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Magnus Carlsen and Peter Heine Nielsen at the St FREE EXCERPT FROM ISSUE 2019#8 ALPHAZERO The exciting impact of a game changer When Magnus met AlphaZero LENNART OOTES Magnus Carlsen and Peter Heine Nielsen at the St. Louis Chess Club. It’s been a great year for the World Champion and the head of his analytical team, not in the last place thanks to the inspiration of AlphaZero. AlphaZero’s play has sent shockwaves through the chess world. Magnus Carlsen even confessed that he has become a different player thanks to the inspiration of the revolutionary engine (and Daniil Dubov). PETER HEINE NIELSEN looks back on a wonderful year for the World Champion and the role AlphaZero played in his successes. 2 A ALPHAZERO magine a spaceship information, curious chess players Championship match between landing in the centre obviously read the smallest details, Magnus and Fabiano Caruana to of London, friendly looking to extract as much knowl- finish before publishing the paper, I aliens having a quick edge as they could. not risking that some novelty played look at the tourist attractions and The following formula: by AlphaZero would influence the then quietly leaving again. Apart match. (p, v) = f (s), l = (z – v)2 – πT log p + c||0||2 from the initial shock, I assume life 0 Again they were beautiful games, would resume its normal course, is explained at great length, but interesting novelties and expla- except for the fact that we would I think it left us just as wise as non- nations of AlphaZero’s ‘thought- seriously have to question our tech- chess players reading chess notation. processes’ in one of its most impres- nological level and anyone in power Still, apart from the ten games, sive wins. would probably be paranoid about the paper did have quite some chess But we were still basically left to the ‘aliens’ teaming up with their info. Besides playing the main match, do our own interpretation of how enemies. DeepMind took the twelve most AlphaZero had renewed chess until, For chess players, that is how common opening complexes from in January 2019, the book Game it felt in December 2017, when human games, and held separate 100 Changer was published, which was DeepMind released 10 of the games matches with these as well. literally a game changer! The authors games from the match in which its As we could see in a graph, Alpha- Natasha Regan and Matthew Sadler creation AlphaZero utterly crushed Zero scored 27 wins in 50 games had had exclusive access to the Stockfish, the strongest available as White in the main line of the DeepMind team behind AlphaZero, engine, in a 100-game match. The Spanish – an amazing feat, consid- and to a far larger number of games London Chess Classic was under ering that it was World Champion than had been published. way at the time, and we continued Magnus Carlsen’s main opening at preparing for and analysing the the time and that no-one, not even They had asked for experiments to be games with Stockfish. What else Sergey Karjakin in the 2016 World done, as well as created hypotheses could we do? Championship match, had come on why AlphaZero plays like it does, At the closing dinner, Demis Hassabis, a former chess prodigy who is now CEO of DeepMind, held a Q&A session in which he One game was even more beautiful than explained that AlphaZero was the next, with AlphaZero giving up pawns part of the company’s scientific research (in the meantime they have and even pieces for a long-term initiative. shifted their attention to real-world problems and are playing Starcraft). They had no intentions of upsetting close to setting him any theoretical getting help from the team to either the chess world, but were (justifi- problems. confirm or refute these thoughts. ably) proud of breathing new life in The moves given in the graph are All this is clearly presented in an the attacking prospects in chess. AlphaZero’s preferred choices for academic style in Game Changer. The both colours, but brutally stop after book was fittingly presented during Long-term initiative 7.♗b3 0-0. We still don’t know if the Wijk aan Zee tournament in the The ten games that they published AlphaZero prefers the topical 8.a4!? Netherlands, where the world elite certainly achieved this. One was or whether it has actually refuted the was gathered, so everybody could even more beautiful than the Marshall Gambit and plays 8.c3, but start reading and deepening their next, with AlphaZero giving that just like Fermat and his famous understanding of chess, and then up pawns and even pieces for a theorem they thought there was apply their own interpretation of long-term initiative. Most chess not enough space in the margins to the new knowledge in the upcoming experts would have considered actually inform us. tournaments. this impossible to do against As Magnus Carlsen stated during a Stockfish until we actually saw it 200 new games! press-conference in Stavanger during happen. DeepMind also published A year passed, and then DeepMind this year’s Norway Chess tournament an academic paper in which they published another paper, this time in June: ‘In essence I have become a explained the premises of their with 200 new games! They even very different player in terms of style research. Hungry for every bit of politely waited for the 2018 World than I was a bit earlier, and it has 3 A ALPHAZERO Magnus Carlsen: ‘In essence I have TsLd.tM_ become a very different player in terms of jJ_.jJlJ style than I was a bit earlier, and it has ._._._J_ _.j._._. been a great ride.’ ._.iI_._ been a great ride’, acknowledging g6 3.♘c3 being mandatory, which _.i.bN_. the inspiration from AlphaZero, and resulted in 3...d5 4.cxd5 ♘xd5 5.♘f3 I_._.iIi Daniil Dubov! ♗g7 6.e4 ♘xc3 7.bxc3 c5 8.♗e3 ♕a5 _.rQkB_R 9.♕d2 ♘c6 10.♖b1 a6 11.♖c1 cxd4 Pushing the h-pawn 12.cxd4 ♕xd2+ 13.♔xd2 e6 14.♗d3 9...♘d7 In Shamkir, at the Vugar Gashimov ♗d7 15.e5 0-0 16.♖b1 b5 17.h4 ♘e7 After 9...♕a5 10.♕d2 ♗g4 11.d5 b5 Memorial, Magnus successfully 18.h5 ♗c6 19.h6!. 12.♗e2 ♘d7 13.0-0 ♗xf3 14.♗xf3 sacrificed pawns, and in Norway c4 15.♗e2 ♖fd8 16.f4 ♘b6 17.♗f3 Chess we saw a couple of examples T_._.tM_ ♕a3 18.h4 Magnus went on to beat of him successfully following the _._.sJlJ Grischuk earlier on in the same tour- AlphaZero concept of aggressively nament (for my further notes see New pushing his h-pawn towards his J_L_J_Ji In Chess 2019/5, pp.21-24). opponent’s king. _J_.i._. 10.♗e2 ♕a5 11.0-0 ♕xa2 Game Changer devotes a full ._.i._._ 12.♘d2 ♕a5 13.h4 b5 14.h5 ♗b7 chapter to this concept. Here’s what _._BbN_. 15.h6 ♗h8 16.e5 Magnus did in Stavanger. I_.k.iI_ T_._.tMl Magnus Carlsen _R_._._R Shakhriyar Mamedyarov jL_SjJ_J Stavanger 2019 This led to a beautiful win and a ._._._Ji Grünfeld Defence, Exchange Variation model game of utilizing the h-pawn dJj.i._. 1.d4 ♘f6 2.c4 g6 3.♘c3 d5 to cramp Black’s king’s position even ._.i._._ 4.cxd5 ♘xd5 5.e4 ♘xc3 6.bxc3 in a queenless middlegame! _.i.b._. ♗g7 7.♗e3 7...c5 8.♖c1 0-0 9.♘f3 ._.nBiI_ TsLdM_.t _.rQ_Rk. jJj.jJlJ As this game was already debated in ._._._J_ detail in New In Chess 2019/5 (pp. _._._._. 20-21), I will not rehash the comments, ._.iI_._ but this is a text-book example of the _.i.b._. AlphaZero attacking concept. Black’s king is crowded by the bishop on h8, I_._.iIi and an attempt to liberate the position r._QkBnR with ...f6 often will be met by a deadly check on the a2-g8 diagonal, at times AlphaZero’s favourite against the even at the cost of material. It is true Grünfeld, which we knew already that the bishop on h8 does parry from the 2017 paper. But with no mating threats on g7, preventing further moves or explanations! None White’s most basic kind of attack, but of the original test games vs. Stockfish a slower, much more irresistible wave featured the Grünfeld, since Stockfish is coming, starting with f4 next. does not play it as Black unless forced In short: Black could be a pawn up, to. So, for the sake of the experi- Game Changer by Natasha with no immediate white threats, ment in connection with the writing Regan and Matthew Sadler is a yet strategically he is lost! (Although of Game Changer, test games were remarkably lucid introduction to Mamedyarov managed to escape with played, with the position after 2... the mysteries of AlphaZero. a draw after 46 moves.) 4 A ALPHAZERO T_._T_M_ _._.dJ_. ._J_._J_ j.iJ_L_. ._._S_._ _I_.i.iJ R_.b.i.i r._Q_.kB ANALYSIS DIAGRAM gives counterplay, the principal point being that 24.♖xa5? ♖xa5 25.♖xa5 d4! wins instantly for Black, as White’s position cannot defend against the immediate threats. Even more cunning might be 23...♗e4!?, when after 24.f3 ♗d3 25.♖xa5 ♖xa5 NEW IN CHESS 26.♖xa5 ♘d7 In his game against Magnus Carlsen at Norway Chess, Shakhriyar Mamedyarov was not ready yet to take the march of the h-pawn one step further.
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