3.2.1 Inventory Criteria Because It Is Not Practical to Evaluate Every

3.2 INVENTORY OF VISUALLY SENSITIVE RESOURCES 3.2.1 Inventory Criteria Because it is not practical to evaluate every conceivable location where the proposed ESL Project might be visible, it is accepted visual assessment practice to limit detailed evaluation of aesthetic impact to locations generally considered by society, through regulatory designation or policy, to be of cultural and/or aesthetic importance. In rural areas where few resources of statewide statewide significance are likely to be found, it is common practice to expand inventory criteria to include places of local sensitivity or high intensity of use.

Resources of Statewide Significance – The New York State Department of Environmental Conservation Program Policy “Assessing and Mitigating Visual Impacts” (NYSDEC 2000) requires that all aesthetic resources of statewide significance be identified along with any potential adverse effects on those resources resulting from the proposed Project. Aesthetic resources of statewide significance may be derived from one or more of the following categories:

 A property on or eligible for inclusion in the National or State Register of Historic Places [16 U.S.C. § 470a et seq., Parks, Recreation, and Historic Preservation Law Section 14.07];

 State Parks [Parks, Recreation, and Historic Preservation Law Section 3.09];  Urban Cultural Parks [Parks, Recreation, and Historic Preservation Law Section 35.15];  The State Forest Preserve [NYS Constitution Article XIV], Adirondack and Catskill Parks;  National Wildlife Refuges [16 U.S.C. 668dd], State Game Refuges, and State Wildlife Management Areas [ECL 11-2105];

 National Natural Landmarks [36 CFR Part 62];  The National Park System, Recreation Areas, Seashores, and Forests [16 U.S.C. 1c];  Rivers designated as National or State Wild, Scenic, or Recreational [16 U.S.C. Chapter 28, ECL 15-2701 et seq.];

 A site, area, lake, reservoir, or highway designated or eligible for designation as scenic [ECL Article 49 or NYDOT equivalent and Adirondack Park Agency], designated State Highway Roadside;

 Scenic Areas of Statewide Significance [of Article 42 of Executive Law];  A State or federally designated trail, or one proposed for designation [16 U.S.C. Chapter 27 or equivalent];

 Adirondack Park Scenic Vistas [Adirondack Park Land Use and Development Map];  State Nature and Historic Preserve Areas [Section 4 of Article XIV of the State Constitution];  Palisades Park [Palisades Interstate Park Commission]; and  Bond Act Properties purchased under Exceptional Scenic Beauty or Open Space category.

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Resources of Local Interest – Places of local sensitivity or high intensity of use (based on local context) were also inventoried, even though they may not be considered to be of statewide significance. Aesthetic resources of local interest were generally derived from the following general categories:

 Recreation areas including playgrounds, athletic fields, boat launches, fishing access, campgrounds, picnic areas, ski centers, and other recreational facilities/attractions;

 Areas devoted to the conservation or the preservation of natural environmental features (e.g. reforestation areas/forest preserves, wildlife management areas, open space preserves);

 A bicycling, hiking, ski touring, or snowmobiling trail designated as such by a local governmental agency;

 Architectural structures and sites of traditional importance as designated by a local governmental agency;

 Parkways, highways, or scenic overlooks and vistas designated as such by a local governmental agency;

 Important urban landscape including visual corridors, monuments, sculptures, landscape plantings, and urban green space;

 Important architectural elements and structures representing community style and neighborhood character;

 An interstate highway or other high volume (relative to local conditions) road of regional importance;

 A passenger railroad or other mass transit route; and

 A residential area greater than 50 contiguous acres and with a density of more than one dwelling unit per acre.

Other Places for Analysis – Given the rural character of much of the study area, the inventory of aesthetic resources has been further expanded to be conservatively over-inclusive. In several cases, additional locations have been included to represent visibility along (sparsely) populated roadways; these representative roadways were selected because they would be traversed by, or have visibility of, the Project.5 They may be of interest to local residents, although they are not necessarily considered representative of an aesthetically significant location.

Resources of statewide significance, local interest, and other places for analysis were identified though a review of published maps and other paper documents, online research, and windshield survey of publicly accessible locations.

5 All roadways are not included, select roadways were identified in order to provide representation.

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3.2.2 Summary Characteristics of Inventoried Resources Overall Population and Density of Development – The study area is a Table 3 Demographic Summary of Study Area Municipalities (2016 ACS)6 combination of suburban and rural development. The population lives in Municipality Year Round Population Total a variety of settings including Population Density per Housing Square Mile Units community centers (i.e. village, New York State 19,673,174 420 hamlet), along roadways found Erie County 922,129 421,361 throughout the study area, and Niagara County 213,374 99,162 Town of Alden 10,235 297 3,537 neighborhoods of varying sizes. Based Town of Elma 11,702 339 4,997 on the 2016 American Community Town of Clarence 31,686 591 12,242 Survey (“ACS”), the largest population Town of Lancaster 42,725 1,126 17,858 Town of Lockport 20,237 451 8,803 resides in the Town of Lancaster, with Town of Newstead 8,687 170 3,743 the least living in the Village of Akron. Village of Akron 2,872 1,458 1,280 Although the Village of Akron has the Town of Marilla 5,364 195 2,181 Town of Royalton 7,578 108 2,971 smallest population, this community has the greatest population density within the study area compared to other local municipalities in the study area. Overall, when comparing these communities to the overall population of Erie and Niagara Counties, it only represents less than 13% of the overall population. With the exception of the Village of Akron and the Town of Lancaster, overall population density within the study area is relatively low.

Table 3 summarizes these demographics for municipalities within the study area.

Highway Corridors – As a result of the low population in the study area, many of the local roadways are relatively lightly traveled. However, the study area is crossed by a number of major transportation through-corridors. The primary transportation corridors, with the highest average annual daily traffic (AADT) within the study area, are the New York State Thruway (I-90), U.S. Route 20, and NYS Route 5. Table 4 summarizes the AADT for state highways within the study area.

7 Table 4 Annual Average Daily Traffic Volumes Along Select Roadways Route AADT NYS Route 93 from Akron Road to Erie County Line 1,979 NYS Route 5 from Town of Clarence (municipal line) to Buell Street 11,269 New York State Thruway (I-90) from Interchange 49 to Erie/Genesee County Line 39,750 NYS Route 33 from Ransom Road (County Route 155) to NYS Route 952Q 2,861 NYS Route 952Q from NYS Route 33 to Town of Alden (municipal line) 5,919 U.S. Route 20 from Cemetery Road (County Route 105B) to Townline Road (County Route 335) 13,223 NYS Route 354 from Bowen Road to NYS Route 954G 4,924 * With the exception of NYS Route 93, the Transmission line crosses each segment of roadway identified above. Proposed conductors are located underneath the New York State Thruway.

6 Year round population and housing obtained by 2016 ACS. Population and size (square miles) of Town/Village determine population density. 7 https://www.dot.ny.gov/tdv. All AADT’s are based on actual or forecasted counts.

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In addition to those routes identified above, there are numerous county and local roads that traverse the study area. Generally, these roads are lightly traveled.

Recreation and Open Space – Visitors traveling to this area may enjoy numerous outdoor recreational activities including field sports (baseball, soccer, football), playground activities, hiking, biking, hunting, and fishing during the warmer months. Cross-country skiing, skating, sledding, and snowmobile riding are popular during the winter months. Other passive outdoor pursuits, such as wildlife viewing is common. Some of the more prominent recreational facilities are discussed below.

The Tillman Road Wildlife Management Area (located approximately 1.9 miles from the nearest transmission structure) consists of 239 acres in the Town of Clarence. In order to access the property from parking lots located along Tillman Road and Shisler Road. Hiking, fishing and wildlife viewing are allowed within the property. The property features an extensive trail system, including 300 feet of boardwalk within a cattail marsh.

The Tonawanda Wildlife Management Area (located approximately 1.9 miles from the nearest transmission structure) consists of 5,600 acres (most of which is located outside the study area) in the Towns of Newstead and Royalton. Within the study area, the property is accessible from parking lots located along Ditch Road, Foote Road, and Koepsel Road. Hiking, hunting/trapping, fishing and wildlife viewing are allowed within the property. The property is comprised primarily of wetland habitat, including upland forest, shrubland, and grassland habitats.

The NYS DEC has provided a public fishing access, including parking, along the Tonawanda Creek (located approximately 2.2 from the nearest transmission structure).

The Erie Canalway National Heritage Corridor’s southernmost boundary within the study area coincides with the Tonawanda Creek. The Corridor spans the entire State comprising of more than 500 miles of waterways and trails. While there are many destinations within the corridor, the only one identified within the study area is the Iroquois National Wildlife Refuge.8 This report does not designate the Corridor as a specific resource. However, there are several resources within the Corridor that are evaluated, thus reflecting potential Project visibility.

Akron Falls County Park (located approximately 2.5 miles from the nearest transmission structure) consists of 280 acres in the Village of Akron. A unique attraction to the Park is a 40 +/- foot water fall found along Murder Creek. The Park offers a variety of active and passive recreational opportunities. Activities such as biking, hiking, cross-country skiing, snowshoeing, court games (basketball and tennis), as well as field games may be enjoyed at the Park. In addition, passive activities such as wildlife viewing and photographing, picnicking, and fishing are available. Although not a county park, the Akron Falls Park Sports Complex is located immediately adjacent to Akron Falls and is sometimes described as part of the Park. The Complex consists of an additional 129 acres in the Town of Newstead. This is an active recreation facility geared towards baseball and field play (e.g. soccer).

Elma Centennial Park (located approximately 1.1 miles from the nearest transmission structure) consists of 47 acres in the Town of Elma. The Park is located to the Buffalo Creek and offers a variety

8 https://eriecanalway.org/explore/plan-your-visit/region/western-erie (website last visited on 6/21/18)

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of active recreation opportunities. There are baseball fields, opportunities for field play (e.g. football, soccer), a playground, and tennis and basketball courts. Passive opportunities such as picnicking, wildlife viewing, and fishing are also available.

Walden Pond Park (located approximately 0.9 miles from the nearest transmission structure) consists of 56 acres in the Town of Lancaster. The Park offers active recreation opportunities such as a multi- purpose field (e.g. football, soccer), baseball/softball fields, sand volleyball courts, and a playground. In addition picnic shelters are also available for users.

Newstead Community Park (located approximately 2.2 miles from the nearest transmission structure) consists of 34 acres in the Town of Newstead. The Park offers active recreation opportunities such as a multi-purpose field (e.g. football, soccer) a playground. In addition, a picnic shelter is also available for users.

Elma Meadows Golf Course/Elma Meadows County Park (located approximately 1.3 miles from the nearest transmission structure) consists of 220 acres in the Town of Elma. The Park primarily consists of a golf course, with a club house, and a picnic grove.

Westwood Park (located approximately 1.3 miles from the nearest transmission structure) consists of 175 acres in the Town of Lancaster. The Park offers active recreation opportunities such as a multi- purpose field (e.g. soccer and lacrosse), baseball/softball fields, and a playground. In addition there is a walking/bike path that can be used for cross-country skiing, and a pavilion and picnic shelters.

Clarence Main Street Park (located approximately 2.6 miles from the nearest transmission structure) consists of 90 acres in the Town of Clarence. The Park offers active recreation opportunities such swimming, baseball/softball fields, tennis and basketball courts, volleyball courts, and a playground. In addition there is direct access to the West Shore Path, a club house, and opportunities for sledding and skating during winter months.

Como Lake Park (located approximately 2.4 miles from the nearest transmission structure) consists of 534 acres in both the Village and Town of Lancaster. It is identified by the County as a “Heritage” park containing numerous old stone park structures, including a lighthouse. One attraction to the Park is the manmade lake and dam with natural islands created along the Cayuga Creek. The Park offers a variety of recreational opportunities including basketball and tennis courts, (informal) baseball/softball fields, playgrounds, and a disc golf course. In addition, there are nature trails, picnic grove, and casino. During the winter months skating and sledding are offered.

The West Shore Trail is an 8.6 mile trail that starts in the Village of Akron and ends in the Town of Clarence. The Peanut Line Trail originates along the Westshore Trail in the Town of Newstead and extends 8.3 miles where it terminates near the Town of Clarence/Amherst municipal boundary. Both Trails bisect the proposed transmission corridor and are used for activities such as walking/hiking, running, biking, rollerblading, and in some instances snowshoeing and snowmobiling.

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The Lancaster Heritage Trail originates at the Town of Alden/Lancaster municipal boundary and extends 4.0 miles where it terminates at the Village of Lancaster boundary. The Trail bisects the proposed transmission route and is used for walking, running, rollerblading and biking.9

The Conservation Trail, which is a part of the Finger Lakes Trail, bisects the study area. The Trail may be found in the Akron Falls County Park, along Brooklyn Street (Village of Akron), and coinciding with the Westshore Line Trail and Peanut Line Trail. The Trail is used for walking/hiking, biking, snowshoeing, and in some instances rollerblading, snowshoeing, cross-country skiing and snowmobiling. Regionally, the Conservation Trail begins in the Allegany State Park and extends 171 miles in a north and west direction where it meets the Bruce Trail in Niagara Falls, Canada

Snowmobile trails may be found throughout the study area whether on public/private land or along roadways/seasonal roads. Snowmobiling is a popular activity throughout many sections of the study area and is likely enjoyed by large numbers of participants within the study area during the winter months.

Additional local recreational facilities found within the area including:

 Schools in the area offer a variety of recreational opportunities such as playgrounds, tracks, tennis courts, and a variety of fields for ball sports (e.g. baseball, football, soccer). Schools that offer opportunities include: Town Line School, Akron High School, and Iroquois Intermediate, Junior High and High School.

 Wolcottsville Community Park offers a baseball/softball field, playground, and picnic area. Most of the park is an open field, allowing for a variety of ball sports.

 Russel Park is located in the center of the Village of Akron. Park offers a playground, gazebo, and picnic area.

 Parker Commons offers a baseball field, basketball/tennis courts, playground, and a sand volleyball court.

 Beeman Creek Park is an undeveloped park with 400+ acres.

 Golf opportunities are found throughout the study area. The following locations have been identified: Dande Farms Golf Course, Arrowhead Golf Club, Bright Meadows Golf Course, Rothland Golf Course, Links at Ivy Ridge, Lancaster Country Club, Fox Valley Golf Club, and Buffalo Tournament Club Golf Course.

 Creation Walk Nature Trail is a 1.25 mile walking trail.

Tourism – The study area does not appear to be a high tourism destination, however the numerous opportunities for year-round recreation could draw visitors to the area.

9 The Heritage Trail, Westshore Line Trail, and the Peanut Line Trail have been developed within former railroad corridors.

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Cultural Resources – Five (5) resources listed on the State and National Register of Historic Places were identified within the study area:

 Warren Hull House;  Akron U.S. Post Office;  Rich-Twinn Octagon House;  Lancaster District School No. 6; and  Automobile Club of Buffalo.

In addition, 27 resources were determined to be Nationally Register Eligible (NRE), including:

 Residence at 4055 Ransom Road;  Residence at 10320 Clarence Center Road;  Residence at 109750 Clarence Center Road;  The Lighthouse;  Farmstead at 10979 Keller Road;  First Baptist Church;  Cabinet Shop/Dr. Lapp Residence;  First Baptist Church Parsonage;  Residence at 3167 Crittenden Road;  Residence at 3348 Crittenden Road;  Residence at 12446 Genesee Street;  Wende Correctional Facility/Erie County Penitentiary;  Roth/Stever/Gray Residence;  Danford/Utley Residence;  Residence at 3361 Crittenden Road;  Residence at 11374 Kieffer Road;  Claude Residence;  Behe Residence;  Dysinger Tavern;  3020 Bullis Road;  3011 Bowen Road;  3030 Bowen Road;  Commercial at 10575 Main Street;  Asa Ransom House/Clarence Historical Society;  502 Pavement Road;  503 Pavement Road; and  Aldrich Farm.

The identification of these resources is based on information maintained by the New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation in its Cultural Resources Information System, and provided by Ecology & Environment, Inc.

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3.2.3 Visibility Evaluation of Inventoried Resources Each inventoried visual resource was evaluated to determine whether there may be visibility of one or more proposed transmission line structures. This consisted of reviewing the completed viewshed maps, aerial photos, and field observations. Table 5 lists the 105 inventoried visual resources located within the three-mile study area and identifies potential Project visibility from these resources. The location of these resources is referenced by numeric code within Figures 2 and 3. Of the 105 visual resources inventoried, at least 26 would likely be screened from the proposed Project by either intervening landform or vegetation (based on viewshed mapping) and are thus eliminated from further study.

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Table 5 Visual Resource Visibility Summary

Potential Visibility Key Theoretical Theoretical ●Visibility Indicated View View Indicated by Indicated by Actual View ○No Visibility Indicated Viewshed - Viewshed - Likely Based Excluding Including on Field Filtered view through trees or limited view through structures possible (field observed) ◘ Existing Existing Confirmation Vegetation Vegetation of Existing Map ID Receptor Name Municipality Inventory Type (Figure 2) (Figure 3) Line-of-sight Cultural Resources 12 Akron U.S. Post Office Newstead Statewide Significance ● ● ○ 13 Rich-Twinn Octagon House Newstead Statewide Significance ● ● ○ 34 Behe Residence Royalton Statewide Significance ● ● ● 38 Dysinger Tavern Royalton Statewide Significance ● ○ ○ 39 Claude Residence Royalton Statewide Significance ● ● ○ 42 First Baptist Church Parsonage Clarence Statewide 1899 Significance ● ● ● 43 First Baptist Church 1877 Clarence Statewide Significance ● ● ● 44 Residential c.1860 at 10975 Clarence Statewide Clarence Center Road Significance ● ● Not Visited 45 Farmstead c.1860 at 10979 Newstead Statewide Keller Road Significance ● ● ○ 47 Roth/Stever/Gray Residence Clarence Statewide Significance ● ● ○ 48 The Light House 1844 Local Clarence Statewide Landmark Significance ● ● Not Visited 49 Residential c.1890 at 10320 Clarence Statewide Clarence Center Road Significance ● ○ ○ 51 Cabinet Shop/Baynes/Dr. Lapp Clarence Statewide Residence C.1900 Significance ● ● ○ 52 Asa Ransom House 1853 Clarence Statewide Clarence Historical Society Significance ● ○ ○ 53 Commercial c.1950 Gas Station Clarence Statewide at 10575 Main Street Significance ● ○ ○ 55 Danford/Utley Residence 1810 Clarence Statewide Significance ● ● ○ 56 Automobile Club of Buffalo Clarence Statewide Significance ● ● ○ 59 Residential c.1840 at 4055 Clarence Statewide Ransom Road Significance ● ○ ○ 61 Warren Hull House Lancaster Statewide Significance ● ● ○ 63 3030 Bowen Road Elma Statewide Significance ○ ○ ○ 64 3011 Bowen Road Elma Statewide Significance ● ○ ○ 65 Lancaster District School No. 6 Lancaster Statewide Significance ● ● Not Visited 69 503 Pavement Road Lancaster Statewide Significance ● ● Not Visited

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Table 5 Visual Resource Visibility Summary

Potential Visibility Key Theoretical Theoretical ●Visibility Indicated View View Indicated by Indicated by Actual View ○No Visibility Indicated Viewshed - Viewshed - Likely Based Excluding Including on Field Filtered view through trees or limited view through structures possible (field observed) ◘ Existing Existing Confirmation Vegetation Vegetation of Existing Map ID Receptor Name Municipality Inventory Type (Figure 2) (Figure 3) Line-of-sight 70 502 Pavement Road Lancaster Statewide Significance ● ● Not Visited 85 Aldrich Farm Elma Statewide Significance ● ● ● 92 3020 Bullis Road Elma Statewide Significance ● ● ○ 99 Residential c.1920 at 11374 Alden Statewide Kieffer Road Significance ● ● Not Visited 100 Wende Correctional Facility/Erie Alden Statewide County Penitentiary Significance ● ● ● 102 Residential c.1954 at 3348 Alden Statewide Crittenden Road Significance ● ○ ○ 103 Residential c.1910 at 3167 Alden Statewide Crittenden Road Rd Significance ● ○ ○ 104 Residential c.1850 at 3361 Alden Statewide Crittenden Road Significance ● ○ ○ 105 Residential c.1910 at 12446 Alden Statewide Genesee Street Significance ● ● ○ Recreational and Tourist Resources 1 Links at Ivy Ridge Newstead Local Importance ● ● ● 3 Akron Falls Park Newstead Local Importance ● ○ ○ 4 Newstead Community Park Newstead Local Importance ● ● ○ 6 Dande Farms Golf Course Newstead Local Importance ● ● ○ 10 Russel Park Newstead Local Importance ● ● ○ 15 Finger Lakes Conservation Trail Newstead Local Importance ● ● ● 16 Clarence Pathway - West Shore Clarence, Newstead Local Importance Trail ● ● ● 17 Arrowhead Golf Club Newstead Local Importance ● ● ● 18 Bright Meadows Golf Course Newstead Local Importance ● ● ◘ 19 Rothland Golf Course Newstead Local Importance ● ● ● 25 Clarence Pathway - Peanut Line Clarence, Newstead Local Importance Trail ● ● ● 26 Destroyer Park Golf Newstead Local Importance ● ● Not Visited 32 Tonawanda Wildlife Newstead, Royalton Statewide Management Area Significance ● ● ○ 35 Wolcottsville Community Park Royalton Local Importance ● ○ ○ 41 Tonawanda Creek Fishing Royalton Statewide Access Significance ● ● ◘

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Table 5 Visual Resource Visibility Summary

Potential Visibility Key Theoretical Theoretical ●Visibility Indicated View View Indicated by Indicated by Actual View ○No Visibility Indicated Viewshed - Viewshed - Likely Based Excluding Including on Field Filtered view through trees or limited view through structures possible (field observed) ◘ Existing Existing Confirmation Vegetation Vegetation of Existing Map ID Receptor Name Municipality Inventory Type (Figure 2) (Figure 3) Line-of-sight 50 Beeman Creek Park Clarence Local Importance ● ○ ○ 54 Parker Commons Clarence Local Importance ● ○ ○ 57 Clarence Main Street Town Park Clarence Local Importance ● ○ ○ 58 Tillman Road Wildlife Clarence, Lancaster Statewide Management Area Significance ● ○ ○ 60 Lancaster Speedway Lancaster Local Importance ● ○ ○ 66 Como Lake Park Lancaster Local Importance ● ○ ○ 67 Lancaster Country Club Lancaster Local Importance ● ● ○ 68 Westwood Park Lancaster Local Importance ● ○ ○ 71 Walden Pond Park Lancaster Local Importance ● ● ◘ 72 Fox Valley Golf Club Lancaster Local Importance ● ● Not Visited 73 Buffalo Tournament Club Golf Lancaster Local Importance Course ● ● ● 77 Lancaster Heritage Trail Lancaster Local Importance ● ● ● 84 Elma Village Green Elma Local Importance ● ○ ○ 91 Elma Meadows Golf Elma Local Importance Course/Elma Meadows County ● ● ● Park 93 Elma Centennial Park Elma Local Importance ○ ○ ○ 98 Creation Walk Nature Trail Marilla Local Importance ● ● ● Highway Corridors/Roadside Receptors 2 Havenwood Drive Newstead Other Places for Analysis ● ● ● 8 Cedar Street Newstead Other Places for Analysis ● ● ○ 9 NYS Route 93 Newstead, Royaton Local Importance ● ● ● 14 Hake Road Newstead Other Places for Analysis ● ● ○ 21 NYS Route 5 Clarence, Newstead Local Importance ● ● ● 22 Havens Road Newstead Other Places for Analysis ● ● ● 23 Barnum Road Newstead Other Places for Analysis ● ● ● 27 Meahl Road Newstead Other Places for Analysis ● ● ●

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Table 5 Visual Resource Visibility Summary

Potential Visibility Key Theoretical Theoretical ●Visibility Indicated View View Indicated by Indicated by Actual View ○No Visibility Indicated Viewshed - Viewshed - Likely Based Excluding Including on Field Filtered view through trees or limited view through structures possible (field observed) ◘ Existing Existing Confirmation Vegetation Vegetation of Existing Map ID Receptor Name Municipality Inventory Type (Figure 2) (Figure 3) Line-of-sight 28 Rapids Road Clarence, Newstead, Other Places for Royalton Analysis ● ● ● 29 Moore Road Newstead Other Places for Analysis ● ● ● 30 Downey Road Newstead Other Places for Analysis ● ● ● 31 Greenbush Road Newstead Other Places for Analysis ● ● ● 36 Bunker Hill Road Royalton Other Places for Analysis ● ● ● 37 Ernest Road Royalton Other Places for Analysis ● ● ○ 40 Block Church Road Royalton Other Places for Analysis ● ● ● 74 NYS Route 33 Alden, Lancaster Local Importance ● ● ● 75 NYS Thruway (I-90)10 Clarence, Lancaster, Local Importance Newstead ● ● ● 76 Walden Avenue Alden, Lancaster Other Places for Analysis ● ● ● 78 Townline Road Alden, Elma, Other Places for Lancaster, Marilla Analysis ● ● ● 79 Erie Street Lancaster Other Places for Analysis ● ● ● 80 Ransom Road Clarence, Elma, Other Places for Lancaster Analysis ● ● ● 81 Westwood Road Elma Other Places for Analysis ● ● ● 83 U.S. Route 20 Alden, Lancaster Local Importance ● ● ● 86 Bullis Road Elma, Marilla Other Places for Analysis ● ● ● 87 NYS Route 354 Elma, Marilla Local Importance ● ● ● 94 Stolle Road Elma, Marilla Other Places for Analysis ● ● ● 95 Girdle Road Elma Other Places for Analysis ● ● ○ 96 Two Rod Road Alden, Marilla Other Places for Analysis ● ● ● Residential/Community Resources 5 Tonawanda Indian Reservation Newstead, Royalton Other Places for Analysis ● ○ ○ 7 Akron High School Newstead Local Importance ● ● ○ 11 Village of Akron Newstead Local Importance ● ● ○

10 The conductors will not be visible spanning the NYS Thruway (I-90) as the will be buried in this area.

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Table 5 Visual Resource Visibility Summary

11 Much of school property was not accessible due to timing of site visits. This is valid for all schools within study area.

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3.3 FACTORS AFFECTING VISUAL IMPACT To bring order to the consideration of potential impacts on visual resources, the inventory of visual resources is organized into several recognizable elements, as discussed below.

3.3.1 Landscape Units Landscape units are areas with common characteristics of landform, vegetation, water resources, land use, and land use intensity. While a regional landscape may possess diverse features and characteristics, a landscape unit is a relatively homogenous, unified landscape of visual character. Five (5) landscape units were identified within the three-mile study area.

Community Center Landscape Unit – Community centers are primarily residential and commercial centers with built structures and streets dominating the visual landscape. Views are generally short distance and focused along streets due to existing structures and vegetation. Filtered or framed views may be possible through foreground vegetation and buildings, particularly from the perimeter of the communities. The largest community center within the study area is the Village of Akron.

Agricultural Landscape Unit – This unit includes a patchwork of open land, including working cropland/pastures and fallow fields with successional growth. Often these tracts of lands are transected by hedgerows and interspersed with woodlots. Views within this unit are often short distance, contained by vegetation and surrounding landforms.

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Population densities are low with building stock located on farmsteads or individual residences along with accessory structures (barns, garages, sheds, etc.). Uses that are found along the roadside are predominantly agricultural, residential and commercial. The unit also includes golf courses as many of their characteristics (e.g. hedgerows, open space, etc.) resemble agricultural land.

Rural Residential Landscape Unit – This unit includes those roadways that have a higher density of residential dwellings and are located outside the community centers. This unit is likely to be surrounded by the agricultural and/or forest units. Buildings are typically single-family homes located on individual lots of varying sizes with adjacent landscape being open land, mature vegetation, or smaller agricultural/fallow fields. Residential subdivisions may also be included in this unit. In some instances, these areas can be quite vegetated with mature trees and landscaping that is typically present in the yards; tree size, species, and age are highly variable. Views within this unit are often short distance, contained by foreground vegetation, and buildings.

With few exceptions, population densities tend to be moderate within this unit. Residential uses are dominant, but could include industrial and commercial.

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*Upper left aerial – Stolle Road/Terrace Lane. Upper right aerial – Town Line Road. Lower left aerial – Barnum Road. Lower right aerial – Quarry Hill Estates.

Forest Landscape Unit – This unit makes up a significant amount of the study area and is generally characterized by rolling hills and fallow fields covered with mature vegetation, and some agricultural lands. The unit is primarily wooded and undeveloped, it does include bisecting roadways, and in some cases low-density housing (within or adjacent to forested land). Vegetation is predominantly mature second growth deciduous woodland with occasional stands of evergreen cover.

Within this landscape unit, vegetation typically prevents distant views. However, views beyond the immediate foreground may occur in locations where openings in the forest cover permit. Filtered views through woodland vegetation may also be available in close proximity to the Project and during leaf-off seasons.

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Highway Landscape Unit – This unit includes roadways that are major thoroughfares (e.g. U.S. Route 20) that bisect the study area. They may offer a variety of views to a higher number of transient individuals. As these roadways tend to be high speed, heavier used roadways, it is anticipated that the focus of the driver will be on navigating the roadway. In this situation, the view of the corridor may be dominated by pavement and vehicles (including large trucks). Views to the surrounding landscape will be fleeting, but will have views of the surrounding landscape, existing transmission structures, as well as other built structures including commercial and residential dwellings.

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3.3.2 Viewer/User Groups Viewers engaged in different activities, while in the same landscape unit, are likely to perceive their surroundings differently. The description of viewer groups is provided to assist in understanding the sensitivity and probable reaction of potential observers to visual change resulting from the proposed Project.

Local Residents – These individuals would view the Project, along with the existing transmission structures located within the NYSEG Utility Corridor, from homes, businesses, and local roads. Except when involved in local travel, such viewers are likely to be stationary and could have frequent and/or prolonged views of the Project. They know the local landscape and may be sensitive to changes in particular views that are important to them. Conversely, the sensitivity of an individual observer to a specific view may be diminished due to visibility of the existing transmission structures or as a result of repeated exposure over time.

Local Workers – Local workers are those who work within the study area. It is expected that the workers would generally be indoors and would not experience the surrounding landscape and will therefore not be affected by a change in the surroundings. For the time any workers may be outdoors, sensitivity may vary, however, most workers will primarily be focused on their job responsibilities, view existing transmission structures, and give minimal consideration to the surrounding landscape.

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Commuters and Through Travelers – Commuters and through travelers (may be referred collectively as “through travelers” or “travelers”) would view the Project, along with the existing transmission structures, from highways. These viewers are typically moving at higher speeds and focusing on the road in front of them. Consequently, their views of the Project will be mostly peripheral, yet intermittent, and/or of relatively brief duration. Given a general unfamiliarity or infrequent exposure to the regional or local landscape, travelers are likely to have a lower degree of sensitivity to visual change than would local residents and workers.

Recreational Users and Tourists – This group generally includes all local residents involved in outdoor recreational activities, as well as visitors who come to the area specifically to enjoy the cultural, recreational, and open spaces of the region. While the sensitivity of recreational users to visual quality is variable, the presence of the existing transmission structures will diminish the potential for impact by the Project.

3.3.3 Distance Zones Distance affects the apparent size and degree of contrast between an object and its surroundings. The U.S. Forest Service has established distance zones as part of its methodology for assessing impacts and are used in this VRA as described below.

Foreground (0-½ mile) – At a foreground distance, viewers typically have a very high recognition of detail. Cognitively, in the foreground zone, human scale is an important factor in judging spatial relationships and the relative size of objects. From this distance, the sense of form, line, color and textural contrast with the surrounding landscape is highest. The visual impact is likely to be considered the greatest at a foreground distance.

Middleground (½ mile to 3 miles) – This is the distance where elements begin to visually merge or join. Colors and textures become somewhat muted by distance, but are still identifiable. Visual detail is reduced, although distinct patterns may still be evident. Viewers from middleground distances characteristically recognize surface features such as tree stands, building clusters and small landforms. Scale is perceived in terms of identifiable features of development patterns. From this distance, the contrast of color and texture are identified more in terms of the regional context than by the immediate surroundings.

Background (3-5 miles to horizon) – At this distance, landscape elements lose detail and become less distinct. Atmospheric perspective12 changes colors to blue-grays, while surface characteristics are lost. Visual emphasis is on the outline or edge of one landmass or water resource against another with a strong skyline element.

12 Atmospheric Perspective: Even on the clearest of days, the sky is not entirely transparent because of the presence of atmospheric particulate matter. The light scattering effect of these particles causes a reduction in the intensity of colors and the contrast between light and dark as the distance of objects from the observer increases. Contrast depends upon the position of the sun and the reflectance of the object, among other items. The net effect is that objects appear "washed out" over great distances.

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3.3.4 Duration/Frequency/Circumstances of View The analysis of a viewer’s experience must include the distinction between stationary and moving observers. The length of time and the circumstances under which a view is encountered is influential in characterizing the importance of a particular view.

Stationary Views – Stationary views are experienced from fixed viewpoints such as residential dwellings, recreational facilities, and other places of outdoor activity. Characteristically, stationary views offer sufficient time for the viewer to interpret and understand the physical surroundings and therefore have a higher potential for understanding the elements of a view than do moving viewers.

Moving Views – Moving views are those experienced in passing, such as from moving vehicles, where the time available for a viewer to cognitively experience a particular view is limited. As the tendency of automobile occupants is to focus down the road, the actual time a viewer is able to focus on individual elements of the surrounding landscape is a fraction of the total available view time. Conversely, the greater the contrast of an element within the existing landscape, the greater the potential for viewer attention, even if viewed for only a moment by a moving viewer.

The analysis of a viewer’s experience must include the distinction between stationary and moving observers. The length of time and the circumstances under which a view is encountered is influential in characterizing the importance of a particular view.

3.3.5 Summary of Affected Resources Each inventoried visual resource contained in Table 5 that was identified as having a potential for Project visibility was further evaluated to determine whether a visual impact might exist. Table 6 lists only those 56 visual resources located within the three-mile study area that were identified to have potential visibility based on viewshed mapping and site observations; locations identified as having potential visibility that may not have been visited are also included.

It should be noted that the potential number of visible structures may vary for each resource. For instance, NYS Route 5 has the potential to view 46 structures, however there are other areas along this roadway that may have little to no visibility. In addition, it should be noted that the closest distance between the resource and Proposed Line is identified, however visibility of structures at greater distances may also be available (foreground views versus background views).

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Table 6 Visual Resource Visibility and Impact Summary

21 NYS Route 5 Clarence, Newstead 46 Highway Travelers, Local Foreground / 0.03 Moving residents/workers 22 Havens Road Newstead 40 Agricultural Local residents/workers Foreground / 0.05 Moving 23 Barnum Road Newstead 35 Rural Residential Local residents/workers Foreground / 0.34 Moving 24 Quarry Hill Estates Newstead 42 Rural Residential Local residents/workers Foreground / 0.20 Stationary 25 Clarence Pathway - Peanut Line Clarence, Newstead 36 Agricultural Recreational Foreground / 0.03 Stationary Trail 26 Destroyer Park Golf Newstead 9 Agricultural Recreational Middleground / 0.76 Stationary 27 Meahl Road Newstead 46 Agricultural Local residents/workers Foreground / 0.02 Moving 28 Rapids Road Clarence, Newstead, 46 Agricultural Local residents/workers Foreground / 0.01 Moving Royalton 29 Moore Road Newstead 17 Forest Local residents/workers Foreground / 0.12 Moving 30 Downey Road Newstead 47 Agricultural Local residents/workers Foreground / 0.04 Moving 31 Greenbush Road Newstead 38 Agricultural Local residents/workers Middleground / 0.77 Moving 34 Behe Residence Royalton 15 Agricultural Local residents/workers Middleground / 1.84 Stationary 36 Bunker Hill Road Royalton 14 Agricultural Local residents/workers Middleground / 1.70 Moving 40 Block Church Road Royalton 30 Agricultural Local residents/workers Foreground / 0.14 Moving 41 Tonawanda Creek Fishing Royalton 31 Agricultural Recreational Middleground / 2.19 Stationary Access 42 First Baptist Church Parsonage Clarence 14 Agricultural Local residents/workers Middleground / 1.96 Stationary 1899 43 First Baptist Church 1877 Clarence 14 Agricultural Local residents/workers Middleground / 1.98 Stationary

13 Resources such as roadways and trails may span multiple landscape units. 14 The number of visible structures contained in this table may not be reflective for the entire resource. For instance, visibility along roadways and within communities will vary due to a variety of site conditions. 15 Potential visibility of nearest structure is not considered when determining distance. Distance to the structures may vary depending on viewer location within, or along resource.

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Table 6 Visual Resource Visibility and Impact Summary

Factors Affecting Visual Impact Approximate Number of Structures Aesthetic 14 Distance Zone Visible 15 Resource (see Figure 3) Landscape (nearest structure) / Moving/ 13 Number Receptor Name Municipality Unit Viewer/User Group(s) Distance (miles) Stationary 44 Residential c.1860 at 10975 Clarence 8 Agricultural Local residents/workers Middleground / 1.65 Stationary Clarence Center Road 48 The Light House 1844 Local Clarence 12 Forest Local residents/workers Middleground / 2.55 Stationary Landmark 65 Lancaster District School No. 6 Lancaster 15 Community Center Local residents/workers Middleground / 2.60 Stationary 69 503 Pavement Road Lancaster 24 Agricultural Local residents/workers Middleground / 2.08 Stationary 70 502 Pavement Road Lancaster 21 Agricultural Local residents/workers Middleground / 2.07 Stationary 71 Walden Pond Park Lancaster 13 Community Center Recreational Middleground / 0.94 Stationary 72 Fox Valley Golf Club Lancaster 12 Agricultural Recreational Middleground / 1.61 Stationary 73 Buffalo Tournament Club Golf Lancaster 36 Agricultural Recreational Middleground / 0.74 Stationary Course 74 NYS Route 33 Alden, Lancaster 35 Highway Travelers, Local Foreground / 0.02 Moving residents/workers 75 NYS Thruway (I-90)16 Clarence, Lancaster, 37 Highway Travelers, Local Foreground / 0.03 Moving Newstead residents/workers 76 Walden Avenue (NYS Route Alden, Lancaster 32 Highway Local residents/workers Foreground / 0.02 Moving 952Q) 77 Lancaster Heritage Trail Lancaster 39 Agricultural Recreational Foreground / 0.02 Stationary 78 Town Line Road Alden, Elma, Lancaster, 40 Rural Residential Local residents/workers Foreground / 0.02 Moving Marilla 79 Erie Street Lancaster 41 Rural Residential Local residents/workers Foreground / 0.01 Moving 80 Ransom Road Clarence, Elma, 33 Rural Residential Local residents/workers Foreground / 0.17 Moving Lancaster 81 Westwood Road Elma 46 Rural Residential Local residents/workers Foreground / 0.01 Moving 82 Town Line School Alden 36 Community Center Local residents/workers Middleground / 0.90 Stationary 83 U.S. Route 20 Alden, Lancaster 47 Highway Travelers, Local Foreground / 0.02 Moving residents/workers 85 Aldrich Farm Elma 4 Rural Residential Local residents/workers Foreground / 0.40 Stationary 86 Bullis Road Elma, Marilla 25 Rural Residential Local residents/workers Foreground / 0.03 Moving 87 NYS Route 354 Elma, Marilla 15 Highway Travelers, Local Foreground / 0.06 Moving residents/workers 88 Iroquois High School Elma 12 Rural Residential Local residents/workers Middleground / 1.30 Stationary 89 Iroquois Intermediate School Elma 14 Rural Residential Local residents/workers Middleground / 1.25 Stationary 90 Iroquois Jr. High School Elma 12 Rural Residential Local residents/workers Middleground / 1.26 Stationary 91 Elma Meadows Golf Elma 13 Agricultural Recreational Middleground / 1.18 Stationary Course/Elma Meadows County Park

16 The conductors will not be visible spanning the NYS Thruway (I-90) as the will be buried in this area.

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Table 6 Visual Resource Visibility and Impact Summary

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3.4 DEGREE OF PROJECT VISIBILITY 3.4.1 Field Observation and Photography On April 23 and 30, 2018, a field crew drove public roads and visited many of the potentially affected visual resources to document existing visibility in the direction of the proposed transmission structures. All photographs were taken using a digital camera with a lens setting of 50mm17 to simulate normal human eyesight relative to scale. The location selected for each photograph was judged by the field observer to be the most unobstructed line-of-sight to the Project area from the subject visual resource. To the degree possible, photographs were taken at a time of day when the sun was to the back of the photographer to minimize the effect of glare within the camera’s field of view and to maximize visible contrast of the landscape being photographed.

The precise coordinates of each photo location were recorded in the field using a handheld global positioning system (GPS) unit. To determine the direction of the proposed structures from each photo location, the coordinates of all structures were pre-programmed into the GPS as a “waypoint.” The GPS waypoint direction indicator (arrow pointing along calculated bearing) was used to determine the appropriate bearing for the camera, so that a desired structure, or series of structures, would be generally centered in the field of view of each photograph.

3.4.2 Photographic Simulations Selection of Key Receptors for Table 7 Key Receptors Selected for Photo Simulation Photo Simulation – To Aesthetic demonstrate how the Project will Map ID Resource appear within the study area, (see Figure A1) Number Receptor Name

simulations were created from 21 1 36 Bunker Hill Road locations. Specific locations in 2 40 Block Church Road 3 9 NYS Route 93 close proximity to the Project were 4 29 Moore Road chosen as it is anticipated that 5 31 Greenbush Road 6 28 foreground views would offer the Rapids Road 7 27 Meahl Road greatest potential for visibility and 8 25 Clarance Pathway – Peanut Line Trail impact. These locations were also 9 16 Clarence Pathway – West Shore Trail 10 1 Links at Ivy Ridge selected as they could be 11 21 NYS Route 5 considered, or represent, worst-case 12 2 Havenwood Drive 13 22 views or visible to a potentially Havens Road 14 74 NYS Route 33 higher number of viewers. 15 76 Walden Avenue (at entry to Wende Correctional Facility/Erie County Penitentiary These simulations do not include 16 77 Lancaster Heritage Trail views from all potentially affected 17 79 Erie Street 18 83 U.S. Route 20 visual resources, but rather provide 19 87 NYS Route 354 representative examples of how the 20 86 Bullis Road 21 91 Elma Meadows Golf Course/Elma Project will appear. All photo Meadows County Park simulations are presented in Appendix A.

17 A Canon 6D Mark II digital SLR with a 50milimeter (mm) lens was used for most of the Project photography.

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Photo Simulation Methodology – A photo simulation of the ESL Project was prepared from each location identified in Table 6. Photo simulations were developed by superimposing a rendering of a three-dimensional computer model of the proposed Project into the base photograph taken from each corresponding location. The three-dimensional computer model for the simulations were developed

using Autodesk Civil 3D® and 3D Studio Max Design® software (Studio Max).

Simulated perspectives (camera views) were then matched to the corresponding base photograph for each simulated view by replicating the precise coordinates of the field camera position (as recorded by GPS) and the focal length of the camera lens used (50mm). Precisely matching these parameters assures scale accuracy between the base photograph and the subsequent simulated view. The camera’s target position was set to match the bearing of the corresponding existing condition photograph. With the existing conditions photograph displayed as a “viewport background,” and the viewport properties set to match the photograph pixel dimensions, minor camera adjustments were made (horizontal and vertical positioning, and camera roll) to align the horizon in the background photograph with the corresponding features of the 3D model.

To verify the camera alignment, visible elements (e.g. structures [transmission or other], towers, roads) within the photograph are identified and digitized from digital orthophotos. Each element is assigned a Z value (elevation) based on DEM data and then imported to Studio Max. A 3D terrain model is also created (using DEM data) to replicate the existing site topography. The digitized elements are then aligned with corresponding elements in the photograph by adjusting the camera target.

Once the camera alignment is verified, a to-scale 3D model of the proposed Project is merged into the model space. The 3D model of the Project is intended to accurately convey the current design intent. To the extent practicable, and to the extent necessary to reveal impacts, design details of the proposed structures were built into the 3D model and incorporated into the photo simulation. Consequently, the scale, alignment, elevations and location of the visible elements of the proposed facilities are true to the conceptual design.

With the model in place, a daylight system is created based on the date and time of the photograph. Regional inputs such as time zone and location are also applied to the daylight system. To accurately depict "reflected light" a ground plane utilizing the previously created mesh (based on DEM data) is placed in the scene. This ground plane also portrays any additional shadows cast by the proposed Project.

The rendered view was then opened using Adobe Photoshop software for post-production editing (e.g. airbrush out portion of structure that fall below foreground topography and vegetation).

Arms Length Rule – The photo simulations included in Appendix A have been printed using an 11”x17” page format. At this image size, the page should be held at approximately arms length18 so that the scene will appear at the correct scale. Viewing the image closer would make the scene appear

18 Viewing distance is calculated based a 39.6-degree field-of-view for the 50mm camera lens used, and the 15.5” wide image presented in Appendix A. “Arm’s length” is assumed to be approximately 22.5 inches from the eye. Arm’s length varies for individual viewers.

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too large and viewing the image from greater distance would make the scene appear too small compared to what an observer would actually see in the field.

For viewing photo simulations at other page sizes (i.e., computer monitor, projected image or other hard copy output) the viewing distance/page width ratio is approximately 1.5/1. For example, if the simulation were viewed on a 42-inch wide poster size enlargement, the correct viewing distance would be approximately 63 inches; or 5 ¼ feet.

Field Viewing – The photo simulations present an accurate depiction of the appearance of proposed Project suitable for general understanding of the degree and character of Project visibility. However, these images are a two-dimensional representation of a three-dimensional landscape. The human eye is capable of recognizing a greater level of detail than can be illustrated in a two-dimensional image. There may be benefit from viewing the photo simulations in the field from any or all of the simulated vantage points so that observers can directly compare the level of detail visible in the base photograph with actual field observed conditions.

3.5 CHARACTER OF PROJECT VISIBILITY 3.5.1 Compatibility with Regional Landscape Patterns The visual character of a landscape is defined by the patterns, forms and scale relationships created by lines, colors, and textures. Some patterns dominate while others are subordinate. The qualitative impact of a project is the effect the development has on these patterns, and by corollary on, the visual character of the regional landscape.

Existing Landscape – The visible patterns (form, line, color, and texture) found within the Project area can best be described as representative of the landscape typical of the region. Given the generally rural nature of the study area, visible colors are natural, muted shades of green, brown, gray, and other earth tones.

The following describes the compatibility of the proposed ESL Project with regional landscape patterns within which it is contained and viewed. This evaluation is graphically depicted in the photographic simulations provided in Appendix A.

Form – The form of the regional landscape generally consists of gently rolling terrain with sinuous naturalistic hills. The woodland edge of agricultural fields, roadways, waterways, and the cleared portion of the NYSEG Utility Corridor commonly create brief vertical offsets within the landscapes. The existing transmission structures within the NYSEG Utility Corridor and those found throughout the study area are commonly visible. The proposed structures will be more evident at close-in views (e.g. road crossings), however the addition of 155 slender, simplistic appearing vertical structures will create noticeable visual additions to the landscape in other areas as well. Furthermore, in instances where the NYSEG Utility Corridor is seen traversing through forested land, there is already a clear interruption of the landscape form due to the clearing of vegetation. Although the clearing of vegetation required for the Project will create a slightly wider disruption, it will not be a new element in the landscape.

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Line – The existing landscape maintains a horizontal line formed by extended vistas a landscape that often forms the visible horizon. The structures will break the tree line when viewers are at similar or lower elevation looking up towards the structures. Many locations within the study area will have views of the existing transmission structures located within the NYSEG Utility Corridor or distributed throughout the landscape. In those instances where existing structures are not visible, the vertical form of the 155 proposed transmission structures may introduce a contrasting and distinct perpendicular element into the landscape.

Color – The gray color of the proposed structures will be viewed against adjacent landforms, vegetation, and the background sky. Under bright conditions when the structures are front lit (sun behind viewer) they would be highly compatible with the hue, saturation and brightness of the background sky and distant elements of the natural landscape. However, when the structures are backlit (sun in front of viewer) the shaded side will be darker causing increased contrast with the background sky. The opposite is possible when viewing the structures against a vegetated landform as the structures may be less compatible when front lit and more compatible when backlit.

Increasing the distance between the viewer and transmission structures, and/or periods of increased atmospheric haze or precipitation will reduce the amount of color contrast.

Texture – The structures will consist of a tubular style monopole tower with horizontal arms, providing a simple form. However, they will have an engineered texture that may contrast with existing organic textures. Smooth metallic structures used at the proposed switchyards will not blend in easily within the natural landscape, but will be highly compatible to the uses on the property.

Scale/Spatial Dominance – The proposed transmission structures will be of similar scale to those transmission structures that are currently within the study area. The proposed structures may be the tallest visible elements on the horizon, but will mostly blend with the existing transmission lines contained within the NYSEG Utility Corridor. From foreground vantage locations, such as road crossings, the contrast of the proposed structures, as well as the existing structures, with commonly recognizable features (non-energy related structures) will be noticeable. When viewed from middleground and background vantage points, the perceived scale and spatial dominance will be lessened.

3.5.2 Visual Character during the Construction Period Construction of the Project and delivery of structure components will require use of large vehicles, including mobile cranes and semi-trucks. In some instances, a helicopter may also be needed to erect transmission structures in hard to reach locations. The construction period is expected to be quite short, depending on weather conditions. As such, construction related visual impacts will be relatively brief and will not result in a prolonged adverse visual impact to area residents or visitors.

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4.0 MITIGATION PROGRAM Although existing transmission structures are visible within the NYSEG Utility Corridor, additional measures may be implemented to minimize visibility and perceived impact of the proposed structures. Strategies to be considered include:

Professional Design

 Proposed transmission structures should be located adjacent to existing structures.  Vegetation clearing should be kept to a minimum, yet not impede operation.  Variation in pole styles/appearances should be limited to show consistency. Screening

 Supplemental plant material should be considered in order to screen views of the proposed switchyards should they become highly visible and attract attention. A mix of evergreen and deciduous plant materials of varying heights should be used.

 Vegetation immediately adjacent to the all roadways should be preserved to the extent practicable. Non-specular Materials

 Where possible, non-specular material should be considered for all Project components (towers, conductors, switchyard). Lighting

 Lighting around the switchyards should have shields in order to reduce light trespass on adjacent land. Lighting should be task oriented (e.g. maintenance and emergency). Maintenance

 NEETNY will maintain the vegetation within their ROW in accordance to an approved vegetation management plan. This plan includes the requirement to protect wire security zones by removing trees from the existing NYSEG Utility Corridor where they exist, and allowing only low growing (i.e. scrub-shrub) vegetation to be established within the Corridor limits.

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5.0 SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION OF POTENTIAL VISUAL IMPACT It is important to note that the ESL Project is not a new use within the landscape. Visibility of the Stolle Switchyard and various transmission structures along the entire NYSEG Utility Corridor currently exist within the study area. With exceptions, it is expected that if the existing transmission structures are visible, the proposed structures will also be visible. The inclusion of the Project’s taller, yet slender and simple appearing structures would be expected to present an incremental increase in visibility of transmission structures located along the NYSEG Utility Corridor. In many locations the proposed structures height, in comparison to the existing structures, may be one of the most noticeable difference within the landscape. Additionally, although there is visibility of the Project, it is consistent in visual character with the existing switchyard and high-tension transmission structures currently visible.

Viewshed Visibility Summary The vegetated viewshed map indicates that one (1) or more of the proposed transmission structures are theoretically visible from approximately 44.5 percent of the three-mile study area. Approximately 55.5 percent of the study area will likely have no visibility of any structures. Project visibility is scattered throughout, with the largest geographic area of high visibility generally occurring in the center of the study area roughly within one to one and one-half miles of the Project centerline between (approximately) Tonawanda Creek to the north and (approximately) U.S. Route 20 to the south. Although the completed viewshed mapping indicates Project visibility within the identified community centers, it is generally not anticipated that the Project will be visible, noticeable or a prominent feature in views from most of these locations; there may be limited views of the Project from the edges of the communities. Most residents that have visibility would be from homes located along roadways, and rural residential areas and developments (e.g. Quarry Hill Estates) in close proximity of the Project (see Figures A5, A8 and A13). It is likely that when viewed from close proximity, views will already include the existing structures within the NYSEG Utility Corridor. Topography, vegetation, and localized structures will assist in further screening views of the Project from many residential areas and community centers. While some views may exist, they may be limited in area and generally to just a few proposed structures in a particular view.19 Where visibility of the Project structures occur, it can be minimized by distance, resulting in a reduction of their perceived scale and visual contrast. The greatest potential for visibility would be from properties adjacent to or in close proximity to the Project, and properties with cleared lands and down slope vistas in the direction of the Project. Views of the existing structures may also be common from these same locations as localized structures and vegetation are less likely to provide a visual barrier. There are 23 roadways within the study area that would be traversed by the Project and are likely to have foreground and roadside views. Direct Project visibility will occur at all road crossings as structures will be located immediately adjacent to the roadway resulting in close up views (see Figures A7, A15, A19, and A20). Open views will occur along roadways where cleared roadsides and open

19 Due to structure spacing and other limitations discussed in this report, it is anticipated that the number of structures visible in a particular view would be limited.

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vistas are in (relative) close proximity to the Project (see Figure A12); however, they will already have views of the existing structures within the NYSEG Utility Corridor. While transmission structures are potentially visible from the Projects crossing of the NYS Thruway (I-90) the conductors will be buried below the roadway, eliminating views and the need for additional roadside vegetation clearing.

Views will generally be a mixture of foreground views and in some cases middleground views, fleeting as viewers pass in vehicles, or of relatively small portions of the Project. View types will vary from open to screened views. However, due to the structures’ slender profile, visibility will be minimized as distance increases. Viewers within close proximity of the Project will also notice that structures will frequently appear and disappear behind intervening foreground landform and vegetation as they move about the study area (similar to what currently occurs when viewing existing structures within the NYSEG Utility Corridor). No views, or limited views will occur on the backside of the hills and valleys found within the study area. Additionally, where views are oriented toward the ESL Project, intervening forest cover commonly prevents distant views. Where visibility of the Project is found within the study area, it is important to note that there are often views of the existing transmission structures within the NYSEG Utility Corridor and views of other electric distribution poles scattered along roadways within the landscape. Generally, if there is visibility of at least one (1) of the existing lines (Lines 65, 525, 926, and 928) then there would likely be visibility of the Project.

Impact on Visual Resources

Resources of Statewide Significance – The completed vegetated viewshed analysis indicates that, of the 35 resources of statewide significance, 24 have the potential to view some portion of a limited number of transmission structures.

National Register Historic Resources – There are five (5) National Register listed architectural resources within the study area. Based solely on the vegetated viewshed analysis, all of these resources have potential visibility of the Project. These resources include:

 Akron U.S. Post Office;  Rich-Twinn Octagon House;  Automobile Club of Buffalo;  Warren Hull House; and  Lancaster District School No. 6.

Upon completion of the field review, it was determined that visibility of the Project from four (4) of the five (5) National Register listed architectural resources (the Akron Post Office, Rich-Twinn Octagon House, the Automobile Club of Buffalo, and the Warren Hull House) is not anticipated. Views of the Project from these resources are screened by vegetation and/or built structures. The Lancaster District School No.6 was not visited, so visibility could not be confirmed.

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National Register Eligible Historic Resources – There are 27 previously determined National Register eligible architectural resources within the study area. Based on the vegetated viewshed analysis, 10 of these locations are not anticipated to have visibility of the Project. Those 17 resources that have the potential for Project visibility include:

 Wende Correctional Facility/Erie County Penitentiary;  Residential c. 1910 at 12446 Genesee Street;  Residential c.1920 at 11374 Kieffer Rd;  Danford/Utley Residence 1810;  Roth/Stever/Gray Residence;  Residential c.1860 at 10975 Clarence Center Rd;  The Light House 1844 Local Landmark;  Cabinet Shop/Baynes/Dr. Lapp Residence C.1900;  First Baptist Church Parsonage 1899;  Farmstead c.1860 at 10979 Keller Rd;  First Baptist Church 1877;  Aldrich Farm;  3020 Bullis Rd;  503 Pavement Rd;  502 Pavement Rd;  Behe Residence; and  Claude Residence.

Upon completion of the field review, it was determined that visibility of the Project from 10 of the National Register eligible architectural resources is not anticipated due to additional screening such as vegetation or other structures. Five (5) of the remaining seven (7) resources were not visited, so visibility could not be confirmed.

If visibility should occur at these locations, it is expected to be minimal and may contain views of the existing transmission structures as well. Views in many if not all cases, will likely be filtered with visibility further reduced by distance, the slender profile of the structure, and vegetation.

NYS DEC Property – Three (3) recreational resources, the Tonawanda Creek Fishing Access, Tillman Road Wildlife Management Area, and the Tonawanda Wildlife Management Area, are considered as resources of statewide significance. Viewshed mapping shows the potential for Project visibility at these locations, however based it is anticipated that only the fishing access has the potential for visibility. Where a view of the Project is available it is expected to be filtered or partially screened by vegetation.

Viewshed analysis and field investigation determined that the majority of visual resources of statewide significance would not have visibility of the Project, where available it would likely be limited and would not result in a significant, if any, impact.

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The NYSDEC visual Policy states,

“Aesthetic impact occurs when there is a detrimental effect on the perceived beauty of a place or structure. Significant aesthetic impacts are those that may cause a diminishment of the public enjoyment and appreciation of an inventoried resource, or one that impairs the character or quality of such a place. Proposed large facilities by themselves should not be a trigger for a declaration of significance. Instead, a project by virtue of its siting in visual proximity to an inventoried resource may lead staff to conclude that there may be a significant impact.”

Based on this definition, it is reasonable to conclude that visibility of the ESL Project from any of these affected resources of statewide significance does not result in detrimental effect on the perceived beauty of the place or structure; nor will the Project cause the diminishment of public enjoyment and appreciation of an inventoried resource, or impair the character or quality of such a place.

Resources of Local Interest – Portions of the ESL Project will be visible from places of local interest that do not meet the broader statewide threshold for visual significance.

The completed vegetated viewshed suggests that most parks will have limited or no visibility of the Project. After completing the field review, it is anticipated that the parks with the greatest potential for visibility are the Walden Pond Park and the Elma Meadows Golf Course/Elma Meadows County Park. These locations tend to be approximately one to one and one-quarter miles from the Proposed Line and will have limited visibility. Portion of structures are likely visible from the southern entry of Walden Pond Park (Walden Avenue) where existing industrial/commercial facilities are also present. Visibility from within this Park is likely to be screened by vegetation. From the Elma Meadows Golf Course/Elma Meadows County Park visibility will also be minimal as it is anticipated that only the top of select structures may be visible from above the tree line (see Figure A22). This view also contains existing transmission and communication structures.

The completed vegetated viewshed suggests that there will be views of the Project from the golf courses located within the study area. After completing the field review it is anticipated that views may be dependent on the location of the golfers; where views are possible they may be open, filtered, or framed. As illustrated from the Links at Ivy Ridge (see Figure A11), visibility of the Project, as well as existing structures, is possible in the distance.

The completed vegetated viewshed suggests that views of the Project will be available from the West Shore Trail, the Peanut Line Trail, and the Heritage Trail. After completing the field review, it is expected that views will vary depending on the location of the user. Similar to the roadways, the Proposed Line will bisect these resources and expose its’ users to (at least) one proposed transmission structure in close proximity (see Figures A10 and A17). Additionally, the Project will be visible in a variety of foreground and middleground views along each of these trails, where, for instance, structures will not only be seen in close proximity but will also be visible within an agricultural landscape offering views of multiple structures at varying distances (see Figure A9). It should also be noted that an existing line also bisects these Trails, resulting in similar views as the Project.

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Although the vegetated viewshed map identifies potential visibility within the identified community centers, based on the field review it is not anticipated that they have visibility of the Project. The greatest potential for visibility of the Proposed Line would be adjacent to the boundaries of the Village of Akron and the hamlet of Clarence. The prevalence of hedgerows, mature street trees and site landscaping combined with topographical changes, one and two story residential, and in some cases commercial structures substantially limit or screen distant views.

From just about all of these resources visibility will be further reduced by the distance between the viewer and visible structures, the slender profile of the structures, built structures (i.e. residential, commercial, industrial), and vegetation. It is also anticipated that most views of the Project will also include views of the existing structures.

Character of View

Within the study area, typical views outside the developed areas are characterized by a patchwork of working farms and woodlots over a relatively flat to gently rolling landscape. Built structures consist primarily of low to medium-density permanent homes with accessory structures such as barns, garages, and sheds.

Development density within the study area is variable, ranging from large, open lots set back from nearby roadways to neighborhood clusters with homes of varying quality, vintage and size in populated community centers like the Village of Akron. In addition, there is a notable increase in the density of development south of NYS Route 5 near the western boundary of the study area (e.g. hamlet of Clarence). In some of these areas, the landscape takes on a more urban appearance with an increase of commercial/industrial development and number of residential structures situated on smaller plots of land.

Views of existing transmission structures are also present along the entire NYSEG Utility Corridor, with a higher concentration of transmission structures coupled with a large switchyard along Stolle Road. Views of these structures are more readily available the closer one is to the Corridor.

When visible, the vertical form of the new structures on the horizon will introduce an additional element into the landscape. This will be more apparent when the viewer is in close proximity to the Proposed Line. The ESL Project will also create the need for additional clear-cutting along currently vegetated sections of the NYSEG Utility Corridor. Clearings may be evident, but will not introduce a new interruption within the landscape.

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The flat to gently rolling topography with the addition of the forested areas, including hedgerows, should be effective in minimizing the visibility of the Proposed Line. This should be true in terms of how much each structure is visible from any given point in the study area and how many structures can be viewed from any one point in the study area. However, while a series of transmission lines exists along the NYSEG Utility Corridor and others areas within the study area, the Project will result in additional structures being visible in the landscape. The proposed transmission structures would likely be the tallest visible elements within view and may appear disproportionate to other elements in the immediate landscape.

Affected Viewers The total number of potentially affected viewers within the study area is relatively small when compared to other regions of New York State. The study area is rural with many of the residents living in the Village of Akron, hamlets, rural residential area, along roadways, or in housing developments scattered throughout the area. While the Project has the potential to be visible to local residents, visitors, and travelers, visibility should be further reduced by the fairly substantial amount of vegetation within the study area, orientation of roadways, user activity, etc. In addition, those that live in the area are accustomed to views of the existing transmission structures, so the ESL Project will not be out of character or a new use within the NYSEG Utility Corridor and surrounding area.

Other Project Components

Night Lighting – Existing residences, commercial and industrial buildings, streetlights, and headlights from cars are typical sources of light within the study area. Lighting around the proposed switchyards will be required for maintenance and emergencies. Although lighting will be most visible to those who live in close proximity to proposed and existing facilities, it will not be visible to most within the study area.

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Construction Related Impacts – Construction of the Project will require the use of large construction vehicles. Components will be delivered via large semi-trucks and stored at a designated laydown area until used. The construction period is expected to be short. As such, construction related visual impacts will be brief and are not expected to result in adverse prolonged visual impact to area residents or visitors. Simulation Summary Table 7 summarizes the factors affecting visual impact that are described within this VRA for each of the 21 simulated locations. Photo simulations provided in Appendix A illustrate that the existing transmission lines within the NYSEG Utility Corridor are also evident from many of the locations where the proposed structures are visible.20 It is likely that the visibility of the existing lines will increase as the viewer approaches the NYSEG Utility Line. Within foreground vantage points, where there is an unobstructed view of the proposed transmission structure(s) all or most of structure will be visible. Even with exposed foreground views, visibility of structures are further reduced by a number of factors including, but not limited to, vegetation, distance, and terrain. Many of these same factors will also reduce potential visibility from middleground and background views. Foreground and middleground vegetation, and landforms will provide screening of both near and distant views. Intervening vegetation and landforms will also prevent many long distance views (background views).

20 Those locations where the existing transmission structures are not visible are highlighted using italics. All other locations contain views of the proposed and existing transmission structure and/or conductors and switchyard.

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Table 8 Photo Simulation Summary

Factors Affecting Visual Impact Distance (miles) /Distance Zone Aesthetic Viewer/ (nearest visible Resource Landscape User structure within Moving/ Map ID Receptor Name Number Municipality Unit Group(s) simulated view) Stationary 1 Bunker Hill Road 36 Royalton Agricultural Local residents/ 9.94/Background Moving workers

2 Block Church Road 40 Royalton Agricultural Local residents/ 0.14/Foreground Moving workers

3 NYS Route 93 9 Newstead, Highway Travelers, local 0.45/Foreground Moving Royalton residents/ workers 4 Moore Road 29 Newstead Forest Local residents/ 0.18/Foreground Moving workers

5 Greenbush Road 31 Newstead Agricultural Local residents/ 0.82/Foreground Moving workers

6 Rapids Road 28 Clarence, Agricultural Local residents/ 0.06/Foreground Moving Newstead, workers Royalton 7 Meahl Road 27 Newstead Agricultural Local residents/ 0.12/Foreground Moving workers

8 Clarence Pathway 25 Clarence, Agricultural Recreational 0.26/Foreground Stationary – Peanut Line Trail Newstead

9 Clarence Pathway 16 Clarence, Agricultural Recreational 0.08/Foreground Stationary – West Shore Trail Newstead

10 Links at Ivy Ridge 1 Newstead Agricultural Recreational 0.57/Middleground Stationary

11 NYS Route 5 21 Clarence, Highway Travelers, local 1.00/Middleground Moving Newstead residents/ workers 12 Havenwood Drive 2 Newstead Agricultural Local residents/ 0.28/Foreground Stationary workers

13 Havens Road 22 Newstead Agricultural Local residents/ 0.19/Foreground Moving workers

14 NYS Route 33 74 Alden, Lancaster Highway Travelers, local Not Applicable Moving residents/ workers 15 Walden Avenue (at 76 Alden, Lancaster Highway Local residents/ 0.53/Middleground Moving entry to Wende workers Correctional Facility/Erie County Penitentiary) 16 Lancaster Heritage 77 Lancaster Agricultural Recreational 0.12/Foreground Stationary Trail

17 Erie Street 79 Lancaster Rural Local residents/ 0.11/Foreground Moving Residential workers

18 U.S. Route 20 83 Alden, Lancaster Highway Travelers, local 0.13/Foreground Moving residents/ workers 19 NYS Route 354 87 Elma, Marilla Highway Travelers, local 0.11/Foreground Moving residents/ workers 20 Bullis Road 86 Elma, Marilla Rural Local residents/ 0.27/Foreground Moving Residential workers

21 Elma Meadows 91 Elma Agricultural Recreational 1.18/Middleground Stationary Golf Course/Elma Meadows County Park

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In addition to the simulations illustrating the visibility of the Proposed Line under various conditions, simulations for both proposed switchyards were also completed. As illustrated in Figures A3 and A21 it is possible to have foreground views of the switchyards. Existing vegetation will provide screening (partially or fully) depending on viewer location. Opportunities for direct views of the switchyards are also available, but will likely be relatively minimal. Due to the low profile of all the structures contained within the switchyards (i.e. fenced in compound), long distance views are not likely. Those using, or living along adjacent roadways have the greatest potential for visibility. Visual Impact Conclusion The Project will not significantly affect the community’s overall visual or aesthetic characteristics, as much of the ESL Project is consistent with existing energy infrastructure uses, and the current visual character of the study area. Along the entire proposed route, existing transmission structures are adjacent to, or in close proximity to the proposed structures.

As the proposed slender monopole style structures will be taller than the existing structures, there is a potential that they may be more noticeable, depending on the viewer's location, than many of the existing structures within the NYSEG Utility Corridor and surrounding the area. The use of mitigation techniques will further minimize the potential visual impact associated with the ESL Project.

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References

New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (NYSDEC), 1992. The SEQR Handbook.

New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (NYSDEC). Not dated. D.E.C. Aesthetics Handbook. NYSDEC. Albany, NY.

New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (NYSDEC), July 31, 2000, Program Policy Assessing and Mitigating Visual Impacts, (DEP 00-2) NYSDEC, Albany, NY.

New York State Department of Transportation (NYSDOT). 1988. Engineering Instruction (EI) 88-43 – Visual Assessment. NYSDOT. Albany, NY.

Smardon, R.C. and J.P. Karp. 1993. The Legal Landscape: Guidelines for Regulating Environmental and Aesthetic Quality. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, NY.

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Huntsville Division (ACOE). Undated. Aesthetic Resources: Identification, Analysis, and Evaluation.

U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), National Forest Service. 1974. Forest Service Landscape Management: The Visual Management System, Handbook #462, Vol.2.

United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), National Forest Service, 1995. Landscape Aesthetics – A Handbook for Scenery Management. Agricultural Handbook No. 701. Washington, D.C.

United States Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management. 1980. Visual Resource Management Program. U.S. Government Printing Office 1980 0-302-993. Washington, D.C.

United States Department of Transportation, Federal highway Administration, 1981. Visual Impact Assessment for Highway Projects. Office of Environmental Policy. Washington, D.C. Microsoft Streets and Trips (11.00.18.1900), Microsoft Corporation, 1988-2003 NPS. 2003. National Natural Landmarks. New York State. National Park Service website: http://www.nature.nps.gov/nnl/Registry/USA_Map/States/NewYork/new_york.htm

NYSDEC. 2000. Assessing and mitigating visual impacts. Issued by Division/Office of Environmental Permits, Albany, NY.

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