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Universidad Nacional Intercultural De La Amazonia UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL INTERCULTURAL DE LA AMAZONIA FACULTAD DE INGENIERIA Y CIENCIAS AMBIENTALES DEPARTAMENTO ACADEMICO DE INGENIERIA AGROFORESTAL ACUICOLA TESIS DURACION DEL CICLO DE DESARROLLO DE Ocyptamus persimilis Curran 1930 (DIPTERA: SYRPHIDAE) DEPREDADOR DE Tuthillia cognata EN CONDICIONES DE LABORATORIO PRESENTADO POR: Bach. Bladimir Guerra Ambrosio PARA OPTAR EL TÍTULO PROFESIONAL DE INGENIERO AGROFORESTAL ACUÍCOLA YARINACOCHA – PERÚ 2015 DEDICATORIA A Dios porque siempre está conmigo, brindándome salud, inteligencia y fortaleza para enfrentar las situaciones difíciles de la vida. A mi querida madre que me guío por el buen camino e hizo todo lo posible para apoyarme durante mi formación profesional en la universidad y a su esposo por el apoyo incondicional y sus consejos personales de superación. A mi padre que me inculcó en seguir un estudio superior y que sin duda no dejó de apoyarme a pesar de la humildad. A una amiga especial, que me apoyo emocionalmente en los momentos más difíciles de mi formación profesional. A mis amigos y promociones de ingreso a la universidad 2008 – II. ii AGRADECIMIENTO Mis más sinceros agradecimientos a las instituciones y personas: - A la Universidad Nacional Intercultural de la Amazonia por haberme atendido todos estos años en mi formación profesional en la Carrera de Ingeniería Agroforestal Acuícola. - Al asesor Dr. Rubén Casas Reátegui por considerarme en el proyecto y por su dedicación, paciencia, exigencia y aporte de sus conocimientos del área de Entomología, siendo de base fundamental para el desarrollo de la investigación. - Al coasesor Ing. Henry Mamani Chanini, por el aporte de su conocimiento en la crianza de controladores biológicos en condiciones de laboratorio. - Al Ing. Mg. Jessy Isabel Vargas Flores por su aporte en el proceso y análisis estadístico de los datos. - A los siguiente productores del Distrito de Yarinacocha: Ena Haro Araujo y Julio Neyte Yuaraqui del Caserío San Pablo de Tushmo; Vera Caballero Pacaya, Aníbal Chávez Sinarahua y Leandro Navarro López del Caserío San juan. iii ÍNDICE CONTENIDO………….…………………………………………….…..………... Pág. Dedicatoria……………………………………………………………………….. Pii Agradecimiento…………………………………………………………………… iii Índice……………………………………………………………………………… iv Lista de cuadros……………………………………………………………...….. vii Lista de figuras…………………………………………………………………… viii Introducción………………………………………………………………….……. 1 Resumen……………………………………………………………..……........... 2 Abstract…………………………………………………………..………….......... 3 CAPITULO I…………………………………….………………..…………..... 4 1. PLANTEAMIENTO DE PROBLEMA………………..…………….………... 4 1.1. Descripción de la situación problemática…………..…………..………… 4 1.2. Formulación del problema………..………………………………………… 5 1.2.1. Problema general………….……………………………………..……. 5 1.2.2. Problemas específicos…………………….…………………..……… 5 1.3. Objetivos de la Investigación………………………….………………..… 6 1.3.1. Objetivo general………….………………………………………….… 6 1.3.2. Objetivos específicos…………………….……………………….…... 6 1.4. Justificación del estudio………………………………….…………….…... 7 1.5. Limitaciones de la Investigación……………………………..……..…….. 8 iv CAPITULO II…………………………………………………………………... 9 2. MARCO TEORICO………………………………..…………………............. 9 2.1. Antecedentes de la Investigación…………………………………………. 9 2.2. Bases teóricas………………………………………………………………. 11 A. Plaga Tuthillia cognata Hodkinson et al 1860……………………………… 11 A. Insectos depredadores……………………………………………………...... 11 B. La Familia Syrphidae…………………..….………………………….…….… 15 C. El género Ocyptamus Macquart, 1834………………….………………….. 19 2.3. Definición de términos basicos…………………………………………..… 20 2.4. Variables…………………………………………………………….…….…. 20 CAPITULO III……………………………………………………………......... 20 3. METODOLOGIA………………………………………………………….…… 21 3.1. Tipo y nivel de investigación……………………………………………….. 21 3.2. Método de la investigación…………………………………………………. 21 3.2.1. Ubicación y descripción del área de estudio......………………………. 21 3.2.2. Procedimiento de la Investigación……………………………..….….… 21 a) Acondicionamiento del área de crianza……………….……..…….……..... 21 b) Recolecta de estados inmaduros del sírfido depredador y presa.………. 22 c) Colecta y mantenimiento de huevos………………………………………... 23 d) Crianza de larvas……………………………………………………………... 23 e) Obtención y mantenimiento de pupas ……………………………………... 24 f) Longevidad de adultos emergidos……………….…………..…..………..... 24 v g) Proporción de sexos.……………………………......................….…….….. 25 h) Observación y descripción morfológica…………………..………………... 25 i) Análisis de los datos………………………………………….………………... 26 3.3. Diseño de la investigación…………………….…………………………… 26 3.4. Poblacion y muestra……………………………………………………...… 27 3.5. Descripción de Técnicas e instrumentos de recolección de datos…….. 28 CAPITULO IV……………………………………………………………….…. 29 4. RESULTADOS Y DISCUSION…………………….…………...……..…….. 29 4.1. Resultados…………………………………………………………………… 29 A. Duración del ciclo de desarrollo……………………………………………... 29 B. Caracterización de los estados de desarrollo…………………..…….……. 31 4.2. Discusión…………………………………………………….…………….… 46 CONCLUSIONES………………………………..………………………............ 48 RECOMENDACIÓNES……………………………………………………….…. 49 REFERENCIAS BIBLIOGRAFICAS…………………………………………… 50 ANEXOS………………………………………………………………................. 54 ICONOGRAFIA…………………………………………………………………... 95 3 vi LISTA DE CUADROS Pág. Cuadro 01. Principales órdenes y familias de insectos depredadores…...………………………………………………………………… 13 Cuadro 02. Duración en días de los diferentes estados de desarrollo de Ocyptamus persimilis………………………………………………………….. 29 Cuadro 03. Datos de medición morfológica de los diferentes estados de desarrollo de O. persimilis en condiciones de laboratorio…………………… 43 Cuadro 04. Modelo de instrumento de la Investigación……………………… 54 a) Formato de registro para la duración del ciclo de desarrollo…………….. 54 b) Formato para la medición morfológica de los estados de desarrollo……. 82 Cuadro 05. Base de datos de duración del ciclo de desarrollo para el análisis estadístico………………….……………………………………………. 86 Cuadro 06. Análisis estadístico de la duración en días del estado huevo de O. persimilis en condiciones de laboratorio………………………………... 89 Cuadro 07. Análisis estadístico de la duración en días del primer estadío larval de O. persimilis en condiciones de laboratorio………………………... 90 Cuadro 08. Análisis estadístico de la duración en días del segundo estadío larval de O. persimilis en condiciones de laboratorio……………….. 91 Cuadro 09. Análisis estadístico de la duración en días del tercer estadío larval de O. persimilis en condiciones de laboratorio………………………… 92 Cuadro 10. Análisis estadístico de la duración en días del estado pupa de O. persimilis en condiciones de laboratorio………………………………….... 93 Cuadro 11. Análisis estadístico de la duración en días del estado adulto de O. persimilis en condiciones de laboratorio………………………………... 94 vii LISTA DE FIGURAS Pág. Figura 01. Mapa del distrito de Yarinacocha mostrando la ubicación de los dos lugares de recolección de brotes afectados por T. cognata…………………………………………………………………………… 22 Figura 02. Esquema del diseño de investigación…………………………….. 26 Figura 03. Duración promedio en días de los estados de desarrollo de Ocyptamus persimilis en condiciones de laboratorio bajo una temperatura y humedad relativa de 27 ± 2 °C, 72 ± 5 H.R…………………………………. 30 Figura 04. Longitud promedio de los estados de desarrollo de Ocyptamus persimilis en condiciones de laboratorio……………………………………….. 44 Figura 05. Ancho promedio de los estados de desarrollo de Ocyptamus 45 persimilis en condiciones de laboratorio……………………………………….. viii LISTA DE FOTOS Pág. Foto 01. Huevo de O. persimilis………………………………………………… 31 Foto 02. Larva de O. persimilis eclosionando del huevo…………………….. 32 Foto 03. Primer estadio larvario de O. persimilis…………………………...… 33 Foto 04. Segundo estadio larvario de O. persimilis……………………...…… 34 Foto 05.Tercer estadio larvario de O. persimilis…………………………….… 34 Foto 06. Larva de O. persimilis en proceso de muda………………………… 35 Foto 07. Larva depredando ninfa de T. cognata…………………………….... 35 Foto 08. Pupa de O. persimilis: A, Vista dorsal y B, Vista lateral……………. 36 Foto 09. Pupa mostrando el desarrollo del adulto de O. persimilis: A, Vista dorsal y B, Vista lateral…………………………………………………………... 37 Foto 10. Adulto de O. persimilis emergiendo de la pupa………………......... 38 Foto 11. Pupa de O. persimilis después de la emergencia………………….. 38 Foto 12. Tagma cefálico de O. persimilis. A, Macho (Holópticos) y B, Hembra (Dicópticos)…………………………………………………….…......... 40 Foto 13. Venación del ala del adulto de O. persimilis según el sistema Comstock – Needham, 1898..……………………………………….………..... 40 Foto 14. Adulto macho de O. persimilis………………………………….…….. 41 Foto 15. Adulto hembra de O. persimilis………………………………………. 42 Foto 16. Recolectando brotes afectados por T. cognata en parcelas comerciales de camu camu del Distrito de Yarinacocha…………………….. 95 Foto 17. Envases conteniendo huevos de O. persimilis para la incubación..................................................................................................... 96 ix Foto 18. Jaula de dos mangas para la cría de larvas de O. persimilis…………………………………………………………………………... 96 Foto 19. Colocando brotes con ninfas de T. cognata y miel en el interior de los envases individuales de cría de larvas de O. persimilis……………….… 97 Foto 20. Colocando los envases con larvas dentro de la jaula de dos mangas……………………………………………………………………………. 98 Foto 21. Jaula de dos mangas para el mantenimiento de pupas de O. persimilis………………………………………………………………………...... 99 Foto 22. Colocando las pupas sobre papel crack debidamente rotulado…………………………………………………………………………..... 99 Foto
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