History of Chinese Medicine from Antiquity to the Present Directed Readings for Field 中華醫學史 Johns Hopkins University Fall 2012

Home , Nathan Sivin

Course #140.875.01 Prof. Marta Hanson W 4-6:00 [email protected]

SCHEDULE OF WEEKLY DISCUSSIONS

WEEK 1 Comparing Medicine in Ancient China and Greece Sept 12,Wed. Philosophical and Historical Approaches to Cultural Comparisons Readings: Kuriyama, Expressiveness of the Body, Sivin and Lloyd, The Way and the Word Undergraduate E Reserve Readings: 1. Unschuld, “Inspection,” Huangdi neijing suwen (2003): 247-251 and “Wind Etiology and Pathology,” Huangdi neijing suwen (2003): 183-89.

WEEK 2 Archeology and Medicine: Shang (1766-1154) to Zhou (1122-255) Sept 19 Wed. From Mythology to History: The Shang Oracle Bones (1200-1050 BCE) E-Reserve Readings: 1. ch. 1, “The Oracle-Bone Inscriptions of the Late Shang Dynasty,” 3-23. From DeBary, Wm. Theodore, and Irene Bloom, eds. Sources of Chinese Tradition, vol. 1, 2nd ed. (Columbia University Press, 1999). 2. Robert Eno, “Deities and Ancestors in Early Oracle Inscriptions,” in Lopez, ed. Religions of China in Practice (Princeton 1996): 41-51. 3. Donald Harper, “Spellbinding,” in Donald Lopez, Jr. ed., Religions of China in Practice (Princeton 1996): 241-50.

Response #1 EVALUATING ARCHEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE 2 pgs/500 words Discuss how 2 of these authors use archeological evidence in their arguments about medicine in Chinese antiquity.

Additional Readings: 1. Gilles Boileau, "Wu and Shaman." Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 65, no. 2 (2002): 350-378. 2. Lothar von Falkenhausen, "Reflections on the Political Role of Spirit Mediums in Early China: The Wu Officials in the Zhou Li." Early China 20 (1995): 279-300.

WEEK 3 The Mawangdui Manuscripts: Western Han dynasty (202 BCE-8 CE) Sept 26 Wed. Silk and Bamboo Medical Manuscripts Undergraduate E-Reserve Readings: 1. Donald Harper. “Prolegomena: Introduction,” 1-13, “Mawangdui medical manuscripts,’ 14- 30, Section 3, “Medical Ideas and Practices,” 68-109, from Early Chinese Medical Literature: The Mawangdui Medical Manuscripts. (New York/London: Kegan Paul Press, 1998). 2. Vivienne Lo. “The Influence of nurturing life culture on the development of Western Han acumoxa therapy,” Innovation in Chinese Medicine (2001): 19-50. 3. Donald Harper. “The Sexual Arts of Ancient China as Described in a Manuscript of the Second Century BC,” Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 47.2 (1987): 539-93. 4. Yamada, Keiji. “The Origins of Acupuncture & Moxibustion.” The Origins of Acupuncture, Moxibustion, and Decoction (1998): 1-88.

Additional Seminar Readings: Vivienne Lo. "Crossing the Neiguan "Inner Pass": A Nei/Wai "Inner/Outer" Distinction in Early Chinese Medicine." EASTM 17 (2000): 15-65. Vivienne Lo and Zhiguo He. "The Channels: A Preliminary Examination of a Lacquered Figurine from the Western Han Period." in Early China (1996): . Vivienne Lo. “Imagining Practice: Sense and Sensuality in Early Chinse Medical Illustration.” In The Warp and the Weft: Graphics and Text in the Production of Technical Knowledge in China, Bray, Metailie and Dorofeeva-Lichtmann eds. (Leiden: Brill 2007): 387 – 425. Goldin, Paul Rakita. The Culture of Sex in Ancient China. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i press, 2002.

Primary Readings: 1. Selections of Primary Texts: “Zubi shiyi mai jiujing” 192-202, “Maifa” 213-225, “Wushier bingfang,” 221-228, “Daoyin tu,” 310-37), “Shiwen” 385-391“He Yin Yang” 412-422, “Tianxia zhidao tan” 425-438, from Donald Harper, Early Chinese Medical Literature (1998).

Response #2: ANALYSIS OF A PRIMARY TEXT: 2 pages/500 words Take one primary text and situate it historically based on what you have learned from 1 or more of the secondary articles for this week.

WEEK 4 Mawangdui Tomb: Contents and Signficance Oct 3 Weds Additional Seminar Readings 1. Hendricks, Robert. 1989. Lao-Tzu Te Tao Ching. A New Translation Based on the Recently Discovered Ma-wang-tui Texts. New York: Ballantine Books. Introduction xi-xxxi. 2. Loewe, Michael. 1979. “Chapter 2, The Painting from tomb no. 1, Ma-wang-tui,” in Ways to Paradise: The Chinese Quest for Immortality, 17-59. London 1979. Repr. Taipei: SMC Publishing 1994. 3. Shaughnessy, Edward L. 1996. I Ching The Classic of Changes: The First English Translation of the Newly Discovered Second-Century B.C. Mawangdui Texts. New York: Ballantine Books. 4. Silbergeld, Jerome. 1982-3. “Mawangdui, Excavated Materials, and Transmitted Texts: A Cautionary Note.” Early China 8: ? 5. Wu, Hong. 1992. “Art in a Ritual Context: Rethinking Mawangdui.” Early China 17: 111-44. 6. Yates, Robin D.S. 1997. Five Lost Classics: Tao, Huang-Lao, and Yin-Yang in Han China. Huang-Lao Taoism. New York: Ballantine Books.

WEEK 5 The Chinese Medical Canons: The Han dynasties (202 BCE-220 CE) Oct 10 Wed. The First Medical Case Histories and Han Dynasty Healers:

2 Undergraduate E-Reserve Readings: 1. Sivin, Nathan. 1995a. “State, Cosmos, and Body in the Last Three Centuries B.C.” Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies (June) 55.1: 5-37. 2. Unschuld, “Toward a Hierarchy of Human Organs,” Huangdi neijing suwen (2003): 129-136. 3. Cai Jingfeng, Zhen Yan, “Medicine in Ancient China,” Selin & Shapiro eds.,Medicine Across Cultures: History and Practice of Medicine in Non-Western Cultures (Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2003): 49-73. {Example of poor scholarship – take out of course} 4. Sivin, “Text and experience in classical Chinese medicine,” in Bates, ed. Knowledge and the scholarly medical traditions (1995): 177-204. 5. The Biography of “Hua T’o” from the Records of the Three Kingdoms, in Kenneth J. DeWoskin, Doctors, Diviners, and Magicians of Ancient China: Biographies of Fang- shih (1983): 140-153.

Additional Seminar Reading: 1. Elisabeth Hsu, 2010, Pulse Diagnosis in Early Chinese Medicine: The Telling Touch (Univ. of Cambridge Oriental Publications), chs 1-2 “Framing the Field” & “The Memoir of Chunyu Yi in Shi Ji 105,” 1-100. 2. Christopher Cullen, “Yi’an (case statements): the origins of a genre of Chinese medical literature,” in Elisabeth Hsu, ed., Innovation in Chinese Medicine (2000): 297-323. 3. Raphals, Lisa. 1998. "The Treatment of Women in a Second-Century Medical Casebook." Chinese Science 15 (1998): 7-28.

Response #3: COMPARE & CONTRAST Discuss the historical value, reliability, typicality, and limitations of any two case records from Chunyu Yi and Hua Tuo. 2 pages/500

WEEK 6 Western Han Chinese Medical Canons & Physicians Oct 17 Weds Additional Seminar Readings: 1. Brown, Miranda. 2012. “Who Was He? Reflections on China’s First Medical ‘Naturalist’” Medical History 56.3: 366-89. 2. Epler, D.C. 1988. “Bloodletting in Early Chinese Medicine and its Relation to the Origin of Acupuncture.” 54.3 BHM: 337-67. 3. Keegan, David. 1988. “The Huang-ti nei-ching: The Structure of the Compilation; The Significance of the Structure.” PhD Thesis UC Berkeley. 4. Harper, Donald. 2001. “Iatromancy, diagnosis, and prognosis in Early Chinese Medicine.” In Innovation in Chinese Medicine, edited by Elizabeth Hsu (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2001): 99-120. 5. Lo, Vivienne. 2002. “Spirit of stone: technical considerations in the treatment of the Jade Body.” Bulletin of SOAS 65.1: 99-128. 6. Kuriyama, Shigehisa. “The Imagination of the Body and the History of Embodied Experience: The Case of Chinese Views of the Viscera,” The Imagination of the Body and the History of Bodily Experience, ed. Shigehisa Kuriyama, (Kyoto: International Research Center for Japanese Studies, 2000). 7. Kuriyama, Shigehisa. “The Imagination of the Winds and the Development of the Chinese Conception of the Body.” In Angela Zito and Tani E. Barlow, eds. Body, Subject, Power in China, 23-41.

3 8. Sivin, Nathan. 1993. “Huangdi neijing,” 196-215. In Michael Loewe, ed., Early Chinese Texts: A Bibliographical Guide. Berkeley: Institute of East Asian Studies 9. Unschuld, P. U. 2003. “Chapters I, II, and Epilogue,”1-21, 319-350. Huang Di Nei Jing Su Wen: Nature, Knowledge, Imagery in an Ancient Chinese Medical Text. Berkeley: University of California Press.

No Writing Response

WEEK 7 Early Disease Concepts & Medicine for Women in Early China Oct 24 Weds 5-7 pm Additional Seminar Readings: 1. Ågren, Hans. 1977. “Empiricism and Speculation in Traditional East Asian Medicine.” Nihon Ishigaku zasshi (NIZ) 23.2: 83-100. Chk 2. ____. 1970s. “Chinese Traditional Medicine: Temporal Order and Synchronous Events.” In J. T. Fraser, N. Lawrence, and F. C. Haber, eds. Time, Science, and Society in China and the West: The Study of Time V (Amherst: Univ of Massachusetts Press, 1986): 211-17. 3. Epler, D.C. (Dean) Jr. "The Concept of Disease in an Ancient Chinese Medical Text, The Discourse on Cold Damage Disorders (Shang-han Lun)." Journal of the History of Medicine Vol. 43 (1988): 8-35 4. Kuriyama, Shigehisa. “Concepts of Disease in East Asia.” In The Cambridge World History of Human Disease, ed. by Kenneth Kiple, 52-59. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1993. 5. Leung, Angela. “Diseases of the Premodern Period in China.” In K. F. Kiple, ed., The Cambridge World History of Human Diseases. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993), 354-62. 6. Needham, Joseph, and Lu Gwei-djen. 1967. “Diseases of Antiquity.” Reprinted in K. F. Kiple, ed., The Cambridge World History of Human Diseases. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993): 345-54. 7. Yates, Robin. 2006. “Medicine for Women in Early China: A Preliminary Survey,” 19-73. In Angela Leung, ed. Medicine for Women in Imperial China, Reprint of vol. 7.2 (2005) of Nan Nü: Men, Women, and Gender in China. Leiden: Brill.

Writing Response: Assess the two articles you are responsible for presenting to the seminar in terms of their argument, method, sources, contribution, and limitations

WEEK 8 Taoism and Medicine: Six Dynasties (3-6th c.) Oct 31 Wed Taoism, Religious Healing, and the Deification of Laozi Undergraduate E-Reserve Readings: 1. Liva Kohn, “Laozi: Ancient Philosopher, Master of Immortality, and God,” Lopez, ed. Religions of China in Practice (Princeton 1996): 52-63. 2. Kristofer Schipper, ch. 6 “The Inner Landscape,” 100-112, in The Taoist Body (University of California Press, 1995). 3. Catherine Despeux, “Visual Representations of the Body in Chinese Medical and Daoist Texts from the Song to the Qing period (10th-19th century),” in Asian Medicine (2005): 10-52. 4. Strickmann, Chinese Magical Medicine, ch. 1 “Disease and Taoist Law” 1-57; and ch. 4 “Ensigillation: A Buddho-Taoist Technique of Exorcism” 123-193.

4 5. Sakade Yoshinobu, “Daoism and the Dunhuang regimen texts,” Medieval Chinese Medicine (2005): 278-290.

Writing response: Assess the articles you are responsible for presenting to the seminar in terms of their argument, method, sources, contribution, and limitations

WEEK 9 Buddhism and Medicine: Six Dynasties (3-6th c.) Nov 7 Weds Undergraduate E-reserve Readings: 1. Unschuld, Medicine in China, ch. 6 “Buddhism and Indian Medicine,” 132-153. 2. “Buddhism and Healing: Paul Demiéville’s Article “Byô” from Hôbôgirin,” trans by Mark Tatz (1985): iii-20. 3. Edward Schafer, “Drugs,” The Golden Peaches of Samarkand: A Study of T’ang Exotics (Univ. of CA Press, 1963): 176-94.

Additional Seminar Readings: 1. Birnbaum, Raoul. 1989. "Chinese Buddhist Traditions of Healing and the Life Cycle." In Lawrence E. Sullivan (ed.), Healing and Restoring: Health and Medicine in the World’s Religious Traditions, pp. 33–58. New York and London: Macmillan. 2. Kitagawa, Joseph Mitsuo. 1989. "Buddhist Medical History." In Lawrence E. Sullivan (ed.), Healing and Restoring: Health and Medicine in the World’s Religious Traditions, 9–32. New York and London: Macmillan. 3. Salguero, Pierce. "Buddhist Medicine in Medieval China: Disease, Healing, and the Body in Crosscultural Translation (Second to Eighth Centuries C.E.)." PhD Thesis, Johns Hopkins University, 2009. Read instead his AMTM article below. ______. "Mixing Metaphors: Translating the Indian Medical Doctrine Tridoṣa in Chinese Buddhist Sources," Asian Medicine: Tradition and Modernity 6 (2010–11): 55–74. 4. Salguero, Pierce. “The Buddhist Medicine King in Literary Context: Reconsidering an Early Medieval Example of Indian Influence on Chinese Medicine and Surgery.” History of Religions 48.3 (2010): 183-210. 5. Salguero, Pierce. “A Flock of Ghosts Bursting Forth and Scattering’: Healing Narratives in a Sixth-Century Chinese Buddhist Hagiography,” EASTM 32 (2009): 89-120. 6. Bernard Faure. “Substitute Bodies in Chan/Zen Buddhism.” Religious Reflections on the Human Body, ed. Jane Marie Law, (Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 1995): 7. Chen Ming. “Zhuan nü wei nan: Turning Female to Male, an Indian Influence on Chinese Gynaecology?" Asian Medicine: Tradition and Modernity 1.2 (2005): 315–34.

WEEK 10 The Dunhuang Medical Manuscripts & Early Medieval Chinese Healing Nov 14 Weds Undergraduate E-reserve Readings: 1. Susan Whitfield, “The Dunhuang collections and international collaboration,” Medieval Chinese Medicine (2005): xii-xxiii. 2. Unschuld, Zheng Jinsheng, “Manuscripts as sources in the history of Chinese medicine,” Medieval Chinese Medicine (2005): 19-44. 3. Vivienne Lo. “Self-cultivation and the popular medical traditions: introduction,” and “Quick and easy Chinese medicine: The Dunhuang moxibustion charts.” In Cullen & Lo, eds. Medieval Chinese Medicine (2005): 207-251.

5 4. Donald Harper. “Ancient and Medieval Chinese Recipes for Aphrodisiacs and Philters.” Asian Medicine: Tradition and Modernity (2005): 91-100.

Additional Seminar Readings: 1. Wang Shumin. “ A general survey of medical works contained in the Dunhuang medical manuscripts.” In Cullen & Lo, eds. Medieval Chinese Medicine (2005): 45-58. 2. Kalinowski, Marc. “Mantic texts in their cultural context.” In Cullen & Lo, eds. Medieval Chinese Medicine (2005): 109-33. 3. Harper, Donald. “Dunhuang iatromantic manuscripts: P. 2856 R’ and P. 2675 V’”. In Cullen & Lo, eds. Medieval Chinese Medicine (2005): 134-64. 4. Despeux, Catherine. “From prognosis to diagnosis of illness in Tang China: comparison of the Dunhuang manuscript P. 3390 and medical sources.” In Cullen & Lo, eds. Medieval Chinese Medicine (2005): 176-206. 5. Sumiyo Umekawa. “Tiandi yinyang jiaohuang dalefu and the art of the bedchamber.” In Cullen & Lo, eds. Medieval Chinese Medicine (2005): 252-277. 6. Wang Shumin. “The Dunhuang manuscripts and pharmacology in medieval China.” In Cullen & Lo, eds. Medieval Chinese Medicine (2005): 293-305. ______. “Tangye jingfa (Canonical Methods for Brews and Decoctions): a lost text recorded in the Hanshu bibliography.” Cullen & Lo, eds. Medieval Chinese Medicine (2005): 322-44. 7. Chen Hsiu-fen. “Wind malady as madness in medieval China: Some threads from the Dunhuang medical manuscript.” In Cullen & Lo, eds. Medieval Chinese Medicine (2005): 345-62. 8. Christine Mollier. “Introduction” ch. 2 “In Pursuit of the Sorcerers,” ch. 4 “Under Stellar Protection,” in Buddhism and Taoism Face to Face: Scripture, Ritual, and Iconographic Exchange in Medieval China. Honolulu: University of Hawaii, 2008. 9. Christine Mollier. “Visions of Evil: Demonology and Orthodoxy in Early Daoism,” in Daoism in History: Essays in Honour of Liu Ts'un-Yan, ed. Benjamin Penny, (London and New York: Routledge, 2006).

NOTE NEW FRENCH BOOK: Catherine Despeux avec la collaboration de Isabelle Ang. Médecine, Religion et Société dans la Chine Médiévale: Étude de Manuscrits Chinois de Dunhuang ed de Turfan. Paris, Collège de France Institute des Hautes Études Chinoises, 2010.

See also the online database: The International Dunhuang Project http://idp.bl.uk/

Response: ANALYSIS of MANUSCRIPTS: 2 pages, 500 words Discuss how what we learn about Buddhist and Popular Medicine in the Dunhuang Manuscripts and the Buddhist Tripitaka changes our understanding of medical practice in medieval China.

WEEK 11 Chinese Alchemy and Medicine Nov 21 Weds Additional Seminar Readings: 1. Sivin, Nathan. Chinese Alchemy: Preliminary Studies. Harvard Monographs in the History of Science. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1968. 2. Sivin, Nathan. “Chinese Alchemy and the Manipulation of Time.” ISIS 67.4 (1976): 512-26. 3. Sivin, Nathan. “On the Word Taoism as a Source of Perplexity: With Special Reference to the

6 Relations of Science and Religion in Traditional China.” History of Religion 17 (1978): 303-30. 4. Strickmann, Michel. “The Maoshan Revelations: Taoism and the Aristocracy.” T’oung Pao 63 (1977): 1-64. 5. Strickmann, Michel. “On the Alchemy of T’ao Hung-ching,” 123-192. In Holmes Welch and Anna Seidel, eds., Facets of Taoism: Essays in Chinese Religion. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1979. 5. Sivin, Nathan. “Taoism and Science.” In Medicine, Philosophy, and Religion in Ancient C hina: Researches and Reflections. Variorum: 1-72. 6. Ho Peng Yoke. Explorations in Taoism: Medicine and Alchemy in Literature. Needham Research Institute Series. England: Routledge, 2007. 7. Pregadio, Fabrizio. Great Clarity: Daoism and Alchemy in Early Medieval China. Asian Religions and Cultures Series. Stanford: Stanford Univ Press, 2006.

WEEK 12 Gender and Medicine in the Tang (618-960) – Song (960-1278) Nov 28 Weds Undergraduate E-reserve Readings: 1. Furth, Charlotte. ch. 1, “The Yellow Emperor’s Body,” 1-58; ch. 2, “The Development of Fuke in the Song Dynasty” 59-93; and ch. 3 “Gestation and Birth in Song Medicine.” In A Flourishing Yin: Gender in China’s Medical History, 960-1665. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999. 2. Wilms, Sabine. “’Ten Times More Difficult to Treat’: Female Bodies in Medical Text from Early Imperial China,” Angela Leung, ed., Medicine for Women in Imperial China (2006): 74-107. 3. Hsiung, Ping-chen, ch. 2 “Newborn Care” A Tender Voyage: Children and Childhood in Late Imperial China (2005): 51-73.

Additional Seminar Readings: 1. Lee Jen-der. “Wet-nurses in Early Imperial China.” Nan Nü 2.1 (2000): 1-39. 2. Lee Jen-der. “Gender and Medicine in Tang China.” Asia Major 16.2 (2003): 1.32. 3. Lee, Jen-der. “Childbirth in Early Imperial China.” In Angela Leung, ed., Medicine for Women in Imperial China (2006): 108-178. Originally in Nan Nü 7.2 2005. 4. Wilms, Sabine. Selections from translation Bei Ji Qian Jin Yao Fang Prescriptions with a Thousand in Gold for Every Emergency Vol. II-IV. 3 Volumes on Gynecology. 5. Sivin, Nathan. “A Seventh-century Chinese Medical Case History.” Bulletin of the History of Medicine 16.3 (1967): 267-73. 6. Smith, Hilary. “Understanding the jiaoqi Experience: The Medical Approach to Illness in Seventh-Century China.” Asia Major Third Series, vol. XXI: Part 1, 273-292.

WEEK 13 Medicine in the Song Dynasty (960-1278) Dec 5 Wed. Song Medical Innovations Undergraduate E-Reserves Readings: 1. Asaf Goldschmidt, “The Song Discontinuity: Rapid Innovation in Northern Song Dynasty Medicine,” Asian Medicine (2005): 53-90. 2. Asaf Goldschmidt, “Changing Standards: Tracing Changes in Acu-moxa Therapy During the

7 Transition from the Tang to the Song Dynasties,” EASTM (2001): 75-101.

Additional Readings: 1. Goldschmidt, Asaf. The Evolution of Chinese Medicine: Song Dynasty, 960-1200. NRI Series. London: Routledge, 2009. 2. Hinrichs, T.J. “The Medical Transforming of Governance and Southern Customs in Song China (960-1279 C.E.).” PhD Thesis Harvard University, 2003. 3. Jinsheng Zheng, “The Vogue for ‘Medicine as Food’ in the Song Period,” Asian Medicine: Tradition and Modernity 2:1 (2006): 38-58. 4. Despeux, Catherine. “The System of the Five Circulatory Phases and the Six Seasonal Influences, a Source of Innovation under the Song (960-1279),” Innovation in Chinese Medicine, edited by Elizabeth Hsu (Cambridge, Cambridge Univ. Press, 2001) 121-166. 5. Hanson, Marta. “Hand Mnemonics in Classical Chinese Medicine: Texts, Earliest Images, and Arts of Memory.” Festschrift issue in honor of Nathan Sivin, Asia Major series 3, 21.1 (2008): 325-57.

Response: HISTORY AS THE STUDY OF CHANGE, 2 pages/500 words Write an outline of a 50-min undergraduate lecture of major changes in medicine from the Tang to the Song

WEEK 14 The Needham Questions and the History of Chinese Medicine Dec 12 Wed. Additional Readings: 1. Science and Civilisation in China, vol. VI, Biology and Biological Technology, Part 6: Medicine. By Joseph Needham, with the collaboration of Lu Gwei-djen, edited and with an introduction by Nathan Sivin: Editor’s Introduction,” 1-37; “Medicine in Chinese culture,” 38-66; “Hygiene and preventative medicine,” 67-94; “Qualifying examinations,” 95-113; “The origins of immunology,” 114-174; and “Forensic medicine” 175-200. 2. Selections from A Selection from the Writings of Joseph Needham, Chosen, arranged and introduced by Mansel Davies. London: McFarland & Company, Inc., 1990. 3. Needham, Joseph. “Science and China’s Influence on the World,” 234-308. In Raymond Dawson, ed. The Legacy of China. Oxford 1964. Reprint Boston: Cheng & Tsui Company, 1990. 4. Several reviews of Needham’s life and work: Gregory Blue. “Science(s), Civilization(s), Historie(s): A Continuing Dialogue with Joseph Needham.” In S. Irfan Habib and Dhruv Raina, eds. Situating the History of Science: Dialogues with Joseph Needham. New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1999. 5. See also the editors, Habib and Raina, “The Missing Picture: The Non-emergence of a Needhamian History of Sciences in India.” 279-302. 6. Blue, Gregory. “Joseph Needham—A Publication History. Chinese Science 14 (1997): 90- 132. 7. Restivo, Sal P. “Joseph Needham and the Comparative Sociology of Chinese and Modern Science.” Research in Sociology of Knowledge, Sciences and Art-Vol. II (1979): 25-51. 8. Several obituaries for Joseph Needham & 1 for Dorothy Needham: Restivo, Sal. “Obituary: Joseph Needham (9 December 1900-24 March 1995).” Social Studies of Science 26.1 (1996): 7-8. Gurdon, J.B. and Barbara Rodbard. “Joseph Needham, C.H., F.R.S., F.B.A 9 Decemebr 1900-24 March 1995.” Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society 46 (2000):

8 266-76. Brook, Timothy. “The Sinology of Joseph Needham.” Modern China 22.3 (1996): 340-48. Bray, Francesca. “Eloge: Joseph Needham, 9 December 1900-24 March 1995.” Isis 87.2 (1996): 312-17. Multhauf, Robert P. “Joseph Needham (1900-1995).” Technology and Culture 37.4 (1996): 880-91. Mikuláš Teich. “Dorothy Mary Moyle Needham 22 September 1896-22 December 1987. Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society 49 (2003): 351-365.