DOCSLIB.ORG

Fabrication and Characterization of Polyaniline- Carbon Modified

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Fabrication and Characterization of Polyaniline- Carbon Modified UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI FABRICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF POLYANILINE- CARBON MODIFIED ELECTRODE (CME) BIOSENSOR FOR ANALYSIS OF BISPHENOL A BY LUCIA. K. KIIO. I56/74297/2014. A Thesis Submitted for Examination in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Award of the Degree of Master of science in Environmental Chemistry of the University of Nairobi. 2017. DECLARATION I declare that this thesis is my original work and has not been submitted elsewhere for examination, award of degree or publication. Where other people’s work or my own work has been used, this has properly been acknowledged and referenced in accordance with the University of Nairobi’s requirements. SIGNATURE DATE: LUCIA.K. KIIO I56/74297/2014 Department of Chemistry …………………………… ……..………… School of Physical Sciences University of Nairobi This thesis is submitted for examination with our approval as research supervisors: SIGNATURE DATE DR. DAMARIS MBUI Department of Chemistry School of Physical Sciences …………………………… ……..………… University of Nairobi P.O Box 30197-00100 Nairobi Kenya [email protected] DR. IMMACULATE MICHIRA Department of Chemistry University of Nairobi …………………………… ……..………… P.O Box 30197-00100 Nairobi Kenya [email protected] PROF. HELEN NJENGA Department of Chemistry University of Nairobi …………………………… ……..………… P.O Box 30197-00100 Nairobi Kenya [email protected] i DEDICATION I dedicate this thesis to my mum Domitilla Muthio, my dad Richard Munyao and family members for their steadfast support, financially and morally and their encouragement throughout my studies. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost I would like to thank the Almighty God for his guidance, protection and giving me strength, good health, knowledge and patience during my studies. Second, I would like to thank my parents for their everlasting love, encouragement, patience, support and motivation in my whole life. Greatest thanks to my supervisor Dr. Damaris Mbui, for her tireless and continuous support and encouragement for the entire period of my Masters degree studies, Dr. Immaculate Michira and Prof. Helen Njenga for giving me an opportunity to complete my Masters degree under their excellent supervision, support and encouragement during this period. I would also like to appreciate all my lecturers and technical staff in the Departments of, Chemistry, Physics, School of Biological sciences, Biochemistry, the university, mentors, sponsors, colleagues and all who have contributed to my progress during the entire period of this study. Many thanks to Kianda School for giving me an opportunity to pursue my master’s degree, their encouragement and support. Many special thanks to all my friends who encouraged me and supported me during the entire period of my study. I would also like to acknowledge the National Commission for Science, Technology and Innovation (NACOSTI) for generously funding this study. iii ABSTRACT In this work, a biosensor to qualitatively and quantitatively determine the amount of BPA was fabricated, with the aim of analyzing levels of BPA in the environment. It was observed that most drinking bottles in the Kenyan market have a substantial amount of BPA that leaches into drinking water. Monitoring BPA is difficult as various known analytical methods may not be available in a developing country like Kenya. A more versatile and cheaper method is urgently required so as to assess the levels of BPA that the average Kenyan is exposed to with the intention of minimizing the BPA concentration in the environment. The biosensor for determination of Bisphenol A was developed from a bentonite-modified carbon electrode, polyaniline, SLS surfactant and Tyrosinase enzyme. The biosensor obtained was used to determine Bisphenol A in plastic water bottles and feeding baby bottles. Electrochemical methods, including cyclic voltammetry, DPV and square wave voltammetry were used in characterization of the biosensor. Other methods used were UV-VIS and Raman spectroscopy. The pH of the experiments was maintained using a phosphate buffer, and the optimal pH for the operation of the biosensor was obtained as 7.2. An elaborate peak signaling the presence of BPA was found at +0.5V for reduction potential and +0.2V oxidation potential. Under optimized conditions, the detection limit for BPA using the developed biosensor was found to be 2.1 x 10-9M within a concentration range of 0.02-0.2 mM where the response time reached 95% within 15 seconds. The concentrations of BPA in the water from the plastic bottles were found to be 0.030mM, 0.021 mM and 0.035mM for green, pink and blue drinking water bottles respectively and 0.030mM and 0.019mM green and pink feeding baby bottles respectively. We would like to sensitize the government and the people of Kenya against using plastics that have BPA because of the risks associated with the chemical compound. We would also like to recommend that the amount of BPA in other substances like CDs, DVDs, thermal paper and the various medical implements that are known to be manufactured using BPA be established and that the public be likewise alerted on using these substances. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION....................................................................................................................... i DEDICATION.......................................................................................................................... ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................................................................................. iii ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................. iv LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................... viii LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................ ix LIST OF SCHEMES ............................................................................................................. xii ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ............................................................................ xiii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................... 1 1.1 Background .................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Problem Statement ......................................................................................................... 4 1.3 Overall objective ........................................................................................................... 5 1.4 Specific Objectives ........................................................................................................ 5 1.5 Research Justification .................................................................................................... 6 1.6 Significance of the Study ............................................................................................... 7 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW .............................................................................. 8 2.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 8 2.2 Endocrine Disrupting Compounds ................................................................................. 8 2.3 Bisphenol A ................................................................................................................. 10 2.4 Scholarly Knowledge on BPA ..................................................................................... 13 2.4.1 Studies on reproductive health effects of BPA .................................................. 15 2.4.2 Non-reproductive health effects of BPA Studies ............................................... 16 2.5 Actions taken by various states due to issues concerning BPA .................................. 18 2.6 Studies on Bisphenol Substitute (BPS) ........................................................................ 20 2.7 Biosensors ................................................................................................................... 20 2.8 Types of Biosensors ..................................................................................................... 22 2.8.1 Electrochemical biosensors ................................................................................ 22 2.8.2 Amperometric biosensor .................................................................................... 22 2.8.3 Potentiometric biosensor ................................................................................... 22 2.8.4. Conductimetric Biosensors ................................................................................... 23 2.8.5 Biosensors used in health care .............................................................................. 23 2.8.6 Enzyme Immobilization ........................................................................................ 25 2.8.7 Tyrosinase Enzyme ............................................................................................... 26 2.8.8: Catalytic cycle of Tyrosinase ................................................................................... 28 2.9 Historical background of conducting Polymers .......................................................... 30 v 2.9.1 Polyaniline ....................................................................................................... 32
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Views of Parents' About Taking Human Milk of Premature Infants
    A L J O A T U N R I N R A E L P Research Article P L E R A Perinatal Journal 2013;21(2):77-84 I N N R A U T A L J O Views of parents’ about taking human milk of premature infants Fatma Tafl Arslan1, Elanur Yeniterzi2 1Department of Pediatric Nursery, Faculty of Health Sciences, Selçuk University, Konya, Turkey 2Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Faculty Hospital, Meram Faculty of Medicine, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey Abstract Prematüre bebeklerin anne sütü al›m› ve ebeveynlerinin görüflleri Objective: This descriptive study aims to determine the views of Amaç: Araflt›rma, 32-37 haftal›k prematüre bebe¤e sahip ebeveyn- parents that have 32-37 weeks premature babies about babies’ lerin, bebeklerinin anne sütü almas› konusundaki görüfllerini belir- breast feeding. lemek amac›yla tan›mlay›c› türde yap›ld›. Methods: The research was conducted in Newborn Intensive Yöntem: Araflt›rma; 1 Temmuz - 30 Kas›m 2011 tarihleri aras›n- Care Units in totally six hospitals including one private hospital, da, Konya ili merkezinde yer alan bir özel hastane, üç devlet has- two university hospitals, and three state hospitals in Konya city tanesi, iki t›p fakültesi olmak üzere toplam alt› hastanenin Yenido- center between July 1 and November 30, 2011. Data were ¤an Yo¤un Bak›m Ünitelerinde yap›ld›. Veriler anket yöntemiyle obtained from 100 parents by face to face interviews or by phone. 100 anne ve babadan yüz yüze veya telefonla görüflülerek toplan- Percentage and chi-square tests were used for statistical analysis.
    [Show full text]
  • Pediatric Dysphagia: Who’S Ready, Who’S at Risk, and How to Approach
    Pediatric Dysphagia: Who’s Ready, Who’s at Risk, and How to Approach Maria McElmeel, MA, CCC-SLP Laura Sayers, MA, CCC-SLP Megan Schmuckel, MA, CCC-SLP Erica Wisnosky, MA, CCC-SLP University of Michigan Mott Children’s Hospital Disclosure Statement We have no relevant financial or nonfinancial relationships to disclose. 2 Objectives Participants will be able to: • Identify at least one strategy to utilize with children exhibiting food refusal behaviors. • Identify safe and appropriate technique for feeding infant with cleft lip and palate. • Identify the four goals for a successful feeding in the NICU population. • Identify various feeding difficulties associated with cardiac and airway anomalies. 3 NICU Feeding Who’s Ready? • Increased early opportunities for oral feeding can lead to full oral feedings sooner (McCain & Gartside, 2002). • Gestational age = 32-34 weeks – Preterm infants unable to coordinate suck- swallow-breathe prior to 32 weeks (Mizuno & Ueda, 2003). – Often not fully organized until 34 weeks. • Behaviors or cues can be better indicators than age. • Growing body of research correlates cue-based feeding and decreased time to full oral feedings in healthy preterm infants. 5 What are the cues? • Physiological cues • Behavioral cues – Tolerates full enteral – Roots in response to feeds touch around the – Has a stable mouth respiratory system – Places hands to – Tolerates gentle mouth handling – Lip smacking – Able to transition to – Tongue protrusion an alert state – Searches for nipple – Has the ability to lick, when placed to nuzzle or suck non- breast nutritively 6 Cue-Based Feeding • A cue-based feeding model is an alternative to traditional medical models for feeding.
    [Show full text]
  • Food for Baby's First Year
    Eat Fish, Choose Wisely Infants 6 months and older can eat 1 to 2 servings a week of a variety of Food fish that are lower in mercury. The serving size is 1 ounce. Some fish low in mercury are: canned light tuna, catfish (farm-raised), pollock, salmon, shad, tilapia, whitefish, and whiting. for Due to their mercury content, do not eat the following: Shark, King Mackerel, Swordfish, Tilefish, Orange Roughy, Bigeye Tuna, Blackfin Tuna, Little Tunny, Cobia, and Marlin. Baby's If you eat fish caught by family or friends, check for local or state fish advisories. In Florida, some of the fish advisories say do not eat OR eat no more than once per month the following fish: Black Crappie, Chain First Pickerel, Crevalle Jack, Great Barracuda, and Largemouth Bass. Do not feed your baby these foods: Year • honey—This can cause food poisoning. Also, avoid foods made with honey such as honey graham crackers and yogurt with honey. • corn syrup and other sweet syrups This pamphlet contains general guidelines for feeding • candies, chocolate, cake, and pie healthy babies. Talk with the nutritionist or health care • foods and drinks with artificial sweeteners provider for more information on feeding your baby. • soda and sweetened drinks • all types of coffee and tea • baby food desserts Pediatricians recommend babies be breastfed until at • food with added spices, seasonings, salt, and fat such as french fries and breaded fried least 1 year of age or older. foods If you are thinking about giving infant formula (artificial baby milk) to your • cheese made with raw (unpasteurized) milk breastfed baby, talk with the nutritionist or health care provider.
    [Show full text]
  • Feeding Your Baby  Your Baby Is the Best Judge of How Much to Eat
    SOME IMPORTANT 1 Bottles are for water and formula only! Babies like to THINGS cuddle and to be held while drinking their bottle and it helps pre- vent ear infection, choking, and overeating. TO No cereal (use a spoon) REMEMBER No Kool-Aid, pop or sports drinks To protect baby’s teeth and prevent choking, do not let baby fall asleep with a bottle. WIC Division SOLIDS 2 Solids should be given by spoon, never in a bottle. Offer small amounts at first, make food thin and smooth by mixing it with a little formula or breast milk. 3 Never force your baby to finish a bottle or food. 4 AT FEEDING TIME Feeding Your Baby Your baby is the best judge of how much to eat. You and your baby are learning about Baby is full when he/she stops nursing/sucking/eating and each other. Relax, hold your baby close. body feels relaxed. Love is just as important as milk for your baby’s health. Overfeeding can lead to weight and eating problems. 5 BABY FOOD FORMULA SCHEDULE SHOPPING TIPS BABY’S AGE Ounces per Number of Total ounces (in months) feeding feedings per day 0 – 4 weeks 3 - 4 6 - 8 18 - 24 1 4 - 5 5 - 6 20 - 30 2 5 - 6 5 25 - 30 3 6 - 7 4 - 5 24 - 35 Buy plain fruits (peaches, 4 7 - 8 4 - 5 28 - 40 pears, etc.) Avoid fruit 5 7 - 8 4 - 5 28 - 40 desserts 6 7 - 8 3 - 4 28 - 32 (puddings, the first twelve months cobblers, etc.) When baby is 6 months old and takes more than 32 ounces of formula, consider starting solid foods.
    [Show full text]
  • From Nursing Virgins to Brelfies: the Project of Maternal Femininity
    From nursing Virgins to brelfies: the project of maternal femininity Clare Johnson and Jenny Rintoul Abstract: Contemporary debates about breastfeeding are saturated with ideas about what constitutes ‘good’ and ‘bad’ mothering, ‘achieved’ or ‘failed’ femininity frequently derived from Christian representations of the Virgin Mother. In this article we trace deeply entrenched values about the maternal breast through the representation of the Madonna del Latte, specifically concentrating on breast ownership and the depiction of unattainable motherhood. The myth of maternal femininity is then explored in relation to contemporary visual discourses of the nursing mother in which the narrative of unattainable or failed maternal femininity is challenged. The performance work of Megan Marsh-McGlone and the phenomenon of sharing ‘brelfies’ on social media are read as indicative of a new relationship to the Mary myth in which mothers expose the cultural fear of achieved maternal femininity. Ultimately, we argue that what is required of mothers is that they are held in a process of becoming maternal and that representations that subvert this imperative signal a shift in the landscape of Marian iconography. Keywords: breastfeeding; maternal femininity; brelfies; Marian iconography; Renaissance art history Introduction Visual representations of breastfeeding are replete with ideas about how to be a good mother and achieve maternal femininity, which are frequently drawn from Christian representations of the Nursing Virgin. In this article we argue that such representations hold mothers in a process of becoming maternal, which ensures that control of their bodies is located elsewhere. We argue that despite the dominance of this visual repertoire there are contemporary interruptions, such as the breastfeeding selfie, in which mothers take back control, both ideologically and visually, thus confronting a profound cultural anxiety about ownership of the nursing woman’s body.
    [Show full text]
  • Breastfed Babies Welcome Here! a Mother's Guide
    Food and Nutrition Service Breastfed Babies Welcome Here! A Mother’s Guide 1 Dear Mom, We are glad you are thinking about breastfeeding your baby! Giving your baby breastmilk helps him or her grow to be happy and healthy. As your child care provider, we are here to help you continue to breastfeed when you go back to work or school. Please remember that some women struggle with breastfeeding for a variety of reasons. No matter your situation, it is a personal choice to breastfeed your baby. Should you choose to breastfeed, you can benefit from lots of support and reliable information. This guide will help you and your breastfed baby get ready for child care. We encourage you to continue breastfeeding, and we will support you every step of the way. Sincerely, Your Child Care Provider 2 Table of Contents Why Is Breastfeeding Beneficial? 4 How Breastfeeding Benefits Your Baby 4 How Breastfeeding Benefits You 4 What Can I Do to Get Ready to Breastfeed My Baby? 4 Find Tools to Pump Breastmilk 6 How Can I Prepare for Breastfeeding? 7 While You Are in the Hospital 7 When You Are Back Home 8 Vitamin and Mineral Supplements 9 How Does Breastmilk Look and Smell? 9 How Does Breastmilk Look? 9 How Does Breastmilk Smell? 9 How Do I Know If My Baby Is Hungry or Full? 10 How Can I Tell If My Baby Is Eating Enough? 11 How Do I Continue to Provide Breastmilk To My Baby When I Go Back to Work or School? 12 Before Going Back to Work or School 12 Once You Go Back to Work or School 12 How Can I Keep Making Enough Breastmilk While My Baby Is in Child Care? 13
    [Show full text]
  • 8) • Wide Mouth Latch… 130 ⁰
    Maternal & Infant Conditions Maternal & Infant Condition Impacting •Be prepared… 70% of all breastfeeding mothers Breastfeeding in the need additional Hospital assistance with breastfeeding at some point while in the hospital Linda Kutner, RN, BSN, IBCLC, FILCA Common Conditions Seen in the Hospital Sore Nipples Maternal Conditions Infant Conditions •Frequent causes • Infant has a shallow latch • Sore nipples • Late preterm infant • Letting the infant nurse for long periods of • Fluid engorged nipples • Difficulty latching on • Flat nipples time without switching sides… hanging out • Tongue tie • Large breast and/or nipples • • Fussy infant Not holding the breast when using a gravity • Previous breast surgeries position • Problems with previous • To sleepy to nurse, falls breastfeeding experiences asleep at the breast • Using a gravity position while nursing in the • Maternal fatigue • Infant who nurses all night hospital bed • Sometimes tongue tie or bubble palate Sore Nipples Myths & Misconceptions • It’s normal to have sore nipples, everyone does • Is it initial latch-on pain? • You just have to tough it out…. • Should only last for a few seconds • It will get better in a week – or two – or three • Is it pain all the way thru the feeding? • Gradually increase the length of time the baby is at the • Does the nipple look misshapen breast to prevent nipple soreness If the baby is latched incorrectly, nipples will be sore after the infant comes off the breast? regardless of length of time • Is there trauma to the nipple? • “Let the baby
    [Show full text]
  • Bottle Feeding: Formula Preparation (PDF)
    Bottle Feeding: Formula Preparation All infants under 1 year of age should receive breastmilk or infant formula, not cow's milk. There are several ways to make formula. The method explained here is the "clean" method. Wash the bottles, nipples, caps and rings after you buy them and after each use. WARNING: DO NOT USE A MICROWAVE OVEN TO PREPARE OR WARM FORMULA. A MICROWAVE MAKES “HOT SPOTS” IN THE FORMULA. THIS CAN CAUSE SERIOUS BURNS TO YOUR BABY’S MOUTH. You Will Need Formula (liquid concentrate or powder) as ordered by the doctor Nipples, caps, and rings for bottles Cooking pan with lid 8-ounce nursing bottles Liquid dish washing soap Pitcher Water Picture 1 Wash all equipment Can opener with hot, soapy water. Rinse well. Metal or plastic (not wooden) spoon for mixing Preparing the Equipment 1. Wash your hands with soap and water before cleaning bottles, making formula, and feeding your baby. 2. Wash the bottles, caps and rings in either hot, soapy water with dishwashing liquid or in a dishwasher (Picture 1). To clean nipples, follow directions on the package. Rinse thoroughly and allow to air dry. Avoid using a bottle brush to scrub the bottle, as the brush may damage the bottle. Continued on page 2. HH-IV-7 6/76, Revised 7/15 Copyright 1976, Nationwide Children’s Hospital Bottle Feeding: Formula Preparation Page 2 of 3 Preparing the Equipment, continued 3. Rinse the top of the can of liquid concentrate formula with clean water before opening it. 4. Distilled or purified water can be used without boiling first.
    [Show full text]
  • Discharge Teaching
    MOTHER-BABY UNIT Discharge Teaching INTRODUCTION How to help your family adjust to your new baby at home: Congratulations! Your baby is almost ready to go home. This document contains important • Spend time together as a family. information you will need in preparation for your • Get back to your usual family routines and baby’s discharge from the hospital and rules. afterwards. There are tips on infant care and • Encourage your family to talk about the easing the transition to caring for your baby at hospital experience. For example, you can home. This is just a guideline, so please discuss read stories about what happened at the with your caregivers if you have any questions. hospital to sisters and brothers. • Make sure everyone (including sisters and EASING THE TRANSITION TO HOME brothers) wash their hands before touching How to help your baby adjust to being home your baby. The environment of your home will be unfamiliar • Encourage your family to participate in your to your baby and different from what they baby's care at home, such as changing diapers experience in the hospital. You may need to help or feeding. your baby adjust to new surroundings by: • Allow your baby’s sisters or brothers to talk • Trying to begin routines (e.g. sleeping or about their feelings about having the new eating) at home. baby at home. Taking time to bond with your baby. • Schedule time with sisters or brothers who • may have felt left out during the • Keeping visitors to a minimum. hospitalization. Don’t get discouraged. It may take a while to • Talk to your extended family and friends about develop daily habits that work for you and your your baby's special needs or issues.
    [Show full text]
  • My Child: 0 to 2 Years Expert Advice for Every Step
    My Child: 0 to 2 years Expert advice for every step My Child: 0 to 2 years This book has been published by the HSE (2018). All new parents will be given a copy by your public health nurse when they make their first visit to your home after your baby is born. ‘My Child: Birth to 2 years’ is filled with expert advice from health professionals in the HSE; like doctors, nurses, psychologists, parenting experts, dietitians and many more. Our team has worked to give you the best advice on caring for your baby and child. We hope that you can use this book, and our mychild.ie website, as a companion for every step of your child’s first early years. For more information on pregnancy and child health, visit mychild.ie This is the fourth edition. It was first published in 2005 and last reviewed in 2018. © Health Service Executive 2018 First published: 2005 Reviewed: 2009 Updated: 2015 and 2018 Your public health nurse: Your health centre: Contents Welcome to My Child: 0 to 2 years 4 Health checks for your child 5 Taking care of yourself as a parent 10 Your new life and your new role 10 Families come in all shapes and sizes 12 Especially for mothers after the birth 18 A new brother or sister in the family 20 Caring for twins or more 21 Baby blues and postnatal depression 22 Getting extra support 28 Feeding your baby 31 Breastfeeding 32 Formula-feeding 49 For breastfed and formula-fed babies 55 Weaning your baby to solids 59 Drinks for your baby 66 A healthy and balanced diet 68 Sleeping 73 Sleeping position 73 How much sleep your child needs 75 Bedtime routine 76 Waking during the night 79 Daytime naps 81 Crying 82 Dealing with crying 83 Colic 84 Caring for your child 87 Equipment 87 Bathing your baby 88 Nappies 92 Dressing your child 97 Caring for teeth 98 Toilet training 101 Vaccines 102 ISBN: 978-1-78602-111-3 The information in this book, including the resources and links, does not replace medical advice from healthcare professionals such as your public health nurse or GP.
    [Show full text]
  • Bisphenol a Leaching from Popular Baby Bottles
    BABY’S TOXIC BOttLE Bisphenol A Leaching from Popular Baby Bottles Brought to you by The Work Group for Safe Markets, a coalition of U.S. public health and environmental NGOs including: Alliance for a Clean Water Action Healthy Legacy Healthy Tomorrow Environment America Learning Disabilities Boston Common Environmental Association of America Asset Management Defence (Canada) MOMS (Making Our Breast Cancer Fund Environmental Milk Safe) Center for Health, Health Fund Oregon Environmental Environment and Justice Environmental Health Council Clean New York Strategy Center US PIRG 2 THE WORK GROUP FOR SAFE MARKEts BABY’S TOXIC BOttLE: BISPHENOL A LEACHING FROM POPULAR BABY BOttLES 3 Contributors Mia Davis, Clean Water Action Jennifer Foulds, Environmental Defence (Canada) Aaron Freeman, Environmental Defence (Canada) Kapil Khatter, Environmental Defence (Canada) Cassandra Polyzou Environmental Defence (Canada) Judith Robinson, Environmental Health Fund Michael Schade, Center for Health, Environment and Justice Rick Smith, Environmental Defence (Canada) Dr. Fred vom Saal, University of Missouri Design David Gerratt, NonprofitDesign.com Acknowledgements The Work Group for Safe Markets (U.S.) gratefully acknowledges Environmental Defence (Canada) for its leadership commissioning this study. We thank all of the local/state groups that purchased baby bottles for testing. Thank you to our many readers, especially Dr. Laura Vandenberg and Dr. Maricel Maffini. Thanks to Dr. Fred vom Saal of the University of Missouri-Columbia; Dr. JP Myers of Environmental Health Sciences; Rachel Gibson of Environment California, and the authors and reviewers of the Is It In Us? report for helping lay the foundation for what has become an extensive body of scientific knowledge on BPA leaching from products and contributing to chemical body burden.
    [Show full text]
  • The Commodification of Breast Milk and the Breast Milk Industry By
    The Commodification of Breast Milk and the Breast Milk Industry By Barbara Ann Vocisano, B.A. Hons Carleton University, 2011 A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Affairs in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts In Legal Studies Carleton University Ottawa, Ontario © 2011, Barbara Ann Vocisano Library and Archives Bibliotheque et Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de I'edition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A0N4 Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-87894-1 Our file Notre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-87894-1 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non­ L'auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library and permettant a la Bibliotheque et Archives Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par telecommunication ou par I'lnternet, preter, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des theses partout dans le loan, distrbute and sell theses monde, a des fins commerciales ou autres, sur worldwide, for commercial or non­ support microforme, papier, electronique et/ou commercial purposes, in microform, autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriete du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in this et des droits moraux qui protege cette these. Ni thesis. Neither the thesis nor la these ni des extraits substantiels de celle-ci substantial extracts from it may be ne doivent etre imprimes ou autrement printed or otherwise reproduced reproduits sans son autorisation.
    [Show full text]