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Identifying Incompatible Combinations of Concrete Materials: Volume I—Final Report

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Identifying Incompatible Combinations of Concrete Materials: Volume I—Final Report Identifying Incompatible Combinations of Concrete Materials: Volume I—Final Report PUBLICATION NO. FHWA-HRT-06-079 AUGUST 2006 Research, Development, and Technology Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center 6300 Georgetown Pike McLean, VA 22101-2296 FOREWORD Unexpected interactions between otherwise acceptable ingredients in portland cement concrete are becoming increasingly common as cementitious systems become more and more complex and demands on the systems are more rigorous. Such incompatibilities are exhibited as early stiffening or excessive retardation, potential for uncontrolled early-age cracking, and unstable or unacceptable air void systems. Based on the experimental work described in this volume, a protocol has been developed to allow product manufacturers, concrete producers, contractors and owners to monitor their materials and concrete systems. The protocol is phased to allow relatively simple field tests to provide early warnings of potential problems, and central laboratory tests to support and confirm the field work. Tests conducted before beginning construction allows users to plan for changes in materials and environment. By monitoring materials with relatively simple field tests during construction, the users can detect when significant changes have occurred, indicating potential construction problems. Gary Henderson Director, Office of Infrastructure Research and Development Notice This document is disseminated under the sponsorship of the U.S. Department of Transportation in the interest of information exchange. The U.S. Government assumes no liability for the use of the information contained in this document. This report does not constitute a standard, specification, or regulation. The U.S. Government does not endorse products or manufacturers. Trademarks or manufacturers’ names appear in this report only because they are considered essential to the objective of the document. Quality Assurance Statement The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) provides high-quality information to serve Government, industry, and the public in a manner that promotes public understanding. Standards and policies are used to ensure and maximize the quality, objectivity, utility, and integrity of its information. FHWA periodically reviews quality issues and adjusts its programs and processes to ensure continuous quality improvement. Technical Report Documentation Page 1. Report No. 2. Government 3. Recipient's Catalog No. FHWA-HRT-06-079 Accession No. 4. Title and Subtitle 5. Report Date Identifying Incompatible Combinations of Concrete Materials: August 2006 Volume I—Final Report 6. Performing Organization Code: 7. Author(s) 8. Performing Organization Report No. Peter C. Taylor Vagn C. Johansen Luis A. Graf Ronald L. Kozikowski Jerzy Z. Zemajtis Chiara F. Ferraris 9. Performing Organization Name and Address 10. Work Unit No. CTLGroup 11. Contract or Grant No. 5400 Old Orchard Road DTFH61-03-X-00102 Skokie, IL 60077 12. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address 13. Type of Report and Period Covered FHWA and Portland Cement Association (24 percent) 14. Sponsoring Agency Code 5420 Old Orchard Road Skokie, IL 60077 15. Supplementary Notes Chiara F. Ferraris of NIST worked under separate contract to FHWA. The Contract Officer’s Technical Representative was Peter Kopac, HRDI-12. 16. Abstract Unexpected interactions between otherwise acceptable ingredients in portland cement concrete are becoming increasingly common as cementitious systems become more and more complex and demands on the systems are more rigorous. Such incompatibilities are exhibited as early stiffening or excessive retardation, potential for uncontrolled early-age cracking, and unstable or unacceptable air void systems. A number of test methods have been reviewed to assess their usefulness in detecting incompatibility early to help prevent problems with pavements in the field. A protocol has been developed to allow product manufacturers, concrete producers, contractors, and owners to monitor their materials and concrete systems. The protocol is phased to allow relatively simple field tests to provide early warnings of potential problems and then central laboratory tests to support and confirm the field work. This is the first of two volumes. The other volume in this series is: FHWA HRT-06-080, Identifying Incompatible Combinations of Concrete Materials: Volume II—Test Protocol. 17. Key Words 18. Distribution Statement Cement, fly ash, slag, incompatibility, admixture, early stiffening, cracking, air void system 19. Security Classif. (of this report) 20. Security Classif. (of this page) 21. No. of Pages 22. Price Unclassified Unclassified 159 Form DOT F 1700.7 (8-72) Reproduction of completed page authorized SI* (MODERN METRIC) CONVERSION FACTORS APPROXIMATE CONVERSIONS TO SI UNITS Symbol When You Know Multiply By To Find Symbol LENGTH in inches 25.4 millimeters mm ft feet 0.305 meters m yd yards 0.914 meters m mi miles 1.61 kilometers km AREA in2 square inches 645.2 square millimeters mm2 ft2 square feet 0.093 square meters m2 yd2 square yard 0.836 square meters m2 ac acres 0.405 hectares ha mi2 square miles 2.59 square kilometers km2 VOLUME fl oz fluid ounces 29.57 milliliters mL gal gallons 3.785 liters L ft3 cubic feet 0.028 cubic meters m3 yd3 cubic yards 0.765 cubic meters m3 NOTE: volumes greater than 1000 L shall be shown in m3 MASS oz ounces 28.35 grams g lb pounds 0.454 kilograms kg T short tons (2000 lb) 0.907 megagrams (or "metric ton") Mg (or "t") TEMPERATURE (exact degrees) oF Fahrenheit 5 (F-32)/9 Celsius oC or (F-32)/1.8 ILLUMINATION fc foot-candles 10.76 lux lx fl foot-Lamberts 3.426 candela/m2 cd/m2 FORCE and PRESSURE or STRESS lbf poundforce 4.45 newtons N lbf/in2 poundforce per square inch 6.89 kilopascals kPa APPROXIMATE CONVERSIONS FROM SI UNITS Symbol When You Know Multiply By To Find Symbol LENGTH mm millimeters 0.039 inches in m meters 3.28 feet ft m meters 1.09 yards yd km kilometers 0.621 miles mi AREA mm2 square millimeters 0.0016 square inches in2 m2 square meters 10.764 square feet ft2 m2 square meters 1.195 square yards yd2 ha hectares 2.47 acres ac km2 square kilometers 0.386 square miles mi2 VOLUME mL milliliters 0.034 fluid ounces fl oz L liters 0.264 gallons gal m3 cubic meters 35.314 cubic feet ft3 m3 cubic meters 1.307 cubic yards yd3 MASS g grams 0.035 ounces oz kg kilograms 2.202 pounds lb Mg (or "t") megagrams (or "metric ton") 1.103 short tons (2000 lb) T TEMPERATURE (exact degrees) oC Celsius 1.8C+32 Fahrenheit oF ILLUMINATION lx lux 0.0929 foot-candles fc cd/m2 candela/m2 0.2919 foot-Lamberts fl FORCE and PRESSURE or STRESS N newtons 0.225 poundforce lbf kPa kilopascals 0.145 poundforce per square inch lbf/in2 *SI is the symbol for the International System of Units. Appropriate rounding should be made to comply with Section 4 of ASTM E380. (Revised March 2003) ii TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION................................................................................................ 1 Overview ..................................................................................................................................... 1 Background ................................................................................................................................. 1 Study Goals, Objectives, and Scope............................................................................................ 3 CHAPTER 2. LITERATURE REVIEW.................................................................................... 5 General ........................................................................................................................................ 5 Need for Information Request Responses................................................................................... 5 Construction Materials and Practices.......................................................................................... 6 Findings on Rheology, Cracking, and Air void System.............................................................. 9 Summary ................................................................................................................................... 33 CHAPTER 3. PROJECT TASKS ............................................................................................. 35 TASK 2.1.1—EARLY SETTING OR EXCESSIVE RETARDATION.................................. 35 Test Matrix for Paste and Mortar Systems................................................................................ 40 Testing Concrete ....................................................................................................................... 51 Test Methods Discussion .......................................................................................................... 57 Observations.............................................................................................................................. 64 Summary ................................................................................................................................... 85 TASK 2.1.2—CRACKING....................................................................................................... 91 Mix designs ............................................................................................................................... 95 TASK 2.1.3—AIR VOID SYSTEM....................................................................................... 115 CHAPTER 4. SUMMARY......................................................................................................
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