Relação Entre Exercício E Câncer De Cólon
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Linking Environmental Drivers with Amphibian Species Diversity in Ponds from Subtropical Grasslands
Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências (2015) 87(3): 1751-1762 (Annals of the Brazilian Academy of Sciences) Printed version ISSN 0001-3765 / Online version ISSN 1678-2690 http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0001-3765201520140471 www.scielo.br/aabc Linking environmental drivers with amphibian species diversity in ponds from subtropical grasslands DARLENE S. GONÇALVES1, LUCAS B. CRIVELLARI2 and CARLOS EDUARDO CONTE3*,4 1Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Caixa Postal 19020, 81531-980 Curitiba, PR, Brasil 2Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Animal, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Rua Cristovão Colombo, 2265, Jardim Nazareth, 15054-000 São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brasil 3Universidade Federal do Paraná. Departamento de Zoologia, Caixa Postal 19020, 81531-980 Curitiba, PR, Brasil 4Instituto Neotropical: Pesquisa e Conservação. Rua Purus, 33, 82520-750 Curitiba, PR, Brasil Manuscript received on September 17, 2014; accepted for publication on March 2, 2015 ABSTRACT Amphibian distribution patterns are known to be influenced by habitat diversity at breeding sites. Thus, breeding sites variability and how such variability influences anuran diversity is important. Here, we examine which characteristics at breeding sites are most influential on anuran diversity in grasslands associated with Araucaria forest, southern Brazil, especially in places at risk due to anthropic activities. We evaluate the associations between habitat heterogeneity and anuran species diversity in nine body of water from September 2008 to March 2010, in 12 field campaigns in which 16 species of anurans were found. Of the seven habitat descriptors we examined, water depth, pond surface area and distance to the nearest forest fragment explained 81% of total species diversity. -
HISTÓRIA NATURAL DE Rhinella Pygmaea (MYERS & CARVALHO, 1952), ESPÉCIE ENDÊMICA DA MATA ATLÂNTICA DO SUDESTE BRASILEIRO
UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DO NORTE FLUMINENSE DARCY RIBEIRO CAIO ANTÔNIO FIGUEIREDO DE ANDRADE HISTÓRIA NATURAL DE Rhinella pygmaea (MYERS & CARVALHO, 1952), ESPÉCIE ENDÊMICA DA MATA ATLÂNTICA DO SUDESTE BRASILEIRO Campos dos Goytacazes 2017 ii CAIO ANTÔNIO FIGUEIREDO DE ANDRADE HISTÓRIA NATURAL DE Rhinella pygmaea (MYERS & CARVALHO, 1952), ESPÉCIE ENDÊMICA DA MATA ATLÂNTICA DO SUDESTE BRASILEIRO Tese apresentada ao Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Agropecuárias da Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, como requisito parcial para obtenção do grau de Doutor em Ciência Animal, na Área de Concentração de Sanidade Animal e Linha de Pesquisa de Morfologia e Patologia Animal. ORIENTADOR: Prof. Dr. Leonardo Serafim da Silveira Campos dos Goytacazes 2017 iii CAIO ANTÔNIO FIGUEIREDO DE ANDRADE HISTÓRIA NATURAL DE Rhinella pygmaea (MYERS & CARVALHO, 1952), ESPÉCIE ENDÊMICA DA MATA ATLÂNTICA DO SUDESTE BRASILEIRO Tese apresentada ao Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Agropecuárias da Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, como requisito parcial para obtenção do grau de Doutor em Ciência Animal, na Área de Concentração de Sanidade Animal e Linha de Pesquisa de Morfologia e Patologia Animal. Aprovada em 06 de abril de 2017 BANCA EXAMINADORA ___________________________________________________________________ Ana Maria Paulino Telles de Carvalho e Silva (Doutora, Ciências Biológicas (Zoologia)) - UNIRIO ___________________________________________________________________ Sergio Potsch de Carvalho e Silva (Doutor, Ciências -
Diet of Rhinella Arenarum (Anura, Bufonidae) in a Coastal Habitat in Southern Brazil
Herpetology Notes, volume 10: 507-510 (2017) (published online on 14 September 2017) Diet of Rhinella arenarum (Anura, Bufonidae) in a coastal habitat in southern Brazil Mateus de Oliveira1,*, Fernanda R. de Avila1 and Alexandro M. Tozetti1 Abstract. Amphibians are good models for the study of trophic ecology because they occupy different trophic levels during their development. In this study, we evaluated the diet of Rhinella arenarum (Hensel, 1867) during breeding season in a marine–freshwater transitional habitat in southern Brazil. Based on the analysis of stomach contents, we recorded five groups of invertebrates (Araneae, Coleoptera, Diptera, Hymenoptera and Orthoptera). Despite of their low palatability, Coleoptera was the most representative group by both numeric and volumetric evaluation. The studied population had a smaller number of items in their diet when compared with to previous studies. These results suggest an example of a specialization in the diet during R. arenarum at this habitat, being Coleoptera the most common prey. Keywords: Behaviour, diet composition, sand dunes Amphibians are good models for the study of trophic species throughout its distribution area, which extends ecology because they occupy different trophic levels of from the coastal region of southern Brazil to Uruguay, food webs (Duré et al., 2009). Despite the prevalence Argentina, and Bolivia (Frost, 2017). There are a few of insects in the diet of frogs, it can also include other diet studies for the species, and they were performed invertebrates and vertebrates (Duellman and Trueb, only in some areas of occurrence known for the species 1994). Some bufonids, as Melanophryniscus, have a (e.g. -
Diet of Post-Metamorphic Rhinella Icterica (Spix, 1824) from the Araucaria Plateau of Rio Grande Do Sul, Brazil (Anura: Bufonidae)
Herpetology Notes, volume 10: 443-448 (2017) (published online on 05 September 2017) Diet of post-metamorphic Rhinella icterica (Spix, 1824) from the Araucaria Plateau of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (Anura: Bufonidae) Mirco Solé1,*, Matheus S. Rocha2, Cecilia Decarli2, César R. Santos2 and Clarissa K. Pereira2 Abstract. The toad Rhinella icterica (Spix, 1824) is distributed in the Atlantic Rainforest of Brazil but can also be found in Paraguay and Argentina. Few studies have reported the diet of adults of this species and none the diet of post-metamorphs. In this study we analyzed stomach contents of post-metamorphic R. icterica in order to assess the composition of ingested prey and the relation between toad body size and the volume retrieved from the stomachs. We collected 45 post-metamorphs at the Centro de Pesquisa e Conservação da Natureza – Pró-Mata, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Stomach contents were recovered from toads via stomach flushing after measuring and weighing. The retrieved prey clump was also weighed and the 1293 prey items were classified into 13 categories at the lowest possible taxonomic level. Ants (Formicidae) were the best-represented prey group, accounting for 81% of prey, followed by mites (Oribatida: 8.8%; Mesostigmata: 3.5%), while ticks (Ixodidae) and snails (Gastropoda) showed values below 0.07%. Whereas we retrieved larger prey amounts by volume from toads with a larger snout–vent length, larger prey volume did not represent larger prey richness. Larger prey volume did, however, represent a larger number of prey items. In contrast to adults, who feed mainly on beetles (Coleoptera) and ants, bees, and their relatives (Hymenoptera) the diet of toadlets is composed of mites and ants. -
Diet of the Toad Rhinella Icterica (Anura: Bufonidae) from Atlantic Forest Highlands of Southeastern Brazil
Biota Neotrop., vol. 12, no. 4 Diet of the toad Rhinella icterica (Anura: Bufonidae) from Atlantic Forest Highlands of southeastern Brazil Leandro Talione Sabagh1,2,3, Ana Maria Paulino Telles Carvalho-e-Silva2 & Carlos Frederico Duarte Rocha1 1Laboratório de Ecologia de Vertebrados, Departamento de Ecologia, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro – UERJ, Rua São Francisco Xavier, 524, Maracanã, CEP 20550-019, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil 2Laboratório de Biossistemática de Anfíbios – LaBAn, Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro – UNIRIO, Av. Pasteur, 458, Urca, CEP 22290-240, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil 3Corresponding author: Leandro Talione Sabagh, e-mail: [email protected] SABAGH, L.T., CARVALHO-E-SILVA, A.M.P.T. & ROCHA, C.F.D. Diet of the toad Rhinella icterica (Anura: Bufonidae) from Atlantic Forest Highlands of southeastern Brazil. Biota Neotrop. 12(4): http:// www.biotaneotropica.org.br/v12n4/en/abstract?short-communication+bn01612042012 Abstract: In this study, we present some information of the regarding throphic niche from the anuran toad Rhinella icterica living in high altitudes above 2000 m a.s.l. from a habitat of the Atlantic Forest Biome – the Altitude Fields in the Itatiaia National Park. We found 150 prey items in toad stomachs, belonging to five prey types, as well as skin remains and some remains of plant material. The index of relative importance indicated that most important prey types were beetles and ants, these last composing 70% of the diet numerically and the trophic niche breadth (B) was 1.81. The relatively low diversity of prey types we recorded in the diet of R. -
ORNITHOPHAGY in Rhinella Icterica (SPIX, 1824)
993 Short communication ORNITHOPHAGY IN Rhinella icterica (SPIX, 1824) ORNITOFAGIA EM Rhinella icterica (SPIX, 1824) Vagner Luis CAMILOTTI 1; André Felipe BARRETO-LIMA 2 1. Doutorando, Centro de Ciência do Sistema Terrestre, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais – INPE, São José dos Campos, SP. [email protected] ; 2. Doutorando, Centro de Ecologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul – UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS. [email protected] ABSTRACT: In this work we report an observation of an ornitophagy event on Certhiaxis cinnamomeus by Rhinella icterica occurred in the central region of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. KEYWORDS: Ornithophagy. Rhinella icterica . Certhiaxis cinnamomeus . The yellow cururu toad, Rhinella icterica of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, we observed an adult (SPIX, 1824) (Anura, Bufonidae, Rhinella marina of R. icterica predating an adult of yellow-chinned group), occurs in central, southeastern and southern Spinetail, Certhiaxis cinnamomeus (GMELIN, Brazil, Misiones and Corrientes, Northeastern 1778) (posicionamento taxonômico). The size of C. Argentina, and Eastern Paraguay (KWET; DI- cinnamomeus changes from 150 to 168 mm, and BERNARDO, 1999; SILVANO et al., 2010; weigh from 15 to 16.5 g (BELTON, 1994; SICK, FROST et al., 2011). The body length of R. icterica 1997). This bird is a common resident breeder of changes from 100 to 166 mm in males, and 135 to marches and edges of mangrove swamps 190 mm in females (KWET; DI-BERNARDO, (BELTON, 1994; SICK, 1997). 1999). This species uses several kinds of habitats, The predation event occurred at the margin from forested to open areas and it breeds in of a pond covered by high grasses and shrubs. -
Interfamilial Amplexus Between a Male Polypedates Leucomystax
WWW.IRCF.ORG/REPTILESANDAMPHIBIANSJOURNALTABLE OF CONTENTS IRCF REPTILES & IRCFAMPHIBIANS REPTILES • VOL 15,& NAMPHIBIANSO 4 • DEC 2008 •189 25(2):151–152 • AUG 2018 IRCF REPTILES & AMPHIBIANS CONSERVATION AND NATURAL HISTORY TABLE OF CONTENTS FEATURE ARTICLES .InterfamilialChasing Bullsnakes (Pituophis catenifer sayi) in Wisconsin: Amplexus between a On the Road to Understanding the Ecology and Conservation of the Midwest’s Giant Serpent ...................... Joshua M. Kapfer 190 Male. ThePolypedates Shared History of Treeboas (Corallus grenadensis leucomystax) and Humans on Grenada: (Gravenhorst A Hypothetical Excursion ............................................................................................................................Robert W. Henderson 198 1829)RESEARCH ARTICLES (Anura: Rhacophoridae) and a . The Texas Horned Lizard in Central and Western Texas ....................... Emily Henry, Jason Brewer, Krista Mougey, and Gad Perry 204 . The Knight Anole (Anolis equestris) in Florida Female ............................................. LeptobrachiumBrian J. Camposano, Kenneth L. Krysko, Kevin hendricksoni M. Enge, Ellen M. Donlan, and Michael Granatosky Taylor 212 CONSERVATION1962 (Anura: ALERT Megophryidae) from . World’s Mammals in Crisis ............................................................................................................................................................. 220 . More Than Mammals ..................................................................................................................................................................... -
Frogs and Toads in Farms of Cia Monte Alegre and Forest Fragments in Alfenas, Areado and Conceição Dos Ouros Municipalities, Southern Minas Gerais, Brazil
1 Frogs and Toads in farms of Cia Monte Alegre and Forest Fragments in Alfenas, Areado and Conceição dos Ouros municipalities, Southern Minas Gerais, Brazil Lucas Ferrante1,2,3,*, Renato Gaiga4, Rafael Costabile Menegucci2,3, Maria Fernanda de Oliveira Sampaio3, Thays Natani Silva dos Santos3, Nathalia Klann Torres2,3 1 National Institute for Research in the Amazon - (INPA), Ecology Graduate Program, 69060-001 - Manaus, AM – Brazil. 2 Instituto Boitatá Etnobiologia e Conservação da Fauna, 74265-310 - Goiânia, GO – Brazil. 3 Universidade Federal de Alfenas - (Unifal/MG), 700, 37130-000 - Alfenas, MG – Brazil. 4 Biotropica Consultoria Ambiental LTDA, 37701-036 - Poços de Caldas, MG – Brazil. [fieldguides.fieldmuseum.org] [714] Version 1, 11/2015. All rights reserved by the Authors Recommended citation: Ferrante, L., Gaiga, R., Menegucci, R. C., Sampaio, M. F. O., Santos, T. N. S., Torres, N. K. (eds.) (2015). Frogs and Toads in farms of Cia Monte Alegre and Forest Fragments in Alfenas, Areado and Conceição dos Ouros municipalyties, Southern Minas Gerais, Brazil. The Field Museum, Chicago, USA. 2 Frogs and Toads in farms of Cia Monte Alegre and Forest Fragments in Alfenas, Areado and Conceição dos Ouros municipalities, Southern Minas Gerais, Brazil [fieldguides.fieldmuseum.org] [714] Version 1, 11/2015. All rights reserved by the Authors Family Bufonidae Cururu Toad (sapo-cururu) Rhinella icterica (Female) Rhinella icterica (Male) Rhinella ornata Rhinella schneideri Family Brachycephalidae Leaf-litter frog (Sapo da serapilheira, Rã do folhiço) Ischnocnema izecksohni 3 Frogs and Toads in farms of Cia Monte Alegre and Forest Fragments in Alfenas, Areado and Conceição dos Ouros municipalities, Southern Minas Gerais, Brazil [fieldguides.fieldmuseum.org] [714] Version 1, 11/2015. -
Sistemática E Biogeografia Do Grupo Rhinella Marina (Linnaeus, 1758) (Anura: Bufonidae)
Universidade de Brasília Instituto de Ciências Biológicas Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas Pós-graduação em Biologia Animal 6LVWHPiWLFDH%LRJHRJUD¿DGR grupo Rhinella marina (Linnaeus, 1758) (Anura: Bufonidae) Rhinella veredas Tese apresentada ao Programa de Foto: Natan Maciel Pós-graduação em Biologia Animal da Universidade de Brasília, como requisito para a obtenção do Título de Doutor em Biologia Animal Orientadora: Dra. Elisabeth Ferroni Schwartz Co-orientador: Dr. Guarino Rinaldi Colli Brasília, 2008 Universidade de Brasília (UnB) Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (IB) Curso de Pós-graduação em Biologia Animal (BIOANI) 6LVWHPiWLFDH%LRJHRJUD¿DGRJUXSR Rhinella marina (Linnaeus, 1758) (Anura: Bufonidae) Natan Medeiros Maciel Tese apresentada ao Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Animal da Universidade de Brasília, como requisito para a obtenção do Título de Doutor em Biologia Animal Orientadora: Dra Elisabeth Ferroni Schwartz Co-orientador: Dr. Guarino Rinaldi Colli Brasília, 2008 Maciel, Natan Medeiros 6LVWHPiWLFDH%LRJHRJUD¿DGRJUXSRRhinella marina /LQQDHXV $QXUD%XIRQLGDH 1DWDQ0HGHLURV0DFLHO I 7HVH GRXWRUDGR ±8QLYHUVLGDGHGH%UDVtOLD,QVWLWXWR GH&LrQFLDV%LROyJLFDV'HSDUWDPHQWRGH&LrQFLDV)LVLROyJLFDV 3yVJUDGXDomRHP%LRORJLD$QLPDO%UDVtOLD 2ULHQWDGRUD(OLVDEHWK)6FKZDUW] &RRULHQWDGRU*XDULQR5&ROOL 6LVWHPiWLFD%LRJHRJUD¿DRhinella Corpus orbiculare verrucofum, fordidum, tetrum; caput antice obtufum, rotundatum, fupra gibbum; dorfum UHFWXPDWODWHUDWXPLGRLQÀDWDSHGHVEUHYHVKLQFIDOWXVH[LJXXVDPSOH[DWLRIHPHOODHLQFRLWXLPSHUIHFWD XUHWKUDMDFXODWRULD2YDLQWDHQLDPORQJLI¿PDQFRQQH[D9LWDQRFWXUQDOXFHPIROHPTXHSHURIDHODWHQWGH -
Spatial and Temporal Occurrence of Stream Frogs in the Atlantic Forest and Their Detection Through Environmental Dna
THAIS SASSO LOPES SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL OCCURRENCE OF STREAM FROGS IN THE ATLANTIC FOREST AND THEIR DETECTION THROUGH ENVIRONMENTAL DNA PADRÕES ESPACIAIS E TEMPORAIS DE OCORRÊNCIA DE ANUROS EM RIACHOS DE MATA ATLÂNTICA E SUA DETECÇÃO POR MEIO DE DNA AMBIENTAL UNIVERSIDADE DE SÃO PAULO SÃO PAULO 2016 THAIS SASSO LOPES SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL OCCURRENCE OF STREAM FROGS IN THE ATLANTIC FOREST AND THEIR DETECTION THROUGH ENVIRONMENTAL DNA PADRÕES ESPACIAIS E TEMPORAIS DE OCORRÊNCIA DE ANUROS EM RIACHOS DE MATA ATLÂNTICA E SUA DETECÇÃO POR MEIO DE DNA AMBIENTAL Dissertação apresentada ao Instituto de Biociências da Universidade de São Paulo, para a obtenção de Título de Mestre em Ciências, na área de Ecologia. Orientador : Prof. Dr. Marcio Roberto Costa Martins Coorientadora : Dra. Carla Martins Lopes UNIVERSIDADE DE SÃO PAULO SÃO PAULO 2016 ii Lopes, Thais Sasso Padrões espaciais e temporais de ocorrência de anuros em riachos de Mata Atlântica e sua detecção por meio de DNA ambiental 93 páginas Dissertação (Mestrado) – Instituto de Biociências da Universidade de São Paulo. Departamento de Ecologia. Versão do título em inglês: Spatial and temporal occurrence of stream frogs in the Atlantic forest and their detection through environmental DNA 1. environmental DNA 2. Microhabitat 3. Ecology I. Universidade de São Paulo. Instituto de Biociências. Departamento de Ecologia. COMISSÃO JULGADORA: _________________ _________________ Prof(a). Dr(a). Prof(a). Dr(a). _________________ Prof. Dr. Marcio Roberto Costa Martins Orientador iii PARA A MINHA FAMÍLIA E A TODOS QUE TIVEREM CURIOSIDADE POR ANFÍBIOS E EDNA. - Art by Tim Hopgood iv - by Ruth Krauss, 1982. v AGRADECIMENTOS Este trabalho se tornou possível graças à colaboração e ao incentivo de muitas pessoas. -
July to December 2019 (Pdf)
2019 Journal Publications July Adelizzi, R. Portmann, J. van Meter, R. (2019). Effect of Individual and Combined Treatments of Pesticide, Fertilizer, and Salt on Growth and Corticosterone Levels of Larval Southern Leopard Frogs (Lithobates sphenocephala). Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 77(1), pp.29-39. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31020372 Albecker, M. A. McCoy, M. W. (2019). Local adaptation for enhanced salt tolerance reduces non‐ adaptive plasticity caused by osmotic stress. Evolution, Early View. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/evo.13798 Alvarez, M. D. V. Fernandez, C. Cove, M. V. (2019). Assessing the role of habitat and species interactions in the population decline and detection bias of Neotropical leaf litter frogs in and around La Selva Biological Station, Costa Rica. Neotropical Biology and Conservation 14(2), pp.143– 156, e37526. https://neotropical.pensoft.net/article/37526/list/11/ Amat, F. Rivera, X. Romano, A. Sotgiu, G. (2019). Sexual dimorphism in the endemic Sardinian cave salamander (Atylodes genei). Folia Zoologica, 68(2), p.61-65. https://bioone.org/journals/Folia-Zoologica/volume-68/issue-2/fozo.047.2019/Sexual-dimorphism- in-the-endemic-Sardinian-cave-salamander-Atylodes-genei/10.25225/fozo.047.2019.short Amézquita, A, Suárez, G. Palacios-Rodríguez, P. Beltrán, I. Rodríguez, C. Barrientos, L. S. Daza, J. M. Mazariegos, L. (2019). A new species of Pristimantis (Anura: Craugastoridae) from the cloud forests of Colombian western Andes. Zootaxa, 4648(3). https://www.biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.4648.3.8 Arrivillaga, C. Oakley, J. Ebiner, S. (2019). Predation of Scinax ruber (Anura: Hylidae) tadpoles by a fishing spider of the genus Thaumisia (Araneae: Pisauridae) in south-east Peru. -
Reassessment of a Fossil Specimen of Rhinella Marina (Linnaeus, 1758) (Anura: Bufonidae), from Early Pleistocene of Bolivia
Zootaxa 4830 (2): 392–400 ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) https://www.mapress.com/j/zt/ Correspondence ZOOTAXA Copyright © 2020 Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4830.2.10 http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:9D649276-C626-483D-A05E-A933E7AA4722 Reassessment of a fossil specimen of Rhinella marina (Linnaeus, 1758) (Anura: Bufonidae), from Early Pleistocene of Bolivia LUCAS A. BARCELOS1,2 *& VANESSA K. VERDADE1,3 1Programa de Pós-Graduação em Evolução e Diversidade, CCNH, Universidade Federal do ABC, Al. da Universidade s/n (09606- 045), São Bernardo do Campo, SP—Brazil. 2Departamento de Biologia, FFCLRP, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900 (14040-901), Vila Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto, SP—Brazil. 3 �[email protected]; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8990-0571 *Corresponding author. �[email protected]; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4911-1695 Bufonidae is a cosmopolite and speciose clade that is currently hypothesized to have originated in Gondwana around 78–99 Ma (Pramuk et al. 2008). The systematics of the family was assessed using morphological and molecular data, alone or in a total evidence analysis (Pramuk 2006; Pramuk et al. 2008; Bocxlaer et al. 2010; Pyron & Wiens 2011). Due to taxonomic changes, most of the South American species of Bufo Garsault were relocated to the genus Rhinella Fitz- inger, currently the second most speciose genus with 92 scientifically named and valid species (Frost 2020). The species in the genus are arranged in six taxonomic groups (crucifer, granulosa, margaritifera, marina, spinulosa, veraguensis species groups [Frost 2020]); the Rhinella marina group is characterized by specimens with well-ossified and exostosed skull, ornamented with deep striations, pits, and rugosities (Maciel et al.