopra Chapter Nine The World Bank Administrative Tribunal and the Standard of Proof to be Applied in Investigations of Stafff Misconduct .........................197 David R. Rivero & Yelina Grados Chapter Ten Immunity of International Organizations, Marital Obligations of their Stafff and their Duty to Comply with National Court Orders: the Development of World Bank Practice and Procedure ..........................203 Zakir Hafez Chapter Eleven The Scope of World Bank Administrative Tribunal Remedies: Beyond Individual Relief .....................................................................................233 Francis Robert Augustine Sheed contents vii PART III THE INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Chapter Twelve The New United Nations System of Administration of Justice .................243 Maritza Struyvenberg Chapter Thirteen The European Union Civil Service Tribunal: A Three-tier Structure ........251 Waltraud Hakenberg Chapter Fourteen The Step Below: Can Arbitration Strengthen Administrative Tribunals? ................................................................................................................265 Arnold Zack PART IV ISSUES OF EFFECTIVENESS AND LEGITIMACY Chapter Fifteen Desirable Standards for the Design of Administrative Tribunals from the Perspective of Domestic Courts .......................................................273 Gregor Novak & August Reinisch Chapter Sixteen The Evolution of the Independence of Internal Judicial and Quasi-Judicial Organs of International Organizations: The Case of the World Bank ..................................................................................................303 Andrés Rigo Sureda Chapter Seventeen The Efffectiveness of International Administrative Law as a Body of Law ..................................................................................................... 319 Chris de Cooker Chapter Eighteen The Efffectiveness of International Administrative Law Compared to Some National Legal Systems ...................................................333 Roy Lewis viii contents Chapter Nineteen The Review of Decisions of International Administrative Tribunals by the International Court of Justice .............................................349 Joanna Gomula Chapter Twenty The Relation between Due Process in International and National Human Rights Instruments and International Adjudication Mechanisms ..................................................................................375 Santiago Oñate Laborde Chapter Twenty-One Conflicts of Interest in International Administrative Law .........................387 Nassib Ziadé CONCLUDING REMARKS Chapter Twenty-Two The Role of International Administrative Law ..............................................397 Melissa Su Thomas & Olufemi Elias Index ...........................................................................................................................411 FOREWORD As early in the history of international organizations as 1921, the League of Nations considered the desirability of establishing an administrative tribunal to settle diffferences between the stafff of the League and the Secretary-General. The Director of the International Labor Offfijice, Albert Thomas, maintained before the Fourth Committee of the League Assembly that, although there was internal machinery provided by joint boards, it was desirable and necessary to provide for the establishment of a juridical body with functions analogous to those of the Conseil d’Etat in France. In 1927, the League Assembly adopted the Statute of the Administrative Tribunal. The Tribunal had jurisdiction over the League Secretariat, the Pension Fund and the ILO. Thirty-seven cases were decided by the Tribunal between 1927 and 1946. When the League was dissolved in 1946, the ILO took over the Tribunal as the Administrative Tribunal of the International Labour Organization, and other international organizations were autho- rized to accept its jurisdiction. A great many have. From these important beginnings, administrative tribunals have prolif- erated with the establishment of the United Nations and its Specialized Agencies, and with the founding of a large number of other specialized international organizations. This volume gives a sense of the number and diversity of those organizations. More than that, it analyzes aspects of the international administrative law developed by those tribunals, and addresses salient issues that have come before them. The origins of this volume lie in a conference, on the theme of the “Development and Efffectiveness of International Administrative Law”, held to mark the thirtieth anniversary of the World Bank Administrative Tribunal. That Tribunal, while a relative newcomer to the

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