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Past & Present

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Past & Present BOULDER’S WATERWORKS PAST & PRESENT SILVIA PETTEM & CAROL ELLINGHOUSE Several people contributed to the research and writing of Boulder’s Wastewater Past & Present. At the top of the list is Bob Harberg (Principal Engineer––Utilities, City of Boul- der), who initiated the effort and saw it through to completion. The document––by Silvia Pettem and Carol Ellinghouse––is a revision and update of A History of the Waterworks of Boulder, Colorado, written in 1986 by Phyllis Smith. As co-au- thors, Pettem and Ellinghouse worked together, with Pettem refining and filling in the gaps in the earlier history, and Ellinghouse (retired Water Resources Coordinator) provid- ing much of the material on the more recent past. Pettem also drew on the technical knowledge of individuals who made, and continue to make, Boulder’s waterworks their life work. They included Jake Gesner (City of Boulder, Hydroelectric Manager) who gave her a tour of the Boulder Canyon Hydro Plant, Steve Folle (Betasso WTP Supervisor) who gave her a tour of the Betasso Water Treatment Plant, and Mike Emarine (Boulder Reservoir WTP Supervisor) who gave her a tour of the Boulder Reservoir Water Treatment Plant. Each also answered Pettem’s numerous ques- tions. Thanks also go to Craig Skeie (Water Resources Facility Manager), who corresponded with Pettem about Lakewood Reservoir and the Silver Lake Hydro Plant, and to Ned Williams (retired Director of Public Works for Utilities), who reviewed the manuscript prior to the publication of the first edition. Donlyn Arbuthnot kindly supplied her photo of the headgate of the Left Hand Ditch, and Alan Cass let us use a historical photo of Albion. Marti Anderson, Hope Arculin, and Wendy Hall helped in supplying historical photographs from the Carnegie Branch Library for Local History’s collections. © City of Boulder, 2014 (Second printing 2015) The cover image was taken from the Boulder Canyon Hydro Plant, with a view to the Be- tasso Water Treatment Plant in the background. Pettem photo, 2013 ii BOULDER’S WATERWORKS –– PAST & PRESENT INTRODUCTION 1 SETTLEMENT& DITCHES 3 • Boulder City Town Company; Early Ditches, 1859 • First in Time; First in Right • Municipal Incorporation; Farmers Ditch PUBLIC WATERWORKS & PROBLEMS 11 • Boulder’s First Public Waterworks; City Reservoir #1 • Second Municipal Incorporation, 1878 • New Visions and Plans for the Future • The Maxwell family and the Silver Lake Ditch and Reservoir Company NEED FOR NEW RESERVOIRS 23 • City/Sunshine Reservoir #2, 1891 • The “100-Year” Flood and the 1890s • The Chautauqua Reservoirs: 1898 and 1922-1923 INTO THE 20TH CENTURY 29 • Discovery of Arapaho Glacier • Watershed Reservoirs and the Lakewood Pipeline • Water Storage in the Mountains • Lakewood, Lakewood Reservoir & Tungsten Mining/Milling • Lakewood Pipeline, Beginnings • Federal Grants & Water Rights in the Watershed • Albion Lake Reservoir BOULDER HYDRO SYSTEM 41 • Barker Dam • Boulder Hydro Plant, Pipeline, and Penstock iii ADDITIONAL WATERSHED DEVELOPMENTS 51 • Silver Lake Pipeline • Purchase of Arapaho Glacier, 1927 • Infrastructure Development in the 1930s • Northern Colorado Water Conservancy District • Silver Lake and Lakewood Pipelines Reconstruction NEW WATER SUPPLIES & GROWTH, 1950s-1970s 63 • Boulder in the Post-war Era • Growth Brings Changes, 1950s • Boulder Reservoir, 1955 • Silver Lake Ditch & Reservoir Agreements • Blue Line, 1959 • Boulder in the 1960s & 1970s BETASSO WATER TREATMENT PLANT, 1964 77 • Fluoridation • Improvements to the Betasso Plant, 1976 • Betasso Treatment Process BOULDER RESERVOIR WATER TREATMENT PLANT, 1971 85 WATER AND POWER FOR THE FUTURE, 1980s 89 • The Windy Gap Project • Increasing Use of Barker Reservoir • Silver Lake Watershed Dams • Wittemyer Ponds • Boulder’s New Hydropower Development • Continued Interest in Environmental Protection • Protecting Enchanted Mesa • Protecting Boulder Creek Streamflow & the 1988 Raw Water Master Plan DEVELOPMENTS IN THE 1990s 97 • Raw Water System Rehabilitation • Reconstruction of Silver Lake Pipeline & Construction of Silver Lake Hydro • Implementing the Raw Water Master Plan • Treated Water Master Plan Updates • Water Treatment Plant Improvements • Treated Water System Improvements • Lawsuits Over the Anderson Ditch TWENTY-FIRST-CENTURY PROGRESS 107 • Boulder Canyon Hydro––City’s Seventh Hydroelectric Plant • Repair of the Barker Gravity Line • Lakewood Pipeline reconstruction • Lakewood Hydro Plant, 2004 iv • Water System Security Improvements • Water Treatment Improvements • Dealing with Drought • Expansion of treated water deliveries from Boulder Reservoir PREPARING FOR THE FUTURE 123 • Water Budget Rate Structure • More Silver Lake Ditch Issues • Carter Lake Pipeline II • Rebuilding the Betasso Pipelines • Rebuilding Boulder Canyon Hydro • The Thousand-Year Rain • Looking Ahead APPENDIX 133 • Water Utilities Work Program • Water Resources Advisory Board (WRAB) ENDNOTES 135 v For many years, this “Welcome to Boulder” sign hung from a pipe over Broadway, near Norwood Avenue. The pipe carried water from Silver Lake Ditch. Carnegie Branch Library for Local History, Boulder Historical Society collection (129-11-44) vi INTRODUCTION The story of Boulder’s waterworks is a long and integral part of the City’s history. Prospec- tors used the waters of Boulder Creek to wash their gold-bearing gravels. Farmers, who “mined the miners,” dug ditches, grew crops, and raised cattle. Boulder was founded on mining and agriculture, and both needed water. Water usage became controversial and confrontational. Water rights were determined by who claimed them first, not by who owned the land crossed by rivers, as in the Eastern states. The public, rather than private companies, generally won out in controversies over who should control Boulder’s water distribution. In the late 1800s, pollution of Boulder Creek caused Boulder to seek cleaner water by moving its water intake upstream into the mountains and to carry the water into the City in pipelines. In 1906, the City reached even higher toward the source of Boulder’s water on North Boulder Creek with the construction of Lakewood Reservoir near Nederland and ten more miles of pipeline. The City then began a far-sighted process of acquiring lands to be protected for water sup- ply almost a century before the practice of source water protection became commonplace. The properties were located just below the Continental Divide and included the recently discovered Arapaho Glacier. The threat of contamination continued, however, when the world’s largest tungsten mill built next door to the City’s newest intake at Lakewood Res- ervoir. In 1919, the City extended its pipelines even higher with an intake located within the City-owned Silver Lake Watershed. Meanwhile, in 1910, big advances had come in the private sector with the construction of Barker Dam and Reservoir, along with the opening of the Boulder Hydroelectric Plant in Boulder Cañon (now Canyon). The hydro plant helped electrify Boulder and, beginning in the 1950s, became a key part of Boulder’s water supply. But, it would be more than 90 years before the City became owner and operator. The 1930s brought the Great Depression. For Boulder, the good news was that the un- employed were hired with federal funds to rebuild infrastructure, including the Works Progress Administration’s (WPA) biggest local project––Island Lake Dam. The WPA’s work ended in 1942, when World War II made the program obsolete. 1 In 1947, the first Western Slope water from the Colorado-Big Thompson Project flowed through the 13.1-mile Alva B. Adams Tunnel, under the Continental Divide. Boulder, not yet a member of the Northern Colorado Water Conservancy District, eyed its neighbors to the north. Suddenly, in the years following the end of the war, Boulder’s population ex- ploded, and everyone demanded more water. Boulder entered into the Northern Colorado Water Conservancy District in 1953 and built Boulder Reservoir in 1955. The City’s continued growth brought many more changes. Water was treated consistently for the first time, in 1964, with the opening of the Betasso Water Treatment Plant. The Boulder Reservoir Water Treatment Plant followed in 1971. The City looked to the future with additional water supplies from the Windy Gap Project in 1985, the same year that Boulder began producing its own hydroelectric power. Then, in 2001, after constructing six of its own hydroelectric plants, the City ended up as owner of the then-91-year-old Boulder Canyon Hydro Plant in Boulder Canyon. At the time, Boulder purchased all of the Barker system facilities for water supply purposes. With the construc- tion of the Lakewood Hydro, in 2004, Boulder now owns and operates a total of eight hydroelectric plants. In recent years, the City has been fine-tuning its facilities and maintaining its invest- ments––all for an end product that can be easy for Boulder’s residents and visitors to take for granted. The following pages are meant to give readers a better understanding of, and appreciation of, Boulder’s water––where it comes from, where it’s stored, how it’s treated, and how it’s used. There were people (and their stories) involved in this process, too, and some of them are included here, as well. The topic is far from dry. 2 SETTLEMENT& DITCHES Boulder City Town Company; Early Ditches, 1859 Boulder––first known as the “Boulder City Town Company”––was founded on February 10, 1859 by 54 men who had crossed the Great Plains to seek their fortunes in gold. One of the prospectors, Alfred A. Brookfield, wrote in a letter home to his wife, “We thought that as the weather would not permit us to mine, we would lay out and commence to build what may be an important town.” A few months earlier, the prospectors had split from a larger band of gold-seekers (bound for the Cherry Creek “diggings,” now the Denver area) and followed St. Vrain Creek to Boulder Creek and on to Boulder Canyon. After weeks of traversing the seemingly endless prairie, Boulder’s first Anglo settlers pitched their tents in the shadows of towering sand- stone slabs that would later be called the Flatirons.
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