Common Carp Removal in a Shallow Urban Lake: Casey Lake (North St

Common Carp Removal in a Shallow Urban Lake: Casey Lake (North St. Paul)

Bill Bartodziej and Eric Korte, Ramsey-Washington Metro Watershed District Justine Koch and Dr. Peter Sorensen, University of Minnesota Common Carp Research in the Phalen Chain of Lakes

Justine Koch

Dr. Peter Sorensen Key contributions – Sorensen Lab

. Reduced adult carp in the Chain by over 50% - down to 58 lb/ac – meets goal of < 90 lb/ac

. Nursery areas – found high densities of young carp in a few connected ponds and shallow lakes – Justine Koch – 2pm

. Bluegill seem to be controlling carp recruitment in the main lakes.

Long-term Carp Management Plan

Management Goals:

. Continue to reduce the adult carp population in the main lakes

. Eliminate carp recruitment in targeted shallow lakes/ponds

Outcome: Improve the water quality and ecology of the Phalen Chain of Lakes through control of common carp. MN AFS 2013

Casey Lake - Phalen Chain of Lakes

RWMWD

MN AFS 2013

1953 – agricultural land use – open water Present – residential land use – first ring suburb Playground, ball fields, picnic area, walking path, fishing Casey – algal/turbid state

• 12 acres • Maximum depth – 4 feet

With carp: • Frequent algal blooms • Average Chl-a – 80 mg/m3 • No rooted submersed plants • TP – averaging 225 ug/l

The Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio)

•Native to Eurasia •Highly invasive in many regions –Fecund, long-lived, mobile, & tolerant of environmental extremes –Bottom feeders – release nutrients and can uproot plants

Farnsworth School – 6th grader Carp Survey Data

Biomass over 100 lb/ac is problematic

14000 12000 10000

8000 340 lb/ac 6000 Number 4000 2000 0 2010 2011 2012 Casey Lake – Project Outline

I. Conduct a winter drawdown to eliminate carp

II. Stock native game fish – bluegill and bass

III. Install an aeration system

IV. Monitor water quality, aquatic plants, and fish

V. Adaptive management

November 2012 – drawdown in progress Early December 2012 Late December 2012 – some carp were in pools April 2013 – ice out – signs of winter kill Carp Survey Data – Spring 2013

Drawdown and fish kill

14000 12000 10000 8000 6000 4000 2000 0 2010 2011 2012 2013 May - 2013 Bluegill and largemouth bass stocked in spring 2013 Casey Lake 2013 – aquatic – July plants – clearcovered water most stateof the lake bottom 2013 – Total Phosphorus

350 Drawdown and fish kill 300

250

200

/L g 150 u

100

0 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 year 2013 – Chlorophyll a

140.0 Drawdown and fish kill 120.0

100.0

3 80.0

mg/m 60.0

40.0

20.0

0.0 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 year Common macrophytes

% FOC 30

0 C. elodea Coontail Small pondweed Stoneworts 2010 2013 December 2013 – Aerator is functioning

Dissolved oxygen averaged 9.5 mg/l throughout winter April 2014 – fish survey Late May 2014 – surfaced algae June 2014 – “water net” (Hydrodictyon reticulatum) becomes dominant June 2014 - Canada elodea and water net Early July 2014 – 90% cover of water net July 2014 – harvesting the water net July 2014 – harvesting the water net July 2014 – sampling algae July 18th 2014 August 18th 2014 August 22nd 2014 – a second harvest was needed 2014 – Total Phosphorus

350 Drawdown and fish kill 300

250

200 /L g u 150

100

0 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 year 2014 – Chlorophyll a

140.0 Drawdown and fish kill 120.0

100.0

3 80.0

mg/m 60.0

40.0

20.0

0.0 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 year 2014 – macrophytes

40 % FOC 30

0 C. elodea Coontail Small pondweed Stoneworts

2010 2013 2014 2014 – harvesting summary

. 2 harvesting efforts – 120, 000 lbs algae and plants (wet weight) . Cost - $11,000 . TP removed – 39 lbs . Cost per lb of TP removed - $280 (BMPs – low end $1,000 per lb) Casey Lake – Project Results

. Eliminated the risk of carp migrating into the Chain . Clear water state – increase in water quality . Game fish community is becoming established . Harvesting algae may be a viable BMP to reduce phosphorus

DIAGNOSTIC APPLICATIONS OF A FISH COMMUNITY-BASED STRESSOR INDEX

HOW I LEARNED TO STOP WORRYING AND LOVE THE D.O. STANDARD

John Sandberg MPCA North Biological Monitoring Unit EFFECTIVENESS MONITORING MONITORING

Beneficial Uses of Water in MN • Recreation • Agricultural Use

IMPLEMENTATION • Industrial Use ASSESSMENT • Consumption • Support of Aquatic Life

PROTECTION OR STRESSOR RESTORATION IDENTIFICATION PLAN (IF IMPAIRED) Monitoring and Assessing Aquatic Life

Chemical Indicators • Dissolved oxygen • Total suspended solids • pH • Chloride • Nutrients

Biological Indicators • Fish community • Macroinvertebrate community

Aquatic Life Impairments

 738 impaired streams

 361 biological impairments  Fish  Macroinvertebrates

Aquatic Life - Impaired Streams

 Stressor Identification - CADDIS framework

 Some candidate causes can be evaluated by comparing data against WQS…if you have the data…  Low dissolved oxygen  Suspended sediment

If you have the data…

Aquatic Life Use Assessments, 2014 draft list Biological Impairments 361 Turbidity impairment 104 Dissolved Oxygen impairment 45 Both Turbidity and Dissolved Oxygen impairment 14 Lacks DO or TSS assessment 162

20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 Dissolved Oxygen (mg/L) Oxygen Dissolved

DO Concentration Standard for 2B Diagnostic Signals in Biological Data

 Index of Biological Integrity  Multi-metric tool  Indicator of overall ecological health  Responsive to…  Broad range of stressors  Cumulative effects of multiple stressors

 Composite index score may not be the most sensitive indicator for specific stressors Bedded Sediment

Percent gravel spawning fish metric is a better indicator than IBI score

100 100 90 90 80 80 70 70 60 60 50 50 40 40 30 30

FishCommunity IBI score 20 20 rs = -4.90 Percent Gravel Spawning Fish Spawning Gravel Percent 10 rs = -4.64 10 0 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Mean Depth of Fine Substrate (cm) Mean Depth of Fine Substrate (cm) Species-Level Tolerance Assignments

Sensitive species Growth Growth Range Range <20° C <23° C

Intolerant

• Based on professional judgment • Related to general environmental stress • Qualitative & categorical

Very Tolerant prefers tolerant of clear turbidity water Tolerant species Quantifying Tolerance

 Use weighted-average inference models to calculate species-specific tolerance indicator values (TIVs)

 Uj = (Y1X1 + Y2X2 +…YnXn) / (Y1 + Y2 +… Yn)

 Uj = weighted avg of species j  Y = species abundance, samples 1,…,n  X = water quality variable, samples 1,…,n

 Uj = ∑YiXi / ∑Yi

 Samples with greater abundance have “heavier weight”, contribute more to the TIV for a given species

VisitNum CommonName Number DO DO_Weight 20121153 brown bullhead 55 4.9 0.329 VisitNum CommonName Number DO DO_Weight 20070042 brown bullhead 43 1.5 0.257 20080124 rainbow darter 112 9.1 0.120 20081076 brown bullhead 20 6.8 0.120 Taxa TIVs 20120040 rainbow darter 101 8.2 0.108 20131124 brown bullhead 18 4.6 0.108 20080123 rainbow darter 87 9.4 0.093 20131164 brown bullhead 9 4.2 0.054 20120163 rainbow darter 82 9.1 0.088 20050252 brown bullhead 4 4.8 0.024 20090103 rainbow darter 67 9.6 0.072 20110128 brown bullhead 4 2.4 0.024 20040006 rainbow darter 63 8.4 0.067 20111038 brown bullhead 3 9.2 0.018 20080053 rainbow darter 61 7.7 0.065 19960017 brown bullhead 2 3.7 0.012 CommonName ChemTV_DO_earlyAM 20100145 rainbow darter 44 8.5 0.047 19960014 brown bullhead 1 8.7 0.006 20090185 rainbow darter 44 7.9 0.047 19990068 brown bullhead 1 6.8 0.006 brown bullhead 4.3 20120034 rainbow darter 35 8.0 0.037 20000091 brown bullhead 1 6.8 0.006 bowfin 5.1 20120199 rainbow darter 33 7.0 0.035 20101258 brown bullhead 1 6.4 0.006 brook stickleback 5.4 20120027 rainbow darter 32 7.4 0.034 20050298 brown bullhead 1 7.6 0.006 central mudminnow 5.5 20120121 rainbow darter 27 7.3 0.029 20111084 brown bullhead 1 7.5 0.006 20120036 rainbow darter 23 7.6 0.025 20131163 brown bullhead 1 8.1 0.006 yellow bullhead 5.6 20080046 rainbow darter 17 9.3 0.018 20131025 brown bullhead 1 6.8 0.006 black bullhead 6.0 20120119 rainbow darter 12 7.1 0.013 20131027 brown bullhead 1 1.0 0.006 northern redbelly dace 6.0 20080206 rainbow darter 10 8.8 0.011 20120125 rainbow darter 10 7.6 0.011 pumpkinseed 6.0 20120018 rainbow darter 9 6.2 0.010 golden shiner 6.0 20111094 rainbow darter 8 9.1 0.009 fathead minnow 6.1 20010058 rainbow darter 7 7.8 0.007 20100164 rainbow darter 7 8.0 0.007 20100143 rainbow darter 6 8.8 0.006 fantail darter 8.4 20100184 rainbow darter 5 7.6 0.005 mottled sculpin 8.4 20120005 rainbow darter 5 7.3 0.005 rainbow darter 8.4 20040436 rainbow darter 4 8.4 0.004 flathead catfish 8.5 20040377 rainbow darter 3 8.2 0.003 20040011 rainbow darter 3 9.5 0.003 goldeye 8.7 20080128 rainbow darter 3 5.6 0.003 American brook lamprey 8.7 20040026 rainbow darter 2 7.5 0.002 ~50 parameters brook trout 9.3 20100425 rainbow darter 2 7.1 0.002 rainbow trout 9.4 20080086 rainbow darter 2 7.6 0.002 • Water chemistry 20090344 rainbow darter 2 5.4 0.002 brown trout 9.5 20090317 rainbow darter 2 7.0 0.002 • Habitat slimy sculpin 10.0 20040021 rainbow darter 1 8.8 0.001 20100366 rainbow darter 1 9.7 0.001 20000142 rainbow darter 1 9.9 0.001 20090218 rainbow darter 1 8.1 0.001 20090037 rainbow darter 1 6.6 0.001 Community TIVs (CTIVs)

 Aggregate taxa TIVs into community TIVs  Taxa abundance in sample  Taxa TIV for parameter

 Community TIV for “Sample B” = ∑YiXi / ∑Yi  Yi = abundance of species i in Sample B  Xi = taxa specific TIV for a given parameter

 Modified Hilsenhoff Biotic Index  Quantitatively-derived taxa tolerance numbers  Stressor-specific tolerance

11UM072 - Trib. To South Bluff Creek Otter Tail County / Redeye River watershed Bioassessment – Fish : Impaired for low IBI Bioassessment – Invertebrates : Impaired for low IBI Dissolved oxygen AQL assessment: Insufficient Data

TIV TIVRank CommonName pre10am_DO pre10am_DO 6/20/2011 8/17/2011 central mudminnow 5.2 0.3 101 25 white sucker 7.2 4.9 17 12 mottled sculpin 8.2 8.2 4 1 creek chub 7.2 4.8 3 1 johnny darter 7.0 3.4 1 0 longnose dace 8.2 8.0 1 0 northern pike 6.2 2.0 1 1

CTIV pre10am_DO 5.65 5.96 CTIV rank pre10am_DO 0.7 1.4

measured dissolved oxygen 6.82 mg/L 4.5 mg/L time of measurement 3:30 PM 3:36 PM Dissolved Oxygen AQL assessment MT Can we infer chemical impairments using biological data? NS 8/17/2011 visit DO index value = 5.96

6/20/2011 visit 10

DO index value = 5.65 11UM072 S007-416 Sonde data 7/25/2012 through 8/2/2012

5 DO (mg/L) 5 6 7 8 9 ODO Conc mg/L

0 12:45:48 12:45:48 12:45:48 12:45:48 12:45:48 CHEMTV DO EARLYAM7/25/2012 7/27/2012 7/29/2012 RA7/31/2012 8/2/2012 Logistic Regression

 Measures relationship between a categorical dependent variable and one or more independent variables

 Estimates probability of achieving a categorical state based on a continuous predictor variable

 Predictor: Community TIV  Categorical variable: Support or Non-support for Dissolved Oxygen Logistic Regression - Methods

 Station-WID aggregation  Exclude WIDs lacking DO/TSS assessments  Exclude 2A and Class7 WIDs

 Select “best” logistic model among related CTIVs based on AIC, ROC curve, & Chi-square

Suspended sediment Dissolved oxygen Turbid DO Turbid_RA DO_RA TSS DO_early TSS_RA DO_early_RA

Logistic regression, estimated probability of achieving a “meets standard” assessment for dissolved oxygen (y axis) given a fish community index value for early morning dissolved oxygen (x axis)

11UM072 S007-416 Sonde data 7/25/2012 through 8/2/2012 1.0 Dissolved0.9 Oxygen AQL assessment Area under ROC curve = 0.765 5 0.8 DO(mg/L) MT0.7 NS 2011 fish visits to 11UM072 0.6 DO TIVs = 5.65, 5.96 <10% probability of meeting DO standard 0.5 ODO Conc mg/L

0 0.4 12:45:48 12:45:48 12:45:48 12:45:48 12:45:48 7/25/2012 7/27/2012 7/29/2012 7/31/2012 8/2/2012 0.3 0.2

probability assess 0.1 DO of "MT" 0.0 5 4 6 5 6 7 7 8 8 9 9 CHEMTVCHEMTV DO DO EARLYAM RA RA Rush Creek, 07030005-509 Chisago County Lower St. Croix River watershed Bioassessment – Fish : Impaired Low CTIV scores for D.O. observed here Bioassessment – Inverts : Impaired

D.O. AQL assessment: Support

Upper Rush Creek fish visits

5 6 7 8 9 Nearly all D.O. data collected here CHEMTV(indicates DO“support” for EARLYAM D.O.) RA Turbidity / TSS Logistic regression, estimated probability of achieving a “meets standard” assessment for turbidity (y axis) given a fish community index value for TSSMT (x axis)

Turbidity AQL assessment 1.0 MT 0.9 Area under ROC curve = 0.843 0 10 20 30 40 50 NS 0.8 CHEMTV_TSSRA 0.7 NS 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3

PROBABILITY_TSSRA0.2 0 10 20 30 40 50 0 10 20 30 40 50 0.1 CHEMTV TSSRA CHEMTV0.0 TSSRA 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 CHEMTV TSSRA Applications

 Stressor ID for biological impairments  Rapid, objective evaluation of potential stressors  Available ~12 months prior to formal assessments  Inform targeted follow-up monitoring

30 20 1.0 1.4 0.9 TSS unlikely to be a stressor Proportion per Bar per Proportion 1.2Bar per Proportion 0.8 15 20 1.0 0.7 0.6 0.8 10 0.5 Count Count 0.6 0.4 Low D.O. may be a widespread problem 10 0.3 0.4 5 0.2 0.2 0.1 0 0.0 0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 PROBABILITY TSSRA PROBABILITY DO EARLYAM RA X axis is estimated probability of achieving a “supporting” AQL assessment for TSS (left) or D.O. (right) Leech Lake River watershed Fish CTIVs: TSS and early morning D.O.

12UM089 / S007-293 Boy River Cannon River Watershed Fish CTIVs: Early morning D.O.

Map courtesy of Kim Laing, MPCA Community Tolerance Indicator Values

 Advantages  Distillation of biological data relevant to a specific stressor  Provides an indicator when assessment-level datasets may be lacking  Infer conditions relative to Water Quality Standards  Informs future monitoring

 Disadvantages/Uncertainty  May lack a definitive “threshold effect”  The “murky middle” may not be very informative  May not work well for some types of streams  Does not necessarily rule out other stressors (co-linearity) EFFECTIVENESS MONITORING MONITORING

• Community TIVs may respond to BMPs more quickly than IBI scores IMPLEMENTATION ASSESSMENT • Case studies?

PROTECTION OR STRESSOR RESTORATION IDENTIFICATION PLAN (IF IMPAIRED) John Sandberg MPCA North Biological Monitoring Unit [email protected]

1 2 3 9 9 9 Fish Community Index Values for 8 8 8 early morning dissolved oxygen 7 7 7 based on spp abundance

6 6 6 (CHEMTV_DO_EARLYAM) CHEMTV_DO_EARLYAM CHEMTV_DO_EARLYAM CHEMTV_DO_EARLYAM

5 5 5 MT NS MT NS MT NS Dissolved Oxygen AQL assesment Dissolved Oxygen AQL assesment Dissolved Oxygen AQL assesment 9 4 5 6 9 9 9

8 8 8 8

7 7 7

6 6 6 7 CHEMTV_DO_EARLYAM CHEMTV_DO_EARLYAM CHEMTV_DO_EARLYAM

5 5 5 MT NS MT NS MT NS Dissolved Oxygen AQL assesment Dissolved Oxygen AQL assesment Dissolved Oxygen AQL assesment 6

7 CHEMTV_DO_EARLYAM 9 By FishClass 5 8 1 – Southern Rivers MT NS 2 – Southern Streams 7 DO AQL assesment 3 – Southern Headwaters

6 4 – Northern Rivers CHEMTV_DO_EARLYAM 5 – Northern Streams FishClass 5 MT NS 6 – Northern Headwaters DO assessment 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Grand Total Dissolved Oxygen AQL assesment 7 – Low Gradient MT 35 34 6 32 46 28 5 186 NS 15 59 9 38 102 58 36 317 1 2 3 50 50 50

40 40 40 Fish Community Index Values for TSS 30 30 30 based on spp relative abundance 20 20 20 (CHEMTV_TSSRA) CHEMTV_TSSRA CHEMTV_TSSRA CHEMTV_TSSRA 10 10 10

0 0 0 MT NS MT NS MT NS Turbidity AQL assessment Turbidity AQL assessment Turbidity AQL assessment 50 4 5 6 50 50 50 40 40 40 40

30 30 30 30

20 20 20 CHEMTV_TSSRA CHEMTV_TSSRA CHEMTV_TSSRA 20 10 10 10 CHEMTV_TSSRA

0 0 0 MT NS MT NS MT NS 10 Turbidity AQL assessment Turbidity AQL assessment Turbidity AQL assessment 7 0 50 By FishClass MT NS Turbidity AQL assessment 40 1 – Southern Rivers

30 2 – Southern Streams 3 – Southern Headwaters 20 4 – Northern Rivers

CHEMTV_TSSRA FishClass 10 5 – Northern Streams 6 – Northern Headwaters TSS assessment 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Grand Total 0 MT NS 7 – Low Gradient MT 18 136 76 130 376 207 99 1042 Turbidity AQL assessment NS 235 306 88 45 50 11 11 746 Mississippi Headwaters HUC8 preliminary fish community stressor index values

70 30 0.5 60 1.0 Proportion per Bar per Proportion Proportion per Bar per Proportion 0.4 50 0.8 20 40 0.3 0.6 Count Count 30 0.2 0.4 10 20 0.1 10 0.2 0 0.0 0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 PROBABILITY TSSRA PROBABILITY DO EARLYAM RA

X axis is estimated probability of achieving a “supporting” AQL assessment for TSS (left) or D.O. (right)

These graphs suggest that TSS is not likely to be a widespread stressor within this HUC8, but many fish samples are representative of conditions that would have a low probability of achieving a “supporting” assessment for dissolved oxygen (assuming a sufficient dataset was collected) Mississippi Headwaters HUC8 preliminary fish community stressor index values

1-EXS 2-MTS 25 40 1.0 Even among the fish samples Cumulative Density 1.0 Cumulative Density that score above the IBI 20 0.8 30 threshold , a relatively high 0.8 proportion (~40%) suggest 15 0.6 that collecting enough D.O. 0.6 20 data would likely produce a Count Count D.O. impairment 10 0.4 0.4 10 5 0.2 0.2

0 0.0 0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 PROBABILITY DO EARLYAM RA PROBABILITY DO EARLYAM RA

Among the fish samples that score below the IBI threshold (left graph), approximately 80% would have <20% probability of achieving a “supporting” assessment for D.O. (if a sufficient dataset is collected).

Most of these fish samples are from small, headwater streams where sufficient datasets to assess the D.O. AQL parameter probably will not exist. These streams could be prioritized for D.O. monitoring prior to the assessment process.

Leech Lake River HUC8 preliminary fish community stressor index values

30 20 1.0 1.4 Nearly 65% of the fish samples 0.9 indicate <20% probability of a Proportion per Bar per Proportion 1.2Bar per Proportion 0.8 15 “MTS” assessment for D.O. 20 1.0 0.7 0.6 0.8 10 0.5 Count Count 0.6 0.4 10 0.3 0.4 5 0.2 0.2 0.1 0 0.0 0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 PROBABILITY TSSRA PROBABILITY DO EARLYAM RA

X axis is estimated probability of achieving a “supporting” AQL assessment for TSS (left) or D.O. (right)

These graphs suggest that TSS is not likely to be a widespread stressor within this HUC8, but many fish samples suggest ambient D.O. conditions that would likely result in an impairment (assuming a sufficient dataset was collected) Pine River HUC8 preliminary fish community stressor index values

40 16 1.0 0.4 Proportion per Bar per Proportion Proportion per Bar per Proportion 30 0.8 12 0.3 0.6 20 8 0.2 Count Count 0.4 10 4 0.1 0.2

0 0.0 0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 PROBABILITY TSSRA PROBABILITY DO EARLYAM RA X axis is estimated probability of achieving a “supporting” AQL assessment for TSS (left) or D.O. (right)

These graphs suggest that TSS is not likely to be a stressor within this HUC8. Some fish samples are representative of conditions that would have a low probability of achieving a “supporting” assessment for dissolved oxygen (assuming a sufficient dataset was collected), but low DO does not appear to be a major problem in this watershed. Snake River (Red Basin) HUC8 preliminary fish community stressor index values

6 12 0.2 0.4 5 10 Proportion per Bar per Proportion Proportion per Bar per Proportion

4 8 0.3

3 6

Count 0.1 Count 0.2 2 4 0.1 1 2

A relatively low proportion of fish samples obviously point to either TSS or D.O. as a potential stressor, though there are definitely a few sites where the fish community is indicating an issue with one (or both) stressors. Among the other sites, there are probably a variety of stressors affecting fish communities.