λº»®»²½» Gæ ÙÔÑÍÍßÎÇ

Non-native species Berm Broadleaved tree Species that are not native to the A terrace formed by wave action Any tree having broad flat leaves; Acadian forest; often they are along the backshore of a beach, all broadleaf trees found in Point introduced as the result of human or a built-up barrier put there to Pleasant Park are deciduous. activity, either on purpose or protect the slope above. Commemoration by accident. Biostabilization A formal remembrance of a person Archaeological site Slowing or halting erosion by or event, taking either ceremonial or A location that contains the means of selective plantings. material form. material remains of human land Borden number Commemorative intent use in the past. Technically, only Archaeological sites in Canada The memorial reason for which those sites that date to the historic are registered under a nationwide a monument or historic site or pre-Contact periods and that are site-registration system known as was established. assigned Borden numbers are true the Borden System, which gives a archaeological sites. Commemorative integrity unique alpha-numeric designation Commemorative integrity of a Artifact to each site. Only sites predating resource is a combination of An object that has been the mid-20th century receive a its state of preservation and its deliberately manufactured or Borden number. interpretive value in relation to modified by human activity. Buffer zone principle commemorative themes. Barracks An area located between two or A residential area for more other areas intended to military personnel. reduce the impact of one zone upon another by some Battery planned means. A group of guns in a fixed fortification for coastal or frontier defence.

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Conservation Entombment Geotechnical To conserve something for To conserve by covering with earth An engineering term concerned the future, often through physical or other materials (for example, with the properties of earth treatments. concrete). materials.

Cultural resource Entrenchment GIS Assets created by people that A type of fortification created Geographic Information System or are valued for their historic, by digging. Geospatial Information System associative or symbolic A system for storing, analyzing and Erodible significance. managing spatial data. Subject to erosion. Cultural resource Glacis Features management (CRM) A cleared artificial slope (usually Archaeologically speaking, Preserving and presenting historic, an earthen embankment) in front component parts of a site such as archaeological or paleontological of a fortification, designed to allow walls, buildings and campsites. resources. a clear sweep of defensive fire and Field marking create a bounce in cannonballs, Cultural resource Physically marking cultural thereby causing less harm to management objectives resources to avoid physical defensive walls. The ways and means of presenting damage during construction or and preserving cultural resources. Groundwater other activities. Water located below the ground Drumlin First Nations surface in soil spaces and in the A mound of glacial material, often A broad term referring to those fractures of geologic formations. till, shaped in a teardrop-like peoples who have inhabited North form, common to the south shore Groyne America since before European of Nova Scotia (Citadel Hill and A manmade structure of stone or contact. Georges Island are both drumlins). concrete that extends from the Geomorphology shore into the water to prevent Ethnographic site The study of the evolution and a beach from washing away; A location containing the material configuration of landforms. sometimes built to create a beach remains of human use in the where none existed previously. recent past.

272 ÐÑ×ÒÌ ÐÔÛßÍßÒÌ ÐßÎÕ ÝÑÓÐÎÛØÛÒÍ×ÊÛ ÐÔßÒ Ûµ·•¬·½• д¿²²·²¹ ú Ü»•·¹² ñ Ò×Ð °¿§•¿¹» Historic site Magazine Needleleaved tree In North America, a site dating A specific area or room in which Any tree having narrow needle- between the initial period of ammunition is stored. like leaves; synonymous European contact with First with coniferous trees. With Midden Nations people to the mid-20th the exception of larches, all A term used by archaeologists century. needleleaved trees in Point to describe a garbage dump, Pleasant Park are evergreen. Historic resources established intentionally or All pre-Contact and post-Contact unintentionally, that contains Paleontology material remains that predate the waste related to everyday The study of prehistoric life forms mid-20th century. human life. on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. Inventory Mitigation In an archaeological sense, Picket Improvement by planning, inventory that involves assembling A small hut or huts in which consulting and observing to reduce a database of archaeological a soldier (or a soldier with no possible negative impacts on resources in a given area that is shelter) would be stationed something—in this case, historic as complete as possible, by using near a fortification or military resources—as a result of human survey, testing, remote sensing encampment to challenge those actions or natural agency. or artifacts to find and analyze approaching and to warn of an sites. An inventory is a necessary Mixed forest impending attack. cultural management tool. A forest composed of both Pre-Contact broadleaved and needleleaved LIDAR The period of First Nations tree species, but with 40% to 60% Light Detection and Ranging or occupation that occurred prior to needleaved trees. Laser Imaging Detection and significant contact with Europeans. Ranging; a laser–based remote- Monitoring Presentation planning sensing technology. In an archaeological sense, Involves designing and using monitoring refers to an Lifeways appropriate signage, displays, archaeologist being physically A customary manner of living construction and landscaping, present when activities such as or way of life; sometimes used as well as written, visual and construction or renovation are to refer to the ecological position documentary materials, to present in progress to avoid or manage of human beings within a the central message or messages negative impacts on cultural larger system. of a site. heritage.

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Propagule Any part of a plant that may generate a new plant; often a seed or cutting.

Protocols Formally established ways and means of responding to various situations and performing certain actions.

Reconstruction Something that has been rebuilt Submarine Till using parts of the original. mining establishment Unstratified soil deposited by a Redoubt A building or buildings related glacier normally consisting of A fort or fort system, usually to constructing and maintaining a sand, silt, clay, gravel and boulders consisting of an enclosed defensive system of underwater mixed together. emplacement outside a larger defensive mines. Treethrows fortification; an especially common Surface-visible features Depressions in the ground caused feature of star-shaped forts. Above-ground archaeological by falling trees. For archaeologists, Resin cast resources. investigating treethrows is a way to To produce a mould of something assess subsurface. through the use of resin. In archaeology, resin casting is performed to make a physical copy when the original is threatened with possible destruction or defacement.

Scarp One side of a defensive ditch.

Silt Soil, sediment or till material consisting of very fine particles that are between sand and clay in diameter. Testing location Understorey A specific location selected for The layer of vegetation that grows Silvics archaeological investigation by in the shade of the forest canopy; The habit or behaviour of a visual inspection or subsurface includes shrubs, herbs and young forest tree. testing, or a combination of both. canopy trees. Stabilization Testpit Viewplane By certain actions, to take A small pit excavated by an An artificially created or something from a changing archaeologist using a shovel and maintained area designed to allow state to a less-changing or hand tools. a view of something else. non-changing state.

274 ÐÑ×ÒÌ ÐÔÛßÍßÒÌ ÐßÎÕ ÝÑÓÐÎÛØÛÒÍ×ÊÛ ÐÔßÒ Ûµ·•¬·½• д¿²²·²¹ ú Ü»•·¹² ñ Ò×Ð °¿§•¿¹» ß°°»²¼·¨ Aæ ïççç ËÍÛÎ ÍËÎÊÛÇ ÍËÓÓßÎÇ

¿²¼ ¬¸» •Ò¿¬«®¿´²»•• ±º ¬¸» п®µ ¿• ¿ ¸·¹¸ °®·±®·¬§ò

Four user surveys of the Park were 25, likely due to the increase in cyclists. Other activities people carried out by the Point Pleasant university and college students said they used the Park for were Park Advisory Committee in at that time of year. All surveys sport, theatre, tai chi, reading, 1998–99, one during each season. showed that the majority of photography, cross-country skiing, The surveys in October of 1998 visitors came from local areas, studying, contemplation, family and February of 1999 were quite including the south and west ends outings, visiting monuments, detailed and included a manual of Halifax, and that most visits picnics and barbecues, bird head count and both short and lasted one to two hours at least watching and boat watching, as long survey forms. The spring three times a week. well as many other health-and- survey was based on survey forms wellness activities. The Park is primarily used for only, while the summer survey was walking, and 20 to 35 per cent based on head count only. of walkers are accompanied by The October survey showed that their dogs. Approximately 15 to half of the Park’s visitors were 25 per cent of visitors are joggers between the ages of 19 and or runners, and 1 to 4% are

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An overwhelming number É»¼²»•¼¿§ Í«²¼¿§ Í«²¼¿§ É»¼²»•¼¿§ of Park users listed the ѽ¬±¾»® éô ïççè Ú»¾®«¿®§ ïìô Ó¿§ íðô ïççç ß«¹«•¬ ïèô ïççç preservation of the forest ïççç and the naturalness of Í«²²§ Ú±¹¹§ ©·¬¸ •¸±©»®• the Park as a high priority. п®µ «•» ¾§ ¿¹» Accessibility for all users and ðóë §»¿®• the ability of the Park to be éû êóïè §»¿®• left open and maintained ìû ïçóíë §»¿®• year round was another ëðû íêóë𠧻¿®• principal concern. ïðû ëïõ §»¿®• îèû Other major concerns ̱¬¿´ ïôéìê ïôéëç ëôëíé îôðëë included arguments both for and against dog off leash

areas, forest management, п®µ «•» ¾§ •»¨ safety and maintenance Ó¿´» ìèû ìéû and potential commercial Ú»³¿´» ëîû ëíû development.

Some suggestions for improvements included new λ°±®¬»¼ п®µ «•»• signage and trail markers, ͱ«®½» ÐÐÐßÝ øïççç÷ ÐÐÐ×ÜÝ øîððë÷ bylaw enforcement, water taps or drinking fountains, É¿´µ·²¹ ëðû éçû improved washroom facilities ܱ¹ ©¿´µ·²¹ îïû íèû and a cleanup of the Ú¿³·´§ ±«¬·²¹ ïéû ²ñ¿ shoreline. Ê·•·¬ º±®¬• ±® ³±²«³»²¬• ïíû ²ñ¿ ̸»¿¬®» ïïû ïðû A summary of the user Ðз½·½Ð²²·½½½ ² ±±½®® ¾±¾¿®¿ ®¾®¾¾¿»»®¯¾¯«»«»¯» «» íû ïíû survey is provided in the Þ»¿½¸ ¿½¬·ª·¬§ íû ²ñ¿ table below.

Û²¶±§ ²¿¬«®» ïððû çû Þ·®¼©¿¬½¸·²¹ ²ñ¿ ìû Ñ®·»²¬»»®·²¹ ²ñ¿ ïû 豬±¹®¿°¸§ ²ñ¿ íû Ì®¿²¯«·´·¬§ êìû ïéû ͱ´·¬«¼» íéû ²ñ¿

Ϋ²²·²¹ ±® ¶±¹¹·²¹ îëû ïéû ݧ½´·²¹ ìû êû ͵··²¹ ²ñ¿ ïïû Ù±«° •°±®¬ ìû ²ñ¿ Ͳ±©•¸±»·²¹ ²ñ¿ ïû Ú®·•¾»» ²ñ¿ ïû Í´»¼¼·²¹ñ¬±¾±¹¿²²·²¹ ²ñ¿ ïû ͱ½½»® ²ñ¿ ïû

276 ÐÑ×ÒÌ ÐÔÛßÍßÒÌ ÐßÎÕ ÝÑÓÐÎÛØÛÒÍ×ÊÛ ÐÔßÒ Ûµ·•¬·½• д¿²²·²¹ ú Ü»•·¹² ñ Ò×Ð °¿§•¿¹» É»¼²»•¼¿§ Í«²¼¿§ Í«²¼¿§ É»¼²»•¼¿§ ѽ¬±¾»® éô ïççè Ú»¾®«¿®§ ïìô Ó¿§ íðô ïççç ß«¹«•¬ ïèô ïççç ïççç Í«²²§ Ú±¹¹§ ©·¬¸ •¸±©»®• ͱ½½»® ²ñ¿ ïû

Ü«®¿¬·±² ±º п®µ ª·•·¬ ï ¸±«® èðû î ¸±«®• ïçû í ¸±«®• ïû

Ú®»¯«»²½§ ±º п®µ «•» Ú·®•¬ó¬·³» ª·•·¬±® íû λ°»¿¬ ª·•·¬±® çéû

Ü¿·´§ «•» ìíû ̸®»» ¬·³»• ¿ ©»»µ îèû Ì©·½» ¿ ©»»µ ïíû É»»µ´§ êû ѽ½¿•·±²¿´ ïðû

Ì·³» ±º п®µ «•» Û¿®´§ ³±®²·²¹ íëû Ó·¼ ³±®²·²¹ ïéû Ó·¼¼¿§ éû Û¿®´§ ¿º¬»®²±²² ïíû Ô¿¬» ¿º¬»®²±±² ïçû Ûª»²·²¹ çû

Ñ®·¹·² ±º п®µ Ë•»®• ͱ«¬¸ »²¼ Ø¿´·º¿¨ ìîû ܱ©²¬±©² Ø¿´·º¿¨ ëû Ò±®¬¸ »²¼ Ø¿´·º¿¨ ïïû É»•¬ »²¼ Ø¿´·º¿¨ îðû Ü¿®¬³±«¬¸ ëû Þ»¼º±®¼ ïû Í¿½µª·´´» ïû Ѭ¸»® ´±½¿¬·±²• ·² ØÎÓ çû Ѭ¸»® ´±½¿¬·±²• ·² ÒÍ ïû Ѭ¸»® ´±½¿¬·±²• ·² Ý¿²¿¼¿ íû Ñ«¬•·¼» Ý¿²¿¼¿ ïû

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278 ÐÑ×ÒÌ ÐÔÛßÍßÒÌ ÐßÎÕ ÝÑÓÐÎÛØÛÒÍ×ÊÛ ÐÔßÒ Ûµ·•¬·½• д¿²²·²¹ ú Ü»•·¹² ñ Ò×Ð °¿§•¿¹» ß°°»²¼·¨ Bæ ÍËÓÓßÎÇ ÑÚ É×ÒÒ×ÒÙ ÛÒÌÎ×ÛÍ

NIP PAYSAGE EKISTICS PLANNING & DESIGN

natural forests and newly made, allowing the Park planted forests are accentuated to regenerate, restore and and celebrated through varying renew itself through adaptive- planting techniques. management techniques.

hierarchy of pathways will be as a precedent for adaptive- defined. management approach.

will be limited to strategic management zones: past, locations, connecting people, present and future. Park and nature and ensuring successful forest regeneration. important viewsheds.

found throughout the site shall be used to create and enhance the identity of the Park. Wood, stone and metal shall be used to create new walls, site furniture, signage and lighting.

views will be protected and maintained.

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Ê·»© º®±³ Ú±®¬ ѹ·´ª·»

Finalists JANIS FEDOROWICK design to aid creative NORTH DESIGN shoreline protection and diverse forest ecosystem that remediation structures. can resist storms and pests. materials and ecological systems aiming to develop a many human influences on healthy, sustainable, multi- promoting community the landscape. aged forest system that can involvement throughout the withstand impacts of disease, Park’s regeneration process. insect infestation, weather shoreline evolution while extremes and human use. improving habitat potential, TAKANO LANDSCAPE access and recreation PLANNING opportunities. enhance the site’s physical qualities and historic legacy. view toward Halterm for low-impact recreational container pier. pursuits such as walking, prevent further soil erosion. running, cycling, contemplation, learning, quality, slopes, orientation, traditional healing plants. socializing, viewing the ocean exposure, microclimates and communing with nature. and programming to predict and educational areas in future forest succession. the Park.

green corridor.

and trails network to ensure safe biking, walking and Park access and to improve access to the shoreline.

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°´¿²¬·²¹ ±º ²¿¬·ª» ¬®»» ¿²¼ «²¼»®•¬±®»§ •¸®«¾ •°»½·»• ·² º±½«•»¼ ¿®»¿•ò

Mount Royal Park, Montreal By 1667 the church had recognized the agricultural When Jacques Cartier arrived potential of the mountain and at Montreal in 1535, he found a had it surveyed and granted to palisade settlement that sheltered colonists. In 1742 a naturalist about 1,500 First Nations people commented that the mountain was in longhouses at the base of covered with gardens and fields to the mountain. At that time, the its summit. As the city grew in size Iroquois had been settled in the and prosperity during the 19th region for more than 200 years, century, suburban development and Hochelaga was among the crept up the foot of the mountain, largest of their settlements. The and the estates of gentlemen mountain served as an Iroquois farmers began to give way to burial site; gravesites have been the mansions of the wealthy at unearthed in several locations the foot of the mountain. In the on the mountain in the past 1850s, two large cemeteries 150 years (Landry, 1999). As at were established on the western Point Pleasant Park, early use slopes of the mountain; about 20 of the park site by settlers was years later, 450 acres were finally sometimes met with attack by First acquired for Mount Royal Park. Nations inhabitants.

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Frederick Law Olmsted was hired to design Mount Royal Park and chose to highlight the character of the landscape to create a heightened sense of Mount Royal as a mountain. He set out a gradual ascent to the summit emphasizing the change in landscape and plant communities along the way, resulting in a series of sensory experiences. Olmsted From 1889 to 1918, a funicular—a Park Administration cable-operated system—carried contrasted pastoral landscapes Parc du Mont-Royal, as it officially visitors up the steep mountainside. with the picturesque, provided known, is a city park occupying In 1906 the lookout and a access to key vantage points on the southernmost summit, tearoom were built to capitalize on the mountain and separated horse east- and south-facing slopes of southward views of the downtown and pedestrian traffic. Subsequent Mount Royal. Two other summits, core. Montreal’s signature cross interventions have continued to Outremont and Westmount, on the mountain was erected in develop park amenities, although are located to the north and 1924, echoing Maisonneuve’s not always in agreement with west, respectively. The park site wooden original in 1643. A tram Olmsted’s vision; the lookout and occupies about one-seventh of was extended into the core of the chalet are more formal in style the mountain, with much of the park in 1924 and ran until 1957, and grand in scale than earlier balance having been urbanized, when the route was changed to works in the park. The restaurant including a substantial institutional automobile traffic and a large is a beautiful modern building presence that buffers the park parking lot was built. The grand near Beaver Lake, consistent in from the downtown core. The City chalet was created in 1932 to spirit, although not in style, with of Montreal provides planning and replace the earlier tearoom, and the landscape. The imposition of implements capital works in the Frederick Todd created Beaver a public street and parking lot park, while maintenance is the Lake in 1937–38, both Depression- in the centre of the park is more responsibility of the Ville Marie era make-work projects. As problematic; it short-circuits the borough. intended visitor entry sequence automobile traffic was introduced to the park, contrasts with the to the park in 1961, a modern intended solitude of the area at restaurant was built near Beaver the park’s core and will likely prove Lake. In 1964 participants in to be persistent additions to the North America’s first International park in the future. Sculpture symposium created new sculptures in public view; their works remain in the meadow facing Smith House.

282 ÐÑ×ÒÌ ÐÔÛßÍßÒÌ ÐßÎÕ ÝÑÓÐÎÛØÛÒÍ×ÊÛ ÐÔßÒ Ûµ·•¬·½• д¿²²·²¹ ú Ü»•·¹² ñ Ò×Ð °¿§•¿¹» Mount Royal District Guiding Philosophy for Park Management “The mountain” is an important icon for the City of Montreal, and Management of Mount Royal recognition of its importance now Park aims to effectively balance extends beyond the borders of cultural, ecological and the park to include the broader recreational issues. Cultural mountain landscape. The city priorities centre on preservation introduced building-height of the vision and design for the restrictions in the 1970s, limiting park set out by Olmstead, Todd buildings to the height of the and others. Ecological priorities mountain’s summit. In 1987 focus on the development of a the City of Montreal granted more natural forest ecosystem, Mount Royal heritage-site status, including renewing native plant including the park, cemeteries, communities, prevention of soil St. Joseph’s Oratory and two erosion caused by runoff and universities. At the same time informal trails. The park provides a municipal bylaw extended only basic recreational amenities, protection to several trees on aiming to meet the community’s adjacent private properties. In needs for unstructured activity 2005 the province created the and to reduce unwanted human Mount Royal Historic and Natural impacts on the natural landscape. District, furthering the outward In 1999 it was estimated that the focus of conservation on the park was visited 3,000,000 broader mountain landscape. times annually. Following the provincial decree, the City of Montreal established a working group to revise the 1992 park master plan and establish a management instrument for the entire mountain.

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Landscape Restoration

Recent efforts reflect a renewed appreciation for the early work of Olmsted and Todd. There is a desire to gently steer the park back to its philosophical roots, while also addressing the impact of such great numbers of visitors and the forces of nature upon the landscape. Some highlights include:

Olmsted’s path along the crags; Challenges of cultural features in the park Vegetation Management planting (11,000 trees and has had to come to grips Forest management in Mount 232,000 bushes); with elements that were not Royal Park aims to encourage original or entirely consistent an increasingly natural forest House by Les Amis de la with Olmsted’s vision; composition in the face of montagne, creating a café, numerous challenges. Park users small park museum, gift restaurant at Beaver Lake, have created many informal shop, public washrooms and originally opened in 1961, paths in steep hillside areas that office for the organization; keeping the original modern- contribute to soil erosion. Clearing design character; and shrubs and low branches in the forest (completed in the 1950s refrigerated skating area; and ’60s) created an opening of cross and refinement of its the forest interior and helps curb relationship to the Beaver Lake; unwanted trampling of the park’s nearby trail. woodland areas. Opening the forest has also encouraged the extensive growth of non-native species in the forest, including buckthorn, honeysuckle and Norway maple. Past disturbance of park soils seems to have caused the spread of wild carrot in localized areas, to the exclusion of native herb species.

284 ÐÑ×ÒÌ ÐÔÛßÍßÒÌ ÐßÎÕ ÝÑÓÐÎÛØÛÒÍ×ÊÛ ÐÔßÒ Ûµ·•¬·½• д¿²²·²¹ ú Ü»•·¹² ñ Ò×Ð °¿§•¿¹» ѽ»¿² Ó»¿¼±© º®±³ Ø»¿¬¸»® α¿¼

The ice storm of 1998 caused Post Ice Storm Cleanup In the wake of the ice storm, the widespread destruction in the threat of fire and disease posed Damage inflicted by the 1998 park, damaging much of the the most immediate concern ice storm caused a shift in forest forest. An extensive pruning project for park managers, and a great management, from aesthetic addressed the damage, though deal of wood was removed. In forestry to the current emphasis some misshapen trees have been retrospect, managers feel that on promoting the development left, to test their ability to recover. more wood could have been of a more resilient park forest. Substantial funding was provided left to provide habitat and help The initial reaction to the ice for the post-storm cleanup but block unwanted paths. At the storm was more retrospective was offset by reduced funding in same time, cleanup following the than prospective, emphasizing subsequent years, which slowed storm provided an opportunity the restoration of the park as it the progress of forest restoration. and a reason to remove invasive was rather than looking forward Reestablishment of the forest tree species and trees blocking to what it could become. The City in former open areas creates a important views. Looking back, of Montreal has adopted a project tension with the preservation of managers feel that more of these approach to forest restoration, the historic design intent. Public trees could have been removed, tackling specific problem areas opposition to tree removal limits and that more openings that in the hope that once they are the park managers’ ability to showed views from the mountain brought up to standard, routine remove larger non-native trees. should have been kept in the maintenance will be able to cope An inability to address all of years since the cleanup. Funding with ongoing care. Twelve survey these concerns through timely for restoration in the wake of plots were created during the ice maintenance has allowed some the ice storm was substantial, storm cleanup to monitor the problems to worsen. and more than $7 million was vegetation recovery under different spent mitigating tree damage. In cleanup regimes. subsequent years, funding for work in the park declined dramatically, and only in recent years has stable funding for park improvements been received.

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Ongoing Management funding does not allow for the wholesale removal of young non- Continuing efforts to manage native trees and shrubs from the the park forest include monitoring 175-hectare park. Areas of the of survey plots established in the forest have high concentrations wake of the ice storm, as well as of Norway maple, buckthorn and path closures, erosion control, honeysuckle, but these tend to be planting, path maintenance and mixed with native species rather eradication of non-natives in than separate from them. tree (Norway maple) and shrub (buckthorn) layers of the forest. Forest Rehabilitation The borough lacks the resources to maintain the park to the high Efforts to rehabilitate forest areas standard imagined by all. or convert treed meadows to forest involve intensive planting of native tree and understorey Path Closures paths is not possible. The city is shrub species in specific areas. developing signage that explains Efforts appear to target higher- Most developed paths in the park that the trails are closed, blocking profile areas and forest patches tend to follow the contours around the ends of the trail with green lacking native plant growth. Some the mountain with gradual changes chain-link fencing, repositioning areas once kept as lawn with a in elevation. Many informal short, deadfall to block trails and tree canopy are being converted cut paths have been created by planting to restore vegetation and to forest. Non-native woody visitors so they can climb the hill stabilize the soil in affected areas. growth is being removed and more directly; off-trail mountain new planting installed in a way bikers also travel through Removal of Non-native Species that closely matches the natural woodland areas. These trails occurring species mix and the destroy vegetation cover and have Park managers balance their spacing of woody forest plants. caused serious erosion problems desire to remove large non-native It is expected that completed in a number of areas. Approved trees from the park with public areas will require less effort in woodland trails have not been concern over large tree removal. the future to sustain a plant maintained in nearly a decade In conspicuous areas, large community that more closely due to a lack of funding, and the non-native specimens are only resembles the native forest maintenance of many unplanned removed on a gradual basis as in appearance and ecological visual impact allows. Removal of function. Forest management all large non-native trees from also tends to shape species the park’s more public areas will composition to create the desired probably require decades rather species mix in light of damage than years to complete. Current sustained in the ice storm. For example, the volume of red ash that grows in the park is being reduced as a result of the severe breakage it has suffered.

286 ÐÑ×ÒÌ ÐÔÛßÍßÒÌ ÐßÎÕ ÝÑÓÐÎÛØÛÒÍ×ÊÛ ÐÔßÒ Ûµ·•¬·½• д¿²²·²¹ ú Ü»•·¹² ñ Ò×Ð °¿§•¿¹» Other Features

A new stone maintenance building with a copper-coloured roof is located near the centre of the park, with a nearby works yard screened with fencing and vegetation. The building style reflects the local tradition and the design language of Olmstead and Todd. Smith House, a large stone farmhouse near the heart of the park, predates the creation of the park; its recent restoration enhances the park’s character.

Erosion Control Concrete gutters lined with Site furnishings in Mount Royal cobblestone have been built Park are not elaborate but are The steep terrain of Mount Royal along the base of wooded slopes robust and in keeping with makes erosion control a high to move runoff into the storm elements found throughout the priority for park management, drainage system. In some areas, city. The park uses the same bench which appears to be well managed. berms near the base of steep that is found throughout public Broad gravel paths through the slopes appear to have been built to spaces in Montreal, and the heavy park are lined with a cobblestone slow runoff and filter debris before black metal railing is generally edge on concrete base; this it reaches the gutter. A subtle consistent throughout the park, helps maintain the trail edge and dike has been built to create a with the exception of some areas contains the fine crusher-dust trail wooded area that further creates where an older railing may be surfacing, while allowing water to a temporary stormwater-retention found. Park policy will not allow escape. Boulders and low berms pool. Intakes of the stormwater new memorials or monuments to have been subtly placed to prevent system have been disguised with be put in the park. short cutting at sharp curves. boulders and land forming in some Woodland paths on sloping terrain locations. have been covered with bark and wood chips, and logs have been staked across the path to create steps. Wooden boardwalks have been built on narrow hillside paths to prevent erosion and create safe, flat, walking platforms.

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Community Involvement Conclusions

In 1981 students at the Université de Montréal founded the between Mount Royal Park Centre de la Montagne to act and Point Pleasant Park, as an environmental education and some of the challenges organization. Les Amis de la faced in the restoration, Montagne was established as an management and operation advocacy group for the mountain of Mount Royal could serve in 1986, in response to a proposal as warnings or inspiration for a major tourist tower on for Point Pleasant. The parks the mountain. The two groups share common themes in their joined forces in 2005-06 and now origins, development and aims, provide welcoming, education and with the notable exception interpretation functions for the that Point Pleasant lacks the Royal reflects some of the park and advocacy for the broader influence of a strong early same societal influences mountain area. One of their best- physical plan provided by a on park management that known projects has been the annual single visionary creator. have played out at Point spring cleanup in the park (Corvée Pleasant, but has ultimately du Mont Royal), and the outcomes come to emphasize ecology, municipal and provincial of their other activities in the park cultural values and the government to manage the are equally impressive. In 2005-06 human experience. Mount impact of urban development Les Amis’ activities resulted in: Royal managers encouraged on Mount Royal Park, and then planning for Point Pleasant to begin turning the tide by to use the trauma caused by educational activities; managing external areas to Juan as an opportunity to complement the park itself, are look forward to what the Park important steps in ensuring in educational or conservation could become, rather than try the park’s long-term integrity. activities; to produce an exact copy of While the damage inflicted by the original. Hurricane Juan has created an provided by Les Amis; and inward focus at Point Pleasant Park, the external environment effectively used community groups that have an interest net investment in the park also merits consideration and in the park to deliver services more than $500,000. action to ensure its long-term success. and help fund improvements. Both parks share a strong bond with the communities they serve and act as icons for the broader community— a strength that has benefited Mount Royal by involving a variety of agencies.

288 ÐÑ×ÒÌ ÐÔÛßÍßÒÌ ÐßÎÕ ÝÑÓÐÎÛØÛÒÍ×ÊÛ ÐÔßÒ Ûµ·•¬·½• д¿²²·²¹ ú Ü»•·¹² ñ Ò×Ð °¿§•¿¹» Harvard Forest Case Study Wind Speed Wind Impacts and Topography

In 1938 a hurricane levelled Hurricanes in the northern Wind direction, wind speed and 70% of the standing timber in hemisphere rotate in a counter- the location of wind breaks the Harvard Forest, located in clockwise direction, which interact with the topography Petersham, Mass. In New England combined with the movement of of the site to determine forest forests, catastrophic changes the storm yields the highest wind susceptibility to storm damage. caused by periodic hurricanes speeds to the right-hand side of The force of the wind exerted play an important role in the the storm track as it moves on an object increases with the structural dynamics of upland forward. Hurricanes moving over square of the velocity. Level forests. Foster and Boose (1992) water tend to maintain or build sites and slopes facing the wind studied the Harvard Forest and the strength, gaining energy from absorb the greatest force; slopes surrounding landscape to better warm water and lower surface facing away from the wind at understand the underlying factors friction relative to the surface of more than 10 per cent slope are that controlled the forest response land (Foster and Boose, 1992). more sheltered. Slope position to catastrophic wind. Foster is thought to be more important (1988) explored species and stand as topography increases in relief. response to catastrophic wind. Trees within 10 to 100 metres of open areas in the forest were more susceptible to damage than trees within uninterrupted stands (Foster and Boose, 1992).

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Wind Impacts, Tree Species, Other Factors Conclusions Age and Tree Height Foster (1998) suggests that heavy Understanding the interplay Foster (1988) found that damage rain accompanying the 1938 of wind events with the forest to stands varied in a positive linear hurricane may have contributed provides a number of areas relationship to tree height and to the high level of damage from for action in the design and tree age and negatively with stand uprooting versus tree breakage, management of regenerating density. which opposed findings in much forests in Point Pleasant Park. Conifers were more susceptible of the literature. While the knowledge of how to foster a forest that can better to damage than hardwoods, and The impact of the 1938 hurricane resist extreme winds is valuable, the relative proportions of the two on the Harvard Forest was the passage of time, local weather, within the forest may influence probably accentuated by historical site topography, exposure, soils overall susceptibility to hurricane factors; the development of and existing vegetation will also damage (Foster and Boose, 1992). the pine forest on abandoned play an important role in shaping In the Harvard Forest, red and agricultural land and subsequent the character of the forest that white pines were susceptible to management for pine probably develops. destruction by wind at 15 years lead to a high level of hurricane of age, and 30-year-old stands damage, since tall conifers are were completely destroyed in the more susceptible to damage. 1938 hurricane. For hardwoods, some damage was caused at age 20, but near-total destruction only occurred in 80- to 100-year-old stands (Foster, 1988).

Species susceptibility to damage can also be explained by canopy position. Pioneer species that grow rapidly to become overstorey dominants suffered greater damage than slower-growing and shade-tolerant species in co-dominant, intermediate and suppressed canopy positions.

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Halifax Defence Complex Prince of Wales Tower The entire Park remains federal Case Study National Historic Site of Canada property leased to Halifax Regional Municipality, although Parks For more than 250 years, Halifax In the late 18th century, the Canada controls a small area has been an internationally batteries of Point Pleasant formed of land that includes the Prince important military location, and a robust coastal defence against of Wales Tower. The Tower was the military installations at Point naval attack on Halifax but left designated a national historic Pleasant Park have been vital in the the settlement vulnerable to land site in 1943, then restored and defence of the city over this time. attack. Following his arrival in opened to the public seasonally In the 18th and 19th centuries, Halifax in 1794, H.R.H. Edward in the 1960s. The designated Halifax’s harbour and strategic the Duke of Kent observed this site includes the Tower and circle location helped it play a pivotal role weakness and initiated the of land around the Tower, which in Britain’s acquisition and defence construction of the Prince of measures 180 feet in diameter. of much of Canada. In the First and Wales Tower in 1796-97. The As a national historic site, the Second World Wars, Halifax was cylindrical design of the Tower Tower receives only one-tenth of a centre for Allied trans-Atlantic was a precursor to the Royal the total visitation of the Halifax convoys and a base for the Allies’ Engineer’s development of the Citadel, and most visits are North Atlantic operations. The Martello Tower eight years later. relatively short, lasting 10 to 15 Halifax Harbour defence system As with other works in the Park minutes. For most visitors, the has been recognized as unique in and the broader defence complex, Tower is not a main destination North America because it contains changes in military technology while in the Park. Parks Canada’s a broad range of defences from led to modifications of the planning workshops have revealed the mid-18th century to the Second building and its role over time. that many visitors are unaware World War. Excluding structures The introduction of rifled muzzle- that the Tower is open to visitors at the Halifax Citadel, the Halifax loading guns lead in 1860 led to seasonally. Defence Complex contains more the substantial modification of the than 300 structures and other Tower for reuse as a self-defending manmade features. The federal magazine for the renewed Point government has designated, Pleasant defences. The Tower was acquired and managed five sites abandoned for use as a magazine as national historic sites within in 1881. the complex: the Halifax Citadel, Georges Island, Prince of Wales Tower, York Redoubt and Fort McNab (Department of the Environment Canada Park Service, 1993).

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Standards and Guidelines for the Conservation of Historic Places in Canada (2003)

This manual provides general guidance on the preservation, rehabilitation and restoration of cultural resources, and gives advice on specific approaches to archaeological resources, landscapes, buildings and engineering works. Adherence to the standards and guidelines may be imposed as a condition of funding Parks Canada Guiding Principles Parks Canada uses the concept for conservation work obtained from and Operational Policies (2006) of commemorative integrity as federal or other sources. benchmark to measure the well- This document outlines the An understanding of the object of being of national historic sites. goals and supporting policy that conservation is fundamental to the This is done when resources are guides Parks Canada’s efforts to application of the standards and not impaired or under threat, protect and honour our natural guidelines; recommended practices when its historic significance and cultural heritage. They aim to for preservation, rehabilitation and is effectively communicated to meet national and international restoration vary. In Point Pleasant the public and when decision- responsibilities for heritage Park, the aims of conservation makers respect the sites’ heritage recognition and conservation and will likely vary depending upon value. This concept may provide encourage public understanding, the resource and its significance, a general guideline for the appreciation and enjoyment of our sensitivities and condition. The conservation of both cultural heritage, while ensuring long-term standards and guidelines focus on and natural resources in Point ecological and commemorative the active conservation of resources Pleasant Park. Policies set out the integrity. The policy mainly focuses but still provide guidance that would principles, practices and activities on the management of protected be relevant in a situation where of cultural resource management heritage sites over which Parks some cultural resources can be in general terms (for more Canada retains direct control, but expected to gradually deteriorate information, see www.pc.gc.ca/ their policies are relevant to all over time. natural and cultural heritage sites. docs/pc/poli/princip/ index_e.asp).

292 ÐÑ×ÒÌ ÐÔÛßÍßÒÌ ÐßÎÕ ÝÑÓÐÎÛØÛÒÍ×ÊÛ ÐÔßÒ Ûµ·•¬·½• д¿²²·²¹ ú Ü»•·¹² ñ Ò×Ð °¿§•¿¹» Implementation of certain standards and guidelines in Point Pleasant Park will require creativity and flexibility. The standards warn against creating a false sense of historic development that can result from mixing elements from different eras. This is a real concern and challenge in Point Pleasant Park, where cultural resources from four centuries of human occupation create a rich, but potentially confusing, pattern in the landscape. Landscape guidelines also call for the preservation of plant material, which plays an important role in the heritage value of the landscape; at times, this may oppose efforts to create a more natural forest composition.

Halifax Defence Complex Management Plan (1993)

The management plan deals with the four subsidiary sites of the defence complex. A new draft management plan for the five sites has been prepared by Parks Canada, and once it has been tabled in parliament it will become available to the public. Parks Canada has indicated that there are currently few major changes proposed in the new management plan that would directly affect The management plan places significant cultural resources as Point Pleasant Park. The 1993 priority on the long-term the primary public benefit to be management plan sets out a stabilization of Level 1 cultural achieved through management; thematic framework that outlines resources, which are determined the need for new work to respond the primary and secondary themes by Cultural Resources Management sensitively to the character of to be communicated in the defence Policy. Some of the principles related cultural resources and not complex and how these relate to outlined for the management of overwhelm cultural resources; and each of the five sites cultural resources specific to the the need for sensitivity to extend (see table below). Halifax Defence Complex include to the use of cultural resources, the importance of the preservation to respect and be compatible with of and presentation on nationally their historical character.

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The management plan recommends strengthening the links between the Tower and other historic resources in the Park, in co-operation with Park management. The plan states that the main goal is to conserve resources, followed by making improvements to allow public access where it is safe, then offering basic interpretation and visitor services. The plan recommends that walking tours among the defences in the Park Point Pleasant Park could be developed to strengthen Historical research related to Point Archaeological examination of the understanding of their role Pleasant Park as a whole provides treethrows in the Park caused as part of a larger complex, and a more rounded sense of the by Hurricane Juan led to the that signage could be used to historical significance of the Park discovery of new evidence of clarify the relationship between site. The four predominant themes early British civilian occupation— resources. The plan notes that have emerged in writings on the evidence that is unlikely to exist the public recommended tree Park history: in such abundance elsewhere on cutting as a means to emphasize the Halifax peninsula (Schwarz, the relationship in two separate 1) First Nations use of the site 2005). Awalt has also documented surveys prior to Hurricane Juan, before and after contact with the oral history of the Mi’kmaq although this idea was not Europeans; community related to Point supported by the plan for its 2) Early British civilian Pleasant Park, highlighting its potential impact on the character occupation of the area from importance as a location for of the Park and expected public 1749–98; the Spring Feast celebrations, opposition. a possible burial ground for 3) British military use of the noteworthy Mi’kmaq figures and Park from 1762–1944; and associates of the Mi’kmaq and the 4) The use of Point Pleasant as association of several renowned a place of leisure from the Mi’kmaq warriors within the Park. early days of Halifax to the official creation (ca. 1870) and development of Point Pleasant Park.

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Conclusions Our evolving understanding of the Park may alter the approach to The Halifax Defence Complex The richness of the cultural preservation and presentation of Management Plan recognizes that resources in Point Pleasant Park cultural resources over time. Given not all cultural resources within challenges the preservation and recent discoveries in the wake the complex need to be conserved presentation of different themes of Hurricane Juan, there may be to achieve their management over time. The relative emphasis value in presenting the settlement aims. With the most highly valued to be placed on different historic and commerce of Halifax as a resources designated as national themes, and the coherent sub-theme at the Prince of Wales historic sites, the question of what presentation of these themes over Tower. The Mi’kmaq presence in will happen to the Park’s other time, is a challenge. At times, the the Park and the 1758 Feast of St. resources remains. Parks Canada preservation and presentation Aspinquid’s Day skirmish may be provides guidance on conservation of cultural resources in Point another opportunity to develop a priorities and techniques, but Pleasant Park will be at odds. link between the defence complex the work of conserving cultural and the 18th-century quest for resources in the Park is peace between the British and challenged by financial and Mi’kmaq communities. environmental factors.

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298 ÐÑ×ÒÌ ÐÔÛßÍßÒÌ ÐßÎÕ ÝÑÓÐÎÛØÛÒÍ×ÊÛ ÐÔßÒ Ûµ·•¬·½• д¿²²·²¹ ú Ü»•·¹² ñ Ò×Ð °¿§•¿¹» Available from: http://www. pointpleasantpark.ca/site­ppp/ competitionwebsite/ppp.isl.ca/ media/documents/General_PPP_ Public_Participation_2005.pdf.

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Lee, K.N. “Compass and Gyroscope: Prevention/CPTED/ecms. OCL Group. “Evaluation of the Integrating Science and Politics for aspx/$prp/pdf­files/crime%20 Potential Trail Alignments for the Environment.” Washington, D.C.: prevention/WhatMakesAPark the Trans Canada Trail and the Island Press, 1999. Safe.pdf. Shubenacadie Trail, Final Report.” Consultant Report for Halifax Lenth, Bejamin, Brennan, Mark and Natural Resources Canada. “Brown Regional Municipality, 2006. Knight Richard L., “Effect of Dogs Spruce Longhorn Beetle.” [online]. on Wildlife Communities.” [online]. [cited 18 July, 2007]. Available Park Planning Committee. “Point [cited 7 December, 2007]. Available from: http://cfs.nrcan.gc.ca/index/ Pleasant Park Management Plan from: http://www.coboulder. brownsprucelonghornbeetle. (draft).” Unpublished Report, 1994. net/openspace/management_ Neily, Peter, Keys, Kevin and Parks Canada. Halifax Citadel plans/north_foothills/Dog_ Quigley, Eugene. “Forest Ecosystems National Historic Site of Canada. moratorium_2006/dog_moratorium_ of Point Pleasant Park.” Nova Scotia [online]. [cited 7 December, 2007]. pdfs/BCPOS_FinalReport­Lenth.pdf. Department of Natural Resources Available from: http://www.pc.gc. Les Amis de la Montagne. “Annual Report, 2004. ca/lhn­nhs/ns/halifax/index_e.asp. Report 2005/2006.” Unpublished Neily, P.D., Quigley, E.J., Stewart, Parks Canada. “Cultural Resource report, n.d. B.J. and Keys K.S. “Forest Management Policy,” n.d. Lundholm, Jeremy T. Personal Disturbance Ecology in Nova Parks Canada. “Halifax Defence communication, February 11, 2008. Scotia.” Draft report for Nova Scotia Complex National Historic Sites Department of Natural Resources Jacques, Marc and Hill, Darcy, Management Plan.” 1993. Renewable Resources Branch, August 2001. “Looking Beyond Forestry Division, Ecosystem Parks Canada. “Parks Canada the Trees: Visual Stewardship of Management Group, Truro, 2007. Guiding Principles and Operational the Working Forest Conference Policies.” [online]. [cited 7 Compendium of Papers.” Ministry of Nova Scotia Museum. “The Natural December, 2007]. Available from: Forests, Forest Practices Branch. History of Nova Scotia.” Halifax: http://www.pc.gc.ca/docs/pc/poli/ Nova Scotia Department of Education McKay, Tom. “What Makes a Park princip/index_e.asp. and Nimbus, 1996. Safe.” [online]. [cited 10 December, Parks Canada. “Standards and 2007]. Available from:http:// Guidelines for the Conservation of www.peelpolice.ca/Crime%20 Historic Places in Canada.” 2003.

300 ÐÑ×ÒÌ ÐÔÛßÍßÒÌ ÐßÎÕ ÝÑÓÐÎÛØÛÒÍ×ÊÛ ÐÔßÒ Ûµ·•¬·½• д¿²²·²¹ ú Ü»•·¹² ñ Ò×Ð °¿§•¿¹» Point Pleasant Park Advisory Schwarz, Fred and Schwarz, Lynne, Wheaton, Carla (Parks Canada). Committee. “Point Pleasant Park “Point Pleasant Park: Cultural Personal communication June 20 Advisory Committee User Survey.” Resource Management Activities ­ July 3, 2007. [online]. [cited 26 October, 2007]. Following Completion of Hurricane PPPIDC Steering Commitee. 2005. Available from: Remediation.” Consultant Report Point Pleasant Park International http://www.pointpleasantpark.ca/ Prepared for Department of Parks Design Competition Questionnaire. site­ppp/competitionwebsite/ppp. and Open Spaces, Halifax Regional isl.ca/media/documents/General_ Municipality, 2006. Ogilvie, R. Point Pleasant Park PPP_User_Survey_1999.pdf. Management Plan, Section 1.0, Steenberg, James W.N. and Resource Description, Nova Scotia RCMP. “Crime Prevention Through Duinker, Peter N. “Post­hurricane Museum of Natural History, 1994. Environmental Design (CPTED).” Regeneration in Point Pleasant Park, [online]. [Cited 4 December, 2007]. Halifax, N.S.” Academic paper, Willison, 1989; Johnson 1989. Available from: http://www.rcmp­ Dalhousie University, Halifax, 2007. Anon 2005 – workshop grc.gc.ca/ccaps/safecomm_e.html. (UNCED) United Nations Conference Anon 2006 – Sep/Oct workshop Schwarz, Frederick A. on Environment and Development. “Archaeological Assessment and Rio Declaration on Environment HRM Cultural Plan Monitoring, 2004 Hurricane Juan and Development. Publ. No. E.73. HRM Monuments and Signing Remediation Work, Point Pleasant II.A.14. Stockholm, Sweden: United Guidelines Draft Park, Halifax, N.S.” Consultant Nations, 1992. Report prepared for Halifax Regional Van Dijk, Petronella. “Mount Royal Municipality and Nova Scotia Revisited.” Montreal: Centre de la Museum, 2005. Montagne Inc., n.d. Schwarz, Frederick A. “Point Walters, C. “Adaptive Management Pleasant Park Archaeology: Historic of Renewable Resources.” NewYork: Sites Guidelines.” Unpublished MacMillan Publishing Company, manuscript prepared for Halifax 1986. Regional Municipality, Halifax, N.S.

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“Climb the mountains and get their good tidings. Nature’s peace will flow into you as sunshine flows into trees. The winds will blow their own freshness into you... while cares will drop off like autumn leaves.”

– John Muir

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October 2008

submitted by:

NIPpaysage

Ekistics Planning and Design

in association with:

LandDesign Engineering Services

Peter N. Duinker PhD

Black Spruce Heritage Resources

Form:Media

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