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Fibre Optics Under the Sea Peter Jamieson IEng MIET, MSCTE, MCMI Principal Engineer, Core Network Engineering – Liberty Global. Chairman, European Subsea Cables Association. [email protected] 07771506713 Global Network 2017 – 428 submarine cables in service globally, = 1.1 million km 99% of global communications carried by submarine cables. UK Connectivity As an Island nation UK virtually wholly dependant on submarine cables for connectivity. Submarine cables contribute £65 Billion to the UK economy. (University of Huddersfield) Data Generators Data is the new oil Short Haul / Long Haul • Short Haul Systems typically < 500km single span. High fibre count 24F – 300F. Long life span. Upgradeable. 557km 90.2dB G.654 fibre 1.6dB/km 5 07/06/2017 Template examples Short Haul / Long Haul • Long Haul Systems typically trans-oceanic 6,000 – 8000km. (Sea-Me-We 3 = 39,000km) Typically 25yr life span, upgradeable (to a point), requires repeaters (amplifiers) every 70km, Low fibre count 4F – 24F, Requires power to feed the repeaters. 6 07/06/2017 Template examples Submarine Cable Construction Deep Ocean Continental Shelf Submarine Cable Installation https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gsoo_BOwrrM Where do they land? Where do they land? What damages submarine cables? These Do What damages submarine cables? These Don’t How do you repair a submarine cable? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m6qTk5WNq9E Submarine Cable Ages 1858 – 1956 = Telegraph Age 1956 – 1988 = Co-axial Age 1988 – Present = Optical Age 1988 – Optical Age – Consortia 1998 – Optical Age – Private Cable 2015 – Optical Age – Content Cable Submarine Cable Ages North Atlantic- no new cables installed between 2002 – 2015. (1998 – 2002, 7no. Trans-Atlantic cables installed. ) Apollo 2002 – design capacity of 3.2Tb, upgraded in 2015 to 32Tb Hibernia Express – 2015 120Tb, AE Connect – 2016 104Tb 4no. Planned - MAREA - 2017 160Tb, Midgardsormen – 2019, Fibre Atlantic - 2019, Brexit‘1 – 20?? New systems being driven by the OTT/content providers - A diagram of the traffic volume across Facebook’s network, and the split between M2M and user traffic. (Source: Facebook) The Future Content Players Data Centres - Ireland, Netherlands, Finland, Belgium Datacentres – Sweden, Ireland, Denmark (under construction) Datacentres – Ireland, Germany, UK (London), France Datacentres – Ireland, Netherlands, Finland, Austria Datacentres – Ireland, Denmark The Future The Future The Future UK is still well served by the upgraded capacity installed during the .Com Bubble Content player’s traffic moved onto specific cables will ease burden. Upgrades – 400G and beyond on new systems. New systems on traditional routes will be required in 5-10 years.

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