Effect of Ammonium Sulphate on Dielectric Properties of Soil at X & J-Band Microwave Frequency

Home , J band (infrared)

International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE) ISSN: 2277-3878, Volume-8 Issue-4, November 2019 Effect of Ammonium Sulphate on Dielectric Properties of Soil AT X & J-Band Microwave Frequency

Syeda Ruhi Nishat, Gulam Rabbani, H.C. Chaudhari, Y.H.Shaikh

Abstract: Microwave play important role in the moisture detec- have measured the complex dielectric constant of soils as a tion of soil plant and other agricultural product. In present paper function of water content and temperature over the fre- the study of effect of ammonium sulphate on microwave dielec- quency range from 0.1 to 26 GHz .Peplinski N. R. et al. [4] tric properties of soil is presented. For this three soil samples also studied the dielectric constant ε' and dielectric loss ε" of were collected from different geographical region of Maharash- tra. The infinite sample method was employed for the determina- four soil types having various moisture contents in the fre- tion of storage factor (ε’) and loss factor (ε”) of the soils. In this quency range between 0.3GHz and 1.3 GHz In a detailed paper the effect of ammonium sulphate on dielectric properties of study, Sengwa R. J. and Soni A. [5] have reported the varia- soil when X and J-band microwave frequencies incident on it is tion of dielectric constant with density of dry minerals of discussed. The variation in values of dielectric properties of these soil at 10.1 GHz. Chaudhari H. C. and Shinde V. J. [14] soil samples mixed with different chemical contents are then have reported that the dielectric properties of dry soil at measured at frequency 6 GHz and 9.86 GHz. The concentrations microwave frequency in X- band are function of its chemi- of this chemical in the soil samples are increased from 0 to 12 % cal constituents and physical properties. Calla O. P. N. et al. and results are presented. [16] have studied the variability of dielectric constant of dry Keywords: Dielectric parameter, microwave frequency, X and J- soil with its physical constituents at microwave frequencies. band, ammonium sulphate. II. SAMPLE PREPARATION I. INTRODUCTION For preparation of soil samples three samples were col- There are different types of waves present in electro- lected having textural difference from Maharashtra state. magnetic spectrum. Out of these waves microwave has its Soils were first sieved by standard sieve. The sieved out soil vast importance. From cooking popcorn to study the galax- are then oven dried to a temperature around 180oC for half ies they are being used in different ways. Microwave elec- hour in order to completely remove any trace of moisture. trical properties of material provide information about mate- Soil samples of 4% gravimetric moisture contents are pre- rial characteristics. The natural nutrients found in the soil pare by adding an accurate amount of distilled water to the essential to plant growth, such as nitrogen, phosphorus and known mass of the oven dry soil. The soil samples are then potassium, are manufactured synthetically from inorganic prepared by mixing different concentration of ammonium material and applied to soil in the form of chemical fertiliz- sulphate in 4% distilled water and this mixture is then added ers. Although chemical fertilizers improve the growth of to soil. These mixtures are kept in air tight sealing bags and plants and increase the yields of fruits and vegetables in a allowed for few hours to facilitate internal drainage, ho- relatively short period of time. Many researchers have re- mogenous mixing and proper settlement. These soil samples ported the results of their studies on the variation of dielec- are then inserted into the solid dielectric cell for measuring tric characteristics of fertilized soils at microwave frequen- their dielectric properties. The concentrations of chemical cies. Wang J. R. and Schmugge T. J. [1] estimated that the are varied over a range from 0 to 12 %. Physical and chemi- dielectric constant is directly related to pore- space of soil. cal analyses have been done in government agriculture of- H.C.Chaudhari and V. J. Shinde [2] studied the dielectric fice shahnoorwadi Aurangabad and institute of science Au- properties of black and red soil. They concluded that the rangabad. dielectric properties of soil varied with varying moisture, temperature, density as well as other physical and chemical III. MEASUREMENT OF DIELECTRICPROPER- properties. Also the existence of bound water in sol water TIES mixture significantly affects the electrical properties of soil. Hoekstra P. and Delaney A [3] The infinite sample method is used to determine the dielectric properties of the soil samples. An X-band and J-band microwave set-up in the TE10 mode with klystron source operating at frequency 9.86 GHz and 6GHz respectively. Experiments were performed at room temperatures. The signal generated from the klystron is incident on the soil Revised Manuscript Received on November 15, 2019 sample. The soil reflects part of the incident signal from its Dr. Gulam Rabbani, Associate Professor And Head Department Of front surface. The reflected wave combined with incident Physics Maulana Azad College Of Arts, Science And Commerce, Auran- wave results in a voltage standing wave pattern. These gabad. Dr Yusuf H. Shaikh, Associate Professor Shivaji Arts, Commerce And standing wave patterns are then used in determining the val- Science College Kannad; Dist. Aurangabad. ues of shift in minima resulted due to before and after inser- Dr.Harish Chaudhari, Professor Department Of Physics, J.E.S. College tion the sample. Jalna. Syeda Ruhi Nishat pursuing Ph.D Physics Dr Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathawada University, Aurangabad.

Published By: Retrieval Number: C5871098319/2019©BEIESP 64 Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering DOI:10.35940/ijrte.C5871.118419 & Sciences Publication

Effect of Ammonium Sulphate on Dielectric Properties of Soil AT X & J-Band Microwave Frequency

The dielectric constant ε' and dielectric loss ε'' of the soils Table 1 Variation of dielectric properties of soil at x and are then determine J-band microwave frequency for soil sample 1 for different concentration of NH4SO4 NH4SO4 9.8 GHZ 6 GHZ from the following relations: % ε' ε'' ε' ε''

휆푐 2 2 2 2 2 2 0 1.8161 0.072 2.2261 1.9432 1 휆푔 (푟 − 퐸 ) 1 − 푟 퐸 + 2푟퐸 ) 휀′ = + 3 1.9976 0.0779 2.398 2.0703 휆푐 2 휆푐 2 1 − 푟2퐸2 + 2푟퐸 2 1 + 1 + 6 2.0865 0.098 2.4207 2.1607 휆푔 휆푔 9 2.1642 0.1025 2.4427 2.2552 휆푐 2 12 2.2586 0.114 2.626 2.3041 2푟퐸( 1 − 푟2퐸2 − 푟2 − 퐸² ) 휀′′ = 휆푔 휆푐 2 1 − 푟2퐸2 ² + 2푟퐸 2 Table 2 Variation of dielectric properties of soil at x and 1 + 휆푔 J-band microwave frequency for soil sample 2 for different concentration of NH4SO4 Where, NH SO 4 4 9.8 GHZ 6 GHZ a=width of waveguide % ε' ε'' ε' ε''

λg = guide wavelength 0 2.1787 0.1786 2.6195 0.0319 D= position of first minima with sample 3 2.3925 0.2246 3.0742 0.0411 6 2.4508 0.2285 3.1511 0.0432 DR= position of first minima without sample (with short) 9 2.509 0.2413 3.2308 0.0433 K=2π/λg 12 2.5698 0.255 3.3137 0.0455 r= VSWR Table 3 Variation of dielectric properties of soil at x and λc = cut off wavelength of the wave guide=2a J-band microwave frequency for soil sample 3 for different concentration of NH SO IV. EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUE 4 4 NH4SO4 9.8 GHZ 6 GHz % The experimental technique used to measure dielectric prop- ε' ε'' ε' ε'' erties of soil is infinite sample method. The X and J-band 0 1.7434 0.1001 2.5558 0.0916 microwave set up is used for these measurements. The dielectric constant, dielectric loss is measured at two different 3 1.811 0.1081 2.7941 0.09 frequencies viz 9.8 GHz and 6 GHz at room temperature. 6 1.8442 0.1096 2.8592 0.0928 The soil sample is collected from agricultural areas outside 9 1.8775 0.1154 2.9268 0.0957 Aurangabad city. The sample is collected in hot summer 12 1.9133 0.1168 2.9974 0.0968 with negligible water percent. The sample is the mixture of sand, silt and clay with high percentage of sand. The soil TABLE 4 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPER- sample of known volume was placed in sample holder TIES OF SAMPLE 1, 2 & 3 which is on the opposite end of the microwave source.. The Soil composition sample 1 sample 2 Sample 3 microwave power is recorded for different slot position of microwave bench. About 95 points are recorded for each Sand 98.175 83.45 91.05 Slit 0.585 6.54 3.48 concentration of ammonium sulphate (NH4SO4) clay 0.7 10.01 5.47 Water holding capac- 35 22 32 ity (WHC) Bulk density 1.04 1.43 1.19 Particle density 0.061 0.531 0.269 Porosity 28.82 13.27 15.26 Volumetric water 3.74 8.85 16.35 content (VWC) Gravimetric water 1.937 4.712 9.29 content(GWC) Fig 1 Experimental setup of X-band microwave bench for Organic carbon (OC) 0.33 0.32 0.28 measurement of dielectric properties of Soil. Copper (ppm) 2.96 3.4 5.7 Iron (ppm) 1.86 2.16 6.68 V. RESULT AND DISCUSSION: Manganese(ppm) 3.14 0.84 2.44 Zinc (ppm) 0.3 1.56 2.1 The physical and chemical analysis report of Aurangabad Phosphorous (kg/ha) 21.53 19.35 18.39 soil is presented in table 4. The physical parameters avail- Potassium 370.71 220.74 201.73 able in the soil are water holding capacity, particle density, VWC, GWC. The chemical parameters available in the soil pH 8.8 9 8.8 are organic carbon, iron, zinc, manganese and other parameters available in the soil are analysed.

Published By: Retrieval Number: C5871098319/2019©BEIESP 65 Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering DOI:10.35940/ijrte.C5871.118419 & Sciences Publication International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE) ISSN: 2277-3878, Volume-8 Issue-4, November 2019

τ psec ϭ (mS/cm) ϭ (mS/cm) τ psec 5 80 20 4 60 15

3 40

(mS/cm) ( ( mS/cm)

(psec) 10

σ σ τ 2 20 5 1 0

τ(psec) 0 0 5 10 0 5 10 15 concentration of NH4SO4 concentration of NH4SO4 ON J2

Fig 3: Variation of Electrical Conductivity and relaxa- Fig 7: Variation of Electrical Conductivity and relaxa- tion time of soil samples 1 with increasing concentration tion time of soil samples 2 with increasing concentration of NH4SO4 on X-band of NH4SO4 on J-band

τ psec ϭ (ac cond) 15 150 τ psec ϭ (mS/cm) 10 33

(psec) 10 100

τ 32 Psec))

5 50 (mS/cm) 5 τ ( τ

σ 31 (mS/cm) 0 0 0 30 σ 0 5 10 15 concentration of NH4SO4 0 5 10 15 concentration of NH4SO4

Fig 4: Variation of Electrical Conductivity and relaxa- tion time of soil samples 2 increasing concentration of Fig 6: Variation of Electrical Conductivity and relaxa- NH4SO4 on X-band tion time of soil samples 3 with increasing concentration of NH4SO4 on J-band τ psec ϭ (ac cond) 4 65 σ VI. CONCLUSION:

and 60 NH4SO4 in soil appreciably affects its dielectric properties. τ 2 These dielectric properties are useful for researchers work-

55 (mS/cm) ing in the field of agriculture. From dielectric properties we σ determine emissivity that will provide tools for designing 0 50 the sensors. 0 5 10 15 The experimental observations of the soils with increasing Concentration of NH SO 4 4 percentage of ammonium sulphate is presented in two dif- Fig 5: Variation of Electrical Conductivity and relaxa- ferent frequencies (9.8GHz and 6 GHz) from table 1,2 and tion time of soil samples 3 with increasing concentration 3. It has been observed that dielectric constant and dielectric of NH4SO4 on X-band loss decreases as frequency goes on increasing. It is due to molecule having less time to rotate with increasing frequency that reduces polarization of molecule. It is also ob- 1 ϭ (ac cond) τ nsec

served that as we increase the concentration of NH4SO4 the σ dielectric properties increase slowly. It can be observed 0.5 from the graph that on 6 GHz the AC conductivity is less as

compare to the AC conductivity on 9.86 GHz it means as (mS/cm)

( nsec) ( and frequency increases AC conductivity also increase. τ 0 0 5 10 15 concentration of NH4SO4

Fig 6: Variation of Electrical Conductivity and relaxa- tion time of soil samples 1 with increasing concentration of NH4SO4 on J-band

Published By: Retrieval Number: C5871098319/2019©BEIESP 66 Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering DOI:10.35940/ijrte.C5871.118419 & Sciences Publication

Effect of Ammonium Sulphate on Dielectric Properties of Soil AT X & J-Band Microwave Frequency

REFERENCES Syeda Ruhi Nishat is currently pursuing her Ph.D in Physics from Dr Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathawada 1. Wang J. R. and Schmugge T. J., IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote University, Aurangabad. She obtained her bachelor degree sens.,(vol 18), 1980, pp288- 295. in 2012 and obtained masters in physics in 2014 from 2. H. C. Chaudhari and V. J. Shinde. Dielectric properties of black B.A.M.U. Aurangabad. Her future interest is to work for and red soil at microwave frequency. Indian J. Radio Space microwave remote sensor and time domain reflectometry. Phys.39, 103-106 (April 2010). 3. Hoekstra P. & Delaney A., Journal of Geophysical Res.,79/11,(1974), 1699. 4. Peplinski Neil R., Ulaby F. T., Dobson M. C., IEEE Trans.Geosci. & Remote Sens., 33/3, (1995), 803. 5. Sengwa R. J., Soni A., Ram B., Indian J. Radio and Space Physics, Vol. 33, (2004), 329 6. V V Navarkheleet al Dielectric properties of black soil with organic and inorganic matters at microwave frequency Journal of Radio & Space Physics Vol. 38, April 2009, pp. 112-115 7. D.V.Ahire Correlations of Electrical Conductivity and Dielectric Constant with Physico Chemical Properties of Black Soils, International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 3, Issue 2, February 2013. 8. D. H. Gadani, A. D. V. Measurement of complex dielectric constant of soils of Gujarat at X- and C-band microwav frequencies. Indian J. Radio Space Phys.7, 221-229 (June 2008). 9. Mckenzie R., Alberta Agriculture, Food and Rural Development, Lethbridge,(1998). 10. Jury W. A., and Horton R., Soil Physics Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons,Inc., 2004. 11. Chaudhari H.C., Dielectric properties of soil of organic and inorganic material at J-band microwave frequency. Int. J. Remote Sens. Geosci. 4, 14-19 (2015) 12. Rajesh. Mohan. R, S. M., P. Mohanan. Study and Analysis of Dielectric Behavior of Fertilized Soil at Microwave Frequency. Euro. J. Adv. Engg. Tech2, 73-79 (2015) 13. Chaudhari at S-Band Microwave Frequency. IJCPS 3, 59-66 (Nov-Dec 2014). 14. [14] Chaudhri H. C, V. J. S. Dielectric properties of soil at X-band microwave frequency. Indian J. Pure Appl. Phys.50, 64-66 (2012) 15. Bapna, P. C., Joshi. S. Measurement of Dielectric Constant of Soils of Marble Mining Areas of Mewar Region, Rajasthan State at X-band. IJETEE3, 66-69 (May-2013.) 16. O.P.N. Calla comparative study of the method of measurement of dielectric constant at microwave frequency of dry and wet soil. Indian journal of radio space physics 108-113 ( vol 32 april 2003)

AUTHORS PROFILE

Dr. Gulam Rabbani is presently Director, Dr, Rafiq Zakaria Centre for Higher Learning and Advanced Research, Aurangabad. Earlier he was Associate Professor and Head of the Department of Physics Maulana Azad College of Arts, Science and Commerce, Aurangabad. . He has guided ten students for Ph. D. He has teaching experience of over thirty seven years including teaching physics to postgraduate students for more than ten years

Dr Yusuf H. Shaikh is working as a associate professor in Shivaji Arts, Commerce and Science College Kannad; Dist. Aurangabad. He did his M.Sc. (Physics) in 1993 from Marathawada University, Aurangabad and Ph.D. (Physics) in 2007 from the Dr Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathawada University, Aurangabad (MS) India. He has teaching experience of over twenty five years at degree levels and he has delivered several talks i.e.at orientations and refresher courses at Academic Staff College Dr BAMU Aurangabad.

Dr.Harish chaudhari is professor in the Department of physics, J.E.S. College Jalna. He has completed his Ph.D from Dr Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathawada Uni- versity, Aurangabad (MS) India. He is research guide in physics for Dr B.A.M.U. Uni- versity Aurangabad. He has teaching experience of sixteen years at graduate and post graduate level.

Published By: Retrieval Number: C5871098319/2019©BEIESP 67 Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering DOI:10.35940/ijrte.C5871.118419 & Sciences Publication