America’s Trench Box Builder™ Trench Safety Duties of the Qualified Person Presented by: Mike Ross – National Training Director Excavation Hazards

Excavation has always been dangerous work. Workers in the underground industry have a 112% better chance of being killed than general construction trades Excavation Fatalities & Injuries

300 268 250 247

200 191

150 105 100 53 50 35 40 36 33 0 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Fatalities Injuries

29 CFR 1926 – Subpart P Excavation & Trenching MIOSHA Part 9 Excavation, Trenching and Shoring OSHA 1926 Subpart P & MIOSHA Part 9 are unique standards organized as “Performance Based” Standards

Standards identify common hazards associated with underground construction and provide minimum safety limits. The employer ensures that each excavation is free of identified or predictable hazards. To ensure standards are met and each excavation is free of hazards – Part 9 requires that the employer designate a representative to design, construct and maintain the work area so it is free of all hazards.

This representative is defined as the QUALIFIED PERSON Qualified Person A person who, by possession of a recognized degree or certificate of professional standing, or who, by extensive knowledge, training, and experience, has successfully demonstrated the ability to solve or resolve problems relating to the subject matter and work. Rule 925 (6) Role of the Qualified Person

• Responsible for overall safety of excavation • Knowledgeable in process of soil classification • Responsible for selection and use of proper protective systems • Represents employer in MIOSHA visits • Has authority to implement protective measures Qualified Person (cont’d)

• Identified in writing by employer • Key piece of any good safety program • Required on every site with excavation • Has tools and publications necessary to conduct job • Can be any trade or position with company

Duties Specific to Qualified Person • An excavation as a work area does not exist until work begins. • It is the duty of the Qualified Person to DESIGN, CONSTRUCT and MAINTAIN a safe work area. • The work area is assumed to be as safe as this room – free of all known or predictable hazards

DEFINITIONS Adjacent Area

Spoil Pile

2’

Adjacent Area Adjacent Area

6’ 6’ 6’

Spoil piles, materials, Adjacent area is equal to and equipment must be the depth of the trench set back at least 2 feet or excavation. from the edge of the excavation. Adjacent Area

6’

6’ 6’

6’

Plan View – 6’ Deep Excavation Spoil Pile – Rule 933

Rule 933 (2) An excavation that an employee is required 2’ MIN to enter shall have excavated and other material stored and retained not less than 2 feet from the excavation edge Definitions

• Excavation: –Any man-made cavity or depression in the earth’s surface, including it’s sides, walls, or faces, formed by earth removal. (Rule 925)

Definitions • Trench: – An excavation having a depth greater than its width measured at the bottom (Rule 927)

Definitions • Cave-in Separation of a mass of soil from the bank of a trench or excavation

Specific Excavation Considerations

• Inspections • Surface Obstructions • Underground Utility Lines • Overhead Power Lines • Access & Egress • Exposure to Vehicular Traffic • Exposure to Falling Loads • Hazardous Atmospheres • Water Accumulation • Stability of Adjacent Structures • Walkways, sidewalks, roadways INSPECTIONS Rule 932 (4) An ongoing inspection of an excavation or trench shall be made by a qualified person. After every rainstorm or other hazard producing occurrence, an inspection shall be made by a qualified employee for evidence of possible slides or cave-ins. Where these conditions are found, all work shall cease until additional precautions, such as additional shoring or reducing the slope, have been accomplished. INSPECTIONS Rule 932 • The Qualified Person designs, constructs and MAINTAINS the safe work area. Maintenance is accomplished through ongoing inspections to ensure conditions comply with design. SOIL CLASSIFICATION SOIL CLASSIFICATION • To properly construct a safe work area the Qualified Person must know what materials make up the excavation. • Classification of soil is one of the skills that separates the Qualified Person from other safety personnel • MIOSHA Part 9 provides soil definitions and values but does not provide descriptions of tests to establish these values • For examples of testing methods and procedures – The Qualified Person can refer to OSHA Subpart P, Appendix A MIOSHA SOIL TYPES

RULE 926: SOIL MEANS ANY OF THE FOLLOWING: CLAY

A very fine textured soil that derives it’s resistance to displacement from cohesion and may be:

(i) SOFT CLAY – A clay-type soil that has an unconfined strength of less than 1.0 TSF (ii) MEDIUM CLAY – Sometimes called plastic – a clay-type soil that has a minimum unconfined strength of 1.0 TSF (iii) FIRM SOIL – A clay-type soil that is resistant to forces causing rupture or displacement. A firm clay has a minimum unconfined strength of 1.5 TSF (iv) STIFF CLAY – A clay-type soil that is very resistant to forces causing rupture or displacement. A stiff clay has a minimum unconfined strength of 2.5 TSF FILL A manmade soil condition that may be constructed of any type of soil or combination thereof. GRANULAR SOIL A coarse grained soil that does not possess cohesion but derives it’s strength from internal friction ORGANIC SOIL A soil that contains significant amounts of peat, muck or marl. RUNNING SOIL Any type of soil that has insufficient strength to stand unsupported. Running soil tends to run or slough into the excavation as excavation is being dug. • An excavation as a work area does not exist until work begins. • It is the duty of the Qualified Person to DESIGN, CONSTRUCT and MAINTAIN a safe work area. • The work area is assumed to be as safe as this room – free of all known or predictable hazards

Every employee working in a trench or excavation over 5 feet deep must be protected from a cave-in by a protective system: • Angle of Repose (Sloping) • Shoring to support walls • Shields to protect occupants inside when walls cave-in Protective Systems

Angle of Repose

Trench Shields

Shoring Angle of Repose (Sloping)

Rule 925 (1) “Angle of Repose” means the maximum permissible slope as determined by Table 1.

Angle of Repose Angle of Repose (Benching)

Rule 925 (1) “Angle of Repose” means the maximum permissible slope as determined by Table 1. MIOSHA TABLE 1

MIOSHA TABLE 1 Qualified Person classifies soil, finds best match on Table 1 and designs work area appropriately

Example 1: Soil testing indicates a cohesive (or clay-type soil) with unconfined compressive strength of 1.0 TSF

Proper angle of repose is 1:1 (45°) Angle of Repose (Sloping)

Spoil Pile 16’ 6’ 4’ 6’

6’

4’

Example of 6’ deep The 45º Angle of excavation in Medium Clay Repose is created by Angle of Repose 45º laying the bank back 1:1 Angle of Repose (Sloping)

Each bank of excavation will be constructed at the proper Angle of Repose

The banks DO NOT have to match but must be correct for soil present Trench Shields Trench Shield General Description

• A trench shield is a movable box strong enough to protect the employee inside, but light enough to handle easily in the trench

• Ideally, the width of a trench is wider than the width of the trench shield to reduce possible friction during movement. Thus, the trench shield cannot effectively prevent soil cave- ins outside the box Manufacturer’s Tabulated Data

All manufactured shielding and shoring equipment shall be supplied with tabulated data indicating the proper use and limitations of the equipment.

This data shall be used for the design of the protected area and should be available on site if requested by MIOSHA.

Manufactured systems shall be used within the limits of this tabulated data. Manufacturer’s Tabulated Data Serialized Trench Shield Manufacturer Serial # of Shield Model # of Shield

Option & Lifting Information Soil Types

Max. Depths

Soil Descriptions Limitations

Placement Diagram

Certified by Engineer Page One Manufacturer’s Tabulated Data Serialized Trench Shield

Limitations Continued

Assembly Instructions

Use in Stable Soils Use in Unstable Soils

Special Uses

Page Two Trench Shield Combined with Sloping If shielding or support system cannot protect entire depth – sloping top portion is allowed with the following requirements: 1. Slope above system shall be correct Angle of Repose. 2. Slope shall meet the system 18” below top. Using Stacked Trench Shields

Shields must be rated for the depth where they will be used

Shields may be stacked for more vertical protection with no loss of depth rating. Shields must be stacked per manufacturer’s recommendations Trenching Boxes and Shields Rule 945 (2) The use of benching in conjunction with a portable trench box is permitted when the toe of the trench box is not more than 2 feet above the trench bottom, but only if the trench box is designed to resist the forces calculated for the full depth of the trench and if there are no indications, while the trench is open, of a possible cave-in below the bottom of the trench box. Trenching Boxes and Shields Rule 945 (3) An employee shall not be allowed in shields when shields are being installed, removed or moved. Shoring & Support Systems Supporting Systems Rule 942 (2) A support system shall be designed by a qualified employee. The design of the supporting system shall be maintained at the jobsite. Changes from the design of the support system shall be approved by a qualified employee. Qualified Person Designed Support Systems Timber Shoring Steel Sheeting

MIOSHA Part 9 allows for support systems designed by Qualified Person – exercise caution and be very sure you can meet all requirements of Rule 942 & Rule 943 before proceeding with this option. Hydraulic Shores

Hydraulic shoring products are lightweight components that utilize hydraulic pressure to support banks of excavation Hydraulic Shores As hydraulic cylinders are pressurized against trench wall – pressure arcs radiate from center of cylinder in all directions

TOP VIEW Hydraulic Shores If adjacent shores are located close enough for arcs to intersect – pressure arches are formed. These arches shore the banks Hydraulic Shores

The pressure arches fan out into the banks – supporting the soil without the presence of sheeting (If allowed per tabulated data) Shoring Selection Guide TABULATED DATA Safe Working Area Regardless the conditions – The Qualified Person must DESIGN, CONSTRUCT and MAINTAIN a work area as safe as this room. W S O A R F K E QUESTIONS

America’s Trench Box Builder™ Trench Safety Duties of the Qualified Person Presented by: Mike Ross – National Training Director