Nutritional Status of Baiga Tribe of Baihar, District Balaghat, Madhya
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ition & F tr oo u d N f S o c Chakma et al., J Nutr Food Sci 2014, 4:3 l i e a n n c r e DOI: 10.4172/2155-9600.1000275 u s o J Journal of Nutrition & Food Sciences ISSN: 2155-9600 Research Article Open Access Nutritional Status of Baiga Tribe of Baihar, District Balaghat, Madhya Pradesh Chakma T, Meshram P, Kavishwar A*, Vinay Rao P and Rakesh Babu Regional Medical Research Centre for Tribals (Indian Council of Medical Research) Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India Abstract A community based cross-sectional study was carried out to assess the nutritional status of Baiga tribal population of Baihar, Balaghat district of Madhya Pradesh. A total of 1197 individuals from 436 households were studied for anthropometric measurements and clinical examination. The consumption of all the food stuff except cereals and millets were lower than recommended dietary allowances. The intake of micronutrients was lower than recommended dietary allowances. Vitamin ‘A’ deficiency was a major nutritional deficiency disorder in this tribe. The magnitude of wasting (weight for height<Median-2SD) in pre-school children was significantly higher (42.3%) than the rural children (23.8%) of Madhya Pradesh. The prevalence of chronic energy deficiency (BMI<18.5) among adults was significantly higher (55.8% male and 62.9% female) as compared to rural population of Madhya Pradesh (28% male and 31% female). The results revealed that malnutrition is still a leading problem among Baiga tribe and this has not much improved in spite of nutrition intervention programmes which are currently in operation. Keywords: India; Baiga; Nutritional status; Pre-school children the year 2009. The study area is spread out in 190 villages in the three blocks namely Baihar, Birsa and Paraswada. A total 23 villages were Introduction selected using probability proportion to population size (PPS) sampling The tribal population constitutes about 8% of total population methods with an assumption that an estimated proportions of 50% of India. They live in unique physical socio-economic and cultural population being affected with a cluster size of 20, with a confidence environment, isolated from general population. Their food intake coefficient of 90% and confidence interval of ± 10% with a 0.3 rate of is influenced by vagaries of nature with large seasonal variation [1]. homogeneity and design effect of 6.70, based on right size statistical Government of India identified a total of 74 such tribal communities software of CDC Atlanta. Households were selected by systematic as primitive tribes on the basis of low growth rate, pre-agriculture random sampling. level of technology and extremely low level of literacy [2]. The Baiga Data collection is one of those primitive tribes inhabiting in Baihar tahsil of Balaghat District of Madhya Pradesh. The total population is about 17146 spread In a selected village data collection initiated from the north east over in 190 villages. Their economy is still dependent on primitive corner of the village. The information on socio-demographic profile agricultural techniques like gleaning and making of bamboo articles was collected for all the households. The data were recorded on pre- which are sold in nearby market. The modern method of raising the designed and pre-tested questionnaire. The medical officer examined agriculture production has not yet been adopted by this tribe. The tribal all individuals following the complete clinical examination and a population is at risk of under nutrition because of their dependence medical file was established for each individual. Anthropometrical on primitive agriculture practices and uncertainty of food supply [3]. measurements such as weight and height were measured using standard Health and nutritional problems are the result of unsatisfactory food procedure and equipment [6]. Lever actuated (SECA, Germany) intake or severe and repeated infections or a combination of both. Weighing scales were used and calibrated before and after each session. These conditions are closely linked to inadequate food consumption, The children were weighted with only minimum clothing and the neglected care for mothers and children, insufficient health services and average of two reading was taken. Height were measured on height unhealthy environment i.e. open field defecation and improper or non- board, care was taken to ensure that children were standing upright availability of drainage system [4]. Approximately 38 Million children with feet flat and firmly against the well. Weights were measured to the are born in south Asia and one in eight fails to survive to age of 5 years. nearest 0.01 kg and height to the nearest 0.1 cm. Family diet survey Approximately 3 million at these child death are directly or indirectly was carried out from 10% households by 24 hours recall methods [7]. associated with malnutrition [5]. There is considerable data regarding Data was collected from the women who Cooks and serve food to the food habits and nutritional status of urban and rural communities households members. of Madhya Pradesh, while such information is scanty on the Baiga tribe of Balaghat district. Hence a study was carried out by Regional Medical Research Center for tribals during month April 2009 with an objective to assess the nutritional status of Baiga tribal population. *Corresponding author: Kavishwar A, Regional Medical Research Centre for Tribals (Indian Council of Medical Research) Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India, Materials and Methods Tel: 919425160295; E-mail: [email protected] A cross sectional study was carried out in the Baihar tahsil Received March 28, 2014; Accepted April 22, 2014; Published April 29, 2014 of Balaghat district of Madhya Pradesh. Trained Medical officer, Citation: Chakma T, Meshram P, Kavishwar A, Vinay Rao P, Rakesh Babu (2014) Nutritionists, Social worker and field Investigators were involved in Nutritional Status of Baiga Tribe of Baihar, District Balaghat, Madhya Pradesh. J Nutr Food Sci 4: 275. doi: 10.4172/2155-9600.1000275 data collection using standard equipments and procedures. Copyright: © 2014 Chakma T, et al. This is an open-access article distributed Selection of village and households under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the The study was carried out in the Baihar tahsil of Balaghat district in original author and source are credited. J Nutr Food Sci, an open access journal ISSN: 2155-9600 Volume 4 • Issue 3 • 1000275 Citation: Chakma T, Meshram P, Kavishwar A, Vinay Rao P, Rakesh Babu (2014) Nutritional Status of Baiga Tribe of Baihar, District Balaghat, Madhya Pradesh. J Nutr Food Sci 4: 275. doi: 10.4172/2155-9600.1000275 Page 2 of 4 Analysis Percentage Kaccha 95.9 All data were initially recorded on microcomputers using CSpro Type of House (n=436) 4.0 version U .S. census burros Washington DC 20233-8860 USA. Semi-pucca 0.5 Double data entries were done as a check for entry errors. Using Pucca 3.7 SPSS windows version11.0, statistical analysis such as arithmetic Nuclear 82.3 Type of Family (n=436) mean, standard deviation and percent distribution of households/ Joint 17.7 Individuals according to different variables was carried out. The percent Illiterate 41.1 distribution of children according to weight for age, height for age and Primary 21.6 weight for height according to standard Deviation (SD) classification Literacy Status (n=1197) Middle 18.8 by using National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) standard was High School 2.1 carried out [8]. In this classification the children whose weight was Graduate 2.7 90% of the standard weight for their age were considered normal those Laborer 89.1 whose weight or height was greater than 10% were regarded as above Occupation of Head of House-holds (n=436) Cultivator 6.5 standard and those below 10% were regarded as stunted, wasted and Service 4.4 underweight, respectively. The nutritional status of adult men and women was determined by computing Body mass Index (weight in Open well 15.6 kg/height in meters2). Based on body mass index the individuals were Source of Drinking water (n=436) Tube well 81.7 categorized into different nutritional grades using James classification Stream/River 2.8 [9]. The average daily intake of food were computed and compared Other features (n=436) Yes No with the recommended dietary allowances for Indian [10]. The average Sanitary latrine 2.2 98.4 daily intakes of nutrient were calculated using food composition tables Separate Kitchen 60.9 91.5 [11] and compared with the recommend daily allowances [12]. The Electrification 79.6 71.3 results of the present study were compared with that rural population Table 1: Distribution of Socio demographic factors of Baiga Tribe of Balaghat. of Madhya Pradesh [13]. To test the significance of association between independent and dependent variables chi square (χ2) test was used, Baiga Rural (M.P.) while t test was applied to evaluate significance between RDA with Deficiency Signs ( n=226) (%) (n=505) (%) present results. Conjunctival Xerosis 9.7 3.4* Bitot’s Spot 4.9 0.6* Results Angular stomatitis 3.1 0.0 A total of 436 households from 23 villages were covered in the Marasmus 1.8 0.0 present study. A sub-sample of 114 households was covered for family Dental carries 3.1 0.0 diet survey. Nutritional anthropometry and clinical examination was Others 4.9 0.0 carried out on 1197 individuals. NAD 72.6 96.0# *p<0.01, # p<0.0001 Socio-economic profile NAD: No Abnormality Detected About 82.3% of the families were nuclear while about 17.7% Table 2: Prevalence (%) of Nutritional Deficiency Signs of pre-school Baiga Children of Baihar, Balaghat. were joint families. 95.9% of the houses were Kaccha and 0.5% was semi pucca while pucca houses accounted for only 3.7%.