Metodología Para La Detecci´On De Estrellas Variables

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Metodología Para La Detecci´On De Estrellas Variables METODOLOG´IA PARA LA DETECCION´ DE ESTRELLAS VARIABLES EN CUMULOS´ ESTELARES A PARTIR DE ANALISIS´ FOTOMETRICO´ LUISA FERNANDA CARDONA TORRES DANIELA SANCHEZ´ GIRALDO UNIVERSIDAD TECNOLOGICA´ DE PEREIRA Facultad de Ingenier´ıas Programa de Ingenier´ıaF´ısica Pereira, Noviembre de 2016 METODOLOG´IA PARA LA DETECCION´ DE ESTRELLAS VARIABLES EN CUMULOS´ ESTELARES A PARTIR DE ANALISIS´ FOTOMETRICO´ Trabajo de grado presentado por LUISA FERNANDA CARDONA TORRES DANIELA SANCHEZ´ GIRALDO COMO REQUISITO PARCIAL PARA OPTAR POR EL T´ITULO DE INGENIERO F´ISICO DIRECTOR DEL TRABAJO DE GRADO MsC. Edwin Andr´esQuintero S. UNIVERSIDAD TECNOLOGICA´ DE PEREIRA Facultad de Ingenier´ıas Programa de Ingenier´ıaF´ısica Pereira, Noviembre de 2016 2 Dedicatoria Dedicado a mis padres que lo han dado todo por verme crecer, a quien desde la oscuridad de mi vientre, ilumin´omis noches: Angel´ Garc´ıa, y a su padre. Daniela S´anchez Dedicado a quienes acompa~naron las noches de observaci´ony noches nubladas, y a mi familia que esperaba en casa. Luisa Cardona I II Dedicatoria Agradecimientos Agradecemos a los miembros del grupo de investigaci´onen Astroingenier´ıaAlfa-Ori´onpor apoyar las noches de observaci´onrealizadas para la elaboraci´onde ´esteproyecto, en especial al profesional investigador Jairo A. Aguirre, quien estuvo pendiente de cualquier dificultad t´ecnicae instrumental. Al director del proyecto M.Sc. Edwin Andr´esQuintero, por creer y hacer posible la fotometr´ıa en el Observatorio Astron´omicode la Universidad Tecnol´ogicade Pereira; por su gesti´ony paciencia para la adquisici´ony reparaci´onde instrumentos necesar- ios para ´esta´area;adem´asde capacitarnos y orientarnos en esta maravillosa ciencia que es la astronom´ıa. A los profesores y compa~nerosque durante la carrera guiaron y apoyaron nuestro proceso de crecimiento acad´emicoy personal. Finalmente, a todos quienes no nombramos pero que de alguna forma hicieron posible ´esteproyecto. De igual forma, agradecemos a los creadores de las bases de datos que permitieron la extracci´onde datos astron´omicosempleadas. A los autores que han establecido las bases para el trabajo en ´esta´area:Kaluzny, Kalirai, Landolt, Stetson, Henden, Hogg, entre otros. Este proyecto fue realizado con el uso de la base de datos SIMBAD, operada en CDS, Stras- bourg, Francia. III IV AGRADECIMIENTOS Resumen La astronom´ıa,es una de las ciencias m´asantiguas de la raza humana, sosteniendo un papel relevante en la historia al revolucionar constantemente el pensamiento humano. El inter´es por el cosmos ha sido importante, ya que estudia desde la evoluci´onestelar, sus caracter´ısticas y procesos, las distancias en nuestro entorno c´osmico,hasta eventos extremos como el inicio y predicci´ondel futuro de nuestro sistema solar, nuestra galaxia y el universo conocido. Los c´umulos estelares son laboratorios de grandes proporciones donde es posible comprobar las teor´ıasde evoluci´onestelar, adem´asse pueden determinar dimensiones espaciales midiendo la distancia a ellos, empleando candelas est´andarcomo lo son ciertos tipos de estrellas vari- ables. Sin embargo, la detecci´onde estrellas variables en c´umulos estelares no tiene a´unun procedimiento est´andarestablecido, siendo muy variadas las t´ecnicasque se han empleado a lo largo de la historia. Con el fin de disminuir las inconsistencias e incertidumbres en las mediciones, se hace necesario realizar un an´alisisde las t´ecnicasy m´etodos empleados para sistematizar y estandarizar dichos procedimientos para el Observatorio Astron´omico de la Universidad Tecnol´ogicade Pereira. En este proyecto presentado se identificar´anla serie de elementos que conformen una metodolog´ıaeficiente para la detecci´onde estrellas variables en c´umulos estelares, implement´andolaen el Observatorio Astron´omicode la Universidad Tecnol´ogicade Pereira. Este´ proyecto se presenta como requisito parcial de graduaci´ondel programa de Ingenier´ıaF´ısicade las autoras. V VI Resumen Introducci´on La astronom´ıaha sido el primer paso en la historia para el desarrollo cient´ıfico y tecnol´ogico, ha sido esencial no solo para evolucionar la manera en la que percibimos el mundo, sino tambi´enpara vivir nuestra vida diaria con el uso de computadores, tel´efonos, GPS y aparatos electr´onicos. Es sin duda, una de las ramas de la f´ısica m´asencantadoras, nos muestra im´agenesexuberantes, que permiten conocer el pasado, el nacimiento y el futuro del lugar donde vivimos. La astronom´ıano permite interactuar al investigador con sus objetos de es- tudio, sin embargo, son los instrumentos y las ramas de investigaci´on,quienes hacen posible realizar estudios sobre el universo. Hoy en d´ıasabemos que el universo se encuentra en constante cambio, evolucionando hacia diferentes formas, a veces en instantes, en otras ocasiones tardando eones, por lo cual la compresi´onde las teor´ıas de la evoluci´onestelar ha sido una de las actividades m´asim- portantes de la astronom´ıaobservacional. Los c´umulos estelares han sido reconocidos como excelentes laboratorios para poner a prueba dichas teor´ıas,gracias a las propiedades comunes de su poblaci´onestelar. Tambi´enpermiten determinar distancias espaciales, utilizando can- delas est´andar,como lo son algunas estrellas variables. Al encontrarse a distancias tan colosales el conocimiento de las estrellas se adquiere a trav´esdel estudio de la luz que los cuerpos luminosos emiten, la cual atraviesa ´estagran dis- tancia, atravesando zonas de polvo y gas, hasta que llega a la Tierra, cruza nuestra atm´osfera y podemos verla y capturarla con los equipos adecuados. La espectroscop´ıay la fotometr´ıa son t´ecnicasque descomponen la luz estelar con el fin de conocer caracter´ısticasimportantes, como temperatura, edad, composici´on,entre otras. En ´esteproyecto se utiliz´ola t´ecnica de fotometr´ıa,que consiste en el bloqueo selectivo de la luz a trav´esde filtros fotom´etricos y su recolecci´ona trav´esde c´amarasespecializadas, para identificar as´ıla intensidad de la luz en ciertas bandas de colores del espectro electromagn´eticovisible y relacionarlos con las caracter´ısticasde la estrella. El Observatorio de la Universidad Tecnol´ogicade Pereira cuenta con un equipo de ob- servaci´onastron´omicacon el que se puede realizar fotometr´ıa, es as´ıcomo las autoras, y debido a su importancia, dedican el desarrollo de este proyecto a determinar e implementar una metodolog´ıaque permita detectar estrellas variables en c´umulos estelares por medio de an´alisisfotom´etrico. VII VIII Introducci´on Contenido Resumen V Introducci´on VII Lista de FigurasXI Lista de Tablas XVII 1 Preliminares1 1.1 Problema.....................................1 1.2 Objetivos.....................................2 1.2.1 Objetivo general.............................2 1.2.2 Objetivos espec´ıficos...........................2 1.3 Antecedentes...................................2 2 Objetos de Estudio9 2.1 Estrellas Variables................................9 2.1.1 Tipos de Estrellas Variables....................... 10 2.2 C´umulos Estelares................................ 20 2.2.1 Tipos de C´umulos............................. 20 2.2.1.1 Asociaciones.......................... 20 2.2.1.2 C´umulos abiertos........................ 20 2.2.1.3 C´umulos globulares....................... 21 3 Fotometr´ıa 25 3.1 Teor´ıade color y temperatura.......................... 25 3.2 Condiciones atmosf´ericas............................. 27 3.2.1 Seeing................................... 27 3.2.2 Masa de aire................................ 28 3.2.3 Extinci´onatmosf´erica........................... 28 3.2.4 Radios de apertura............................ 28 3.3 Tipos de fotometr´ıa................................ 29 3.3.1 Fotometr´ıade apertura.......................... 29 3.3.2 Fotometr´ıadiferencial.......................... 29 IX X CONTENIDO 3.4 Sistemas fotom´etricos............................... 30 3.4.1 Banda ancha y banda estrecha...................... 30 3.4.2 Sistemas est´andar............................. 31 3.4.2.1 Sistema Jhonson-Cousins o UBVRI.............. 31 3.4.2.2 Sistema Sloan o ugriz..................... 33 3.5 Campos est´andar................................. 34 3.5.1 Ecuaciones de transformaci´on...................... 35 4 Instrumentaci´on 37 4.1 Ubicaci´on..................................... 37 4.2 Telescopio..................................... 38 4.3 Detector...................................... 40 4.4 Filtros....................................... 42 5 Metodolog´ıa 45 5.1 Planeaci´onde las observaciones......................... 47 5.1.1 Seeing................................... 49 5.1.2 Campos est´andar............................. 49 5.1.3 C´umulos.................................. 50 5.2 Adquisici´onde datos............................... 50 5.3 Pre-Procesamiento................................ 63 5.4 Seeing....................................... 66 5.5 Ecuaciones est´andarde transformaci´on..................... 68 5.6 Variables en c´umulos............................... 70 6 Resultados 73 6.1 Planeaci´onde las observaciones......................... 73 6.1.1 Seeing................................... 73 6.1.2 Campos est´andar............................. 73 6.1.3 C´umulos estelares y estrellas variables................. 76 6.2 Adquisici´onde datos............................... 78 6.3 Seeing....................................... 80 6.4 Ecuaciones de transformaci´on.......................... 84 6.5 Estrella variable en c´umulo estelar........................ 87 6.6 Fotograf´ıas art´ısticas..............................
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