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Adaptive Wavelet Clustering for Highly Noisy Data Adaptive Wavelet Clustering for Highly Noisy Data Zengjian Chen Jiayi Liu Yihe Deng Department of Computer Science Department of Computer Science Department of Mathematics Huazhong University of University of Massachusetts Amherst University of California, Los Angeles Science and Technology Massachusetts, USA California, USA Wuhan, China [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Kun He* John E. Hopcroft Department of Computer Science Department of Computer Science Huazhong University of Science and Technology Cornell University Wuhan, China Ithaca, NY, USA [email protected] [email protected] Abstract—In this paper we make progress on the unsupervised Based on the pioneering work of Sheikholeslami that applies task of mining arbitrarily shaped clusters in highly noisy datasets, wavelet transform, originally used for signal processing, on which is a task present in many real-world applications. Based spatial data clustering [12], we propose a new wavelet based on the fundamental work that first applies a wavelet transform to data clustering, we propose an adaptive clustering algorithm, algorithm called AdaWave that can adaptively and effectively denoted as AdaWave, which exhibits favorable characteristics for uncover clusters in highly noisy data. To tackle general appli- clustering. By a self-adaptive thresholding technique, AdaWave cations, we assume that the clusters in a dataset do not follow is parameter free and can handle data in various situations. any specific distribution and can be arbitrarily shaped. It is deterministic, fast in linear time, order-insensitive, shape- To show the hardness of the clustering task, we first design insensitive, robust to highly noisy data, and requires no pre- knowledge on data models. Moreover, AdaWave inherits the a highly noisy running example with clusters in various types, ability from the wavelet transform to cluster data in different as illustrated in Fig. 1(a). Fig. 1(b) shows that AdaWave can resolutions. We adopt the “grid labeling” data structure to dras- correctly locate these clusters. Without any estimation of the tically reduce the memory consumption of the wavelet transform explicit models on the data, the proposed AdaWave algorithm so that AdaWave can be used for relatively high dimensional data. exhibits properties that are favorable to large scale real-world Experiments on synthetic as well as natural datasets demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of our proposed method. applications. Index Terms—Clustering, high noise data, wavelet transform, shape-insensitive I. INTRODUCTION Clustering is a fundamental data mining task that finds groups of similar objects while keeping dissimilar objects (a) raw data (b) AdaWave clustering separated in different groups or in the group of noise (noisy Fig. 1. A running example. points) [15], [17]. The objects can be spatial data points, feature vectors, or patterns. Typical clustering techniques in- For comparison, we illustrate the results of several typical arXiv:1811.10786v2 [cs.DB] 7 Jan 2019 clude centroid-based clustering [18], spectral clustering [16], clustering methods on the running example: k-means [23], [24] density based clustering [17], etc. These techniques usually as the representative for centroid-based clustering methods, perform well on “clean” data. However, they face a big DBSCAN [19] as the representative for density-based clus- challenge when dealing with real-world applications where tering methods [17], [20], and SkinnyDip [14] as a newly patterns are usually mixed with noise. Furthermore, complex proposed method that handles extremely noisy environments. and irregualarly shaped groups render these once-effective Besides illustration, we also use Adjusted Mutual Information clustering techniques intractable, because typical clustering (AMI) [21], a standard metric ranging from 0 at worst to 1 at approaches are either deficient of a clear “noise” concept or best, to evaluate the performances. limited in specific situations due to its shape-sensitive property. • Centroid-based clustering algorithms tend to lack a clear This work addresses the problem of effectively uncovering notion of “noise”, and behave poorly on very noisy data. arbitrarily shaped clusters when the noise is extremely high. As shown in Fig. 2(b), the standard k-means yields poor results and the AMI is very low at 0.25. This work is supported by National Natural Science Foundation (61772219,61572221). • Density-based clustering algorithms usually perform well *: Corresponding author. in the case where clusters have heterogeneous form. As a representative, DBSCAN is known to robustly II. RELATED WORK discover clusters of varying shapes in noisy environments. Various approaches have been proposed to improve the After fine-tuning the parameters that requires graphical robustness of clustering algorithms in noisy data [9], [14], inspection, the result of DBSCAN is shown in Fig. 2(c). [19]. Here we highlight several algorithms most related to this DBSCAN roughly finds the shapes of the clusters, but problem and focus on illustrating the preconditions for these there is still much room for improvement. It detects 21 clustering methods. clusters with an AMI of 0.28, primarily because there are DBSCAN [19] is a typical density-based clustering method various areas in which, through the randomness of noise, designed to reveal clusters of arbitrary shapes in noisy data. the local density threshold is exceeded. Also, we have When varying the noise level on the running example, we find tested various parameters and did not find a parameter that DBSCAN performs well only when the noise is controlled combination for DBSCAN that can solve the problem. below 15%. Its performance derogates drastically as we con- • SkinnyDip is known to robustly cluster spatial data in tinue to increase the noise percentage. Meanwhile, the overall extremely noisy environments. For the running example, average time complexity for DBSCAN is O(NlogN) for N we sample from the nodes of a sparse grid [13], which is data points and, in the worst case, O(N 2). Thus, its running regarded as the best mechanism for choosing a starting time can also be a limiting factor when dealing with large scale point for gradient-ascent in SkinnyDip. However, the datasets. Another density-based clustering method, Sync [21], clustering result in Fig. 2(c) shows that Skinnydip per- exhibits the same weakness on time complexity (reliance on forms poorly as the datasets do not satisfy its assumption pair-wise distance, with time complexity of O(N 2). that the projection of clusters to each dimension is in a Regarding data with high noise, as early as 1998, Dasgupta unimodal shape. et al. [9] proposed an algorithm to detect minefields and The above methods heavily rely on the estimation of explicit seismic faults from “cluttered” data. Their method is limited to models on the data, and produce high quality results when the the two-dimensional case, and an extended version for slightly data is organized according to the assumed models. However, higher dimension (d ≤ 5) requires significant parameter when facing more complicated and unknown cluster shapes tuning. or highly noisy environments, these methods do not perform In 2016, Samuel et al. [14] proposed an intriguing method well as expected. By comparison, as shown in Fig. 2(d), the called SkinnyDip [14]. SkinnyDip optimizes DipMeans [7] proposed AdaWave, which applies wavelet decomposition to with an elegant dip test of unimodality [22]. It focuses on denoising and “elbow theory” in adaptive threshold setting, the high noise situation, and yields good result when taking correctly detects all the five clusters and groups all the noisy a unimodal form on each coordinate direction. However, the points as the sixth cluster. AdaWave achieves an AMI value condition is very strict that the projections of clusters have as high as 0.76, and furthermore, computes deterministically to be of unimodal shapes in every dimension. When such and runs in linear time. condition does not exist, SkinnyDip could not uncover clusters We propose AdaWave1 to cluster highly noisy data which correctly. frequently appears in real-world applications where clusters A newly proposed work in 2017 [25] applies a sparse and are in extreme-noise settings with arbitrary shapes. We also latent decomposition of the similarity graph used in spectral demonstrate the efficiency and effectiveness of AdaWave on clustering to jointly learn the spectral embedding and the synthetic as well as real-world data. The main characteristics corrupted data. It proposes a robust spectral clustering (RSC) of AdaWave that distinguish the algorithm from existing technique that are not sensitive to noisy data. Their exper- clustering methods are as follows: iments demonstrated the robustness of RSC against spectral • AdaWave is deterministic, fast, order-insensitive, shape- clustering methods. However, it can only deal with low-noise insensitive, robusts in highly noisy environment, and data (up to 10% and 20% of noise). requires no pre-knowledge on the data models. To our Our proposed AdaWave algorithm targets extreme-noise knowledge, there is no other clustering method that meets settings as SkinnyDip does. Besides, as a grid-based algorithm, all these properties. AdaWave shares the common characteristic with STING [10] • We design a new data structure for wavelet transform and CLIQUE [11]: fast and independent of the number of data such that comparing to the classic WaveCluster algorithm,
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