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Mainstreaming Gender Equality Sida’s support for the promotion of gender equality in partner countries Country Report Bangladesh Britha Mikkelsen, Team leader Ted Freeman, Team leader Mirza Najmul Huda Sevilla Leowinatha Jowshan A. Rahman A Sida EVALUATION REPORT 02/01:1 This report is part of Sida Evaluation, a series comprising evaluations of Swedish development assistance. Sida’s other series concerned with evaluations, Sida Studies in Evaluation, concerns methodologically oriented studies commissioned by Sida. Both series are administered by the Department for Evaluation and Internal Audit, an independent department reporting directly to Sida’s Board of Directors. Reports may be ordered from: Infocenter, Sida S-105 25 Stockholm Telephone: (+46) (0)8 690 93 80 Telefax: (+46) (0)8 690 92 66 E-mail: [email protected], Reports are also available to download at: http://www.sida.se Authors: Britha Mikkelsen, Ted Freeman, Team leaders, Mirza Najmul Huda, Sevilla Leowinatha, Jowshan A.Rahman Cover photos: Tina Gue and Heldur Netocny, Phoenix The views and interpretations expressed in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency, Sida. Sida Evaluation 02/01:1 Commissioned by Sida, Department for Evaluation and Internal Audit Copyright: Sida and the authors Registration No.: 2000-3561 Date of Final Report: January 2002 Printed by Elanders Novum, Stockholm, Sweden 2002 Art.no. SIDA1457en ISBN 91 586 8846 3 ISSN 1401–0402 SWEDISH INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT COOPERATION AGENCY Address: S-105 25 Stockholm, Sweden. Office: Sveavägen 20, Stockholm Telephone: +46 (0)8-698 50 00. Telefax: +46 (0)8-20 88 64 Telegram: sida stockholm. Postgiro: 1 56 34-9 E-mail: [email protected]. Website: http://www.sida.se Preface In 1996, gender equality was established as a goal for Swedish development co-operation, and one year later Sida formulated an Action Programme for promoting gender equality. The Action Programme focuses on a mainstreaming strategy for working towards the gender equality goal. According to such a strategy, gender equality should pervade all development policies, strategies and interventions. The evaluation deals with gender equality in country strategies and projects. It is based on case studies in Bangladesh, Nicaragua and South Africa. This is the country report for Bangladesh. The country reports for Nicaragua and South Africa are published as Sida Evaluation Reports 02/01:2 and 3. The main report is published as number 02/01 in the same series. The evaluation is the result of an extended process involving many actors. It rests primarily on contributions from representatives of partner organisations in Bangladesh, and Sida and Embassy staff. The evaluation was carried out by, Cowi Consult, Denmark in co-operation with Goss Gilroy, Canada. Lessons from the evaluation will be fed into a planned revision of the Action Programme. The evaluation will also form a basis for Sida’s reporting to the Swedish Government on the results of efforts to promote gender equality. Stockholm, January 2002 Stefan Molund Acting Head of Department for Evaluation and Internal Audit The synthesis report and the country reports constituting the Mainstreaming Gender Equality evaluation are listed below: 02/01 Mainstreaming Gender Equality – Sida’s support for the promotion of gender equality in partner countries 02/01:1 Mainstreaming Gender Equality – Country Report Bangladesh 02/01:2 Mainstreaming Gender Equality – Country Report Nicaragua 02/01:3 Mainstreaming Gender Equality – Country Report South Africa 02/01:4 Integración de la Perspectiva de Igualdad de Género – Informe de País Nicaragua Table of Contents Acronyms and Abbreviations ......................................... iii Glossary....................................................................... v Acknowledgements ......................................................vii Executive Summary..................................................... viii 1 Introduction ......................................................... 1 1.1 Scope of the Bangladesh Country Case Study........................ 2 1.2 Analytical Dimensions of the Key Evaluation Issues .............. 4 1.3 Methodology ......................................................................... 10 2 Gender Equality – Country Context in Bangladesh .. 13 2.1 Basic Gender Equality Indicators .......................................... 13 2.2 National Commitments to Equal Rights of Women and Men ................................................................... 15 2.3 Gender Equality in Bangladesh ............................................. 17 2.4 Current Issues in Gender Equality ........................................ 19 2.5 Conclusion ............................................................................. 20 3 The Country Strategy for Bangladesh and Dialogue on Gender Equality ............................... 22 3.1 The Development and Content of the Current Country Strategy ................................................................... 22 3.2 Dialogue on Gender Equality ................................................ 27 3.3 Summary Findings – Country Strategy and Dialogue .......... 31 4 Mainstreaming Gender Equality – Four Interventions in Bangladesh ......................... 33 4.1 Summaries of the Four Interventions ................................... 33 4.2 Gender Mainstreaming ......................................................... 35 i 4.3 Lessons on Mainstreaming Gender Equality ........................ 43 5 Poverty Reduction and the Goal of Gender Equality ................................................. 49 5.1 Analysis of Links and Synergies ............................................ 49 5.2 Summary Findings – Relations between Gender Equality and Poverty Reduction ............................................ 54 6 Stakeholder Participation and Gender Equality ..... 56 6.1 Analysis of Stakeholder Participation ................................... 56 6.2 Summary Findings – Stakeholder Participation and Gender Equality .................................................................... 62 7 Changes and Other Effects on Gender Equality .... 65 7.1 Processes and Results – Practical and Strategic Gender Changes .................................................................... 65 7.2 Women’s Empowerment – Effects and Interpretations ......... 76 7.3 Male Roles and Masculinities – Effects and Interpretations . 79 7.4 Summary Findings – Changes and Other Effects on Gender Equality ............................................................... 81 8 Concepts in Gender Equality ............................... 84 9 Lessons Learned ............................................... 87 9.1 Country Strategy and Dialogue............................................. 87 9.2 Mainstreaming....................................................................... 88 9.3 Poverty Reduction.................................................................. 89 9.4 Stakeholder Participation ...................................................... 90 9.5 Changes in Gender Equality ................................................. 90 9.6 SWOT Analysis of Institutional Factors in Sida’s Support to Promotion of GE in Bangladesh ....................................... 91 Annex 1 Terms of Reference....................................... 94 Annex 2 Country Context.......................................... 106 Annex 3 Itinerary in Bangladesh ................................ 125 Annex 4 Persons Interviewed .................................... 133 Annex 5 Bibliography ............................................... 153 ii Annex 6 Study Object Grids – Bangladesh ................. 159 Annex 7 Map of Bangladesh ..................................... 167 Acronyms and Abbreviations ADB Asian Development Bank ARISE Appropriate Resources for Improving Street Children’s Environment, a project of the Ministry of Social Welfare funded by UNDP ASK Ain o Shalish Kendro, a Bangladesh legal aid and human rights non-governmental organisation ASC Ain Shahayata Committee (Legal Assistance Committee) BNWLA Bangladesh National Women Lawyers’ Association BRAC Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee, one of the largest NGOs in Bangladesh as well as in the world CBA Centre Based Approach CEDAW UN Convention on the Elimination of All forms of Discrimination Against Women CIDA Canadian International Development Agency CMC Centre Management Committee CRC Child Rights Convention (of the United Nations) DAM Dhaka Ahsania Mission DIC Drop-In Centre DNFE Directorate of Non-Formal Education PMED Primary and Mass Education Division DWIN Development Workers’ Information Network EC European Commission EFA Education for All ET Evaluation Team GAD Gender and Development GAT Gender Analysis Training GE or g/e Gender Equality GO Government Organisation GoB Government of Bangladesh GUK Gono Unnoyon Kendro, a DWIN member NGO in Gaibandha district iii ICC International Criminal court LCG Local Consultative Group (a forum for Government of Bangladesh and its development partners/donors to interact and discuss policy issues. Sub-groups for specific sectors of this forum prepare the background research and position papers for the annual meeting of the Aid Club for Bangladesh) LCG WAGE Local Consultative Group Sub-Group on Women’s Advancement and Gender Equality LGC T Local Gender Consultancy Team (in this document this refers to an assignment STD carried out at DNFE) MER Monitoring, Evaluation,
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