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Working with the Linux Community

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Working with the Linux Community Working with the Linux Community A Guest Lecture for CS 378 class at the University of Texas at Austin Khoa Huynh, Ph.D. IBM Linux Technology Center Austin, TX Linux Technology Center TopicsTopics Open source software development Open source licences Common risks Working with the Linux community General advices & tips Submitting your work to Linux kernel community Source code control Bug tracking Submitting your work to Linux distributors Linux debug tools Linux Technology Center OpenOpen SourceSource SoftwareSoftware (OSS)(OSS) Freely available software in source code format Often distributed via Internet or CD (e.g., Red Hat) Redistribution cannot be prohibited or royalty imposed Often developed in a collaborative community effort OSS community very sensitive about meaning & use of term "open source" For the current definition, see: http://www.opensource.org/osd/ Not "Public Domain" Copyright law gives author rights author determines appropriate uses of a work e.g. you can't reproduce or modify a work without author's permission author may grant permission via a license which can impose obligations Linux Technology Center OpenOpen SourceSource LicensesLicenses There are many open source licenses e.g. GPL, LGPL, CPL, IPL, BSD, Apache, etc. Some common features Governs use, modification and distribution of code Grant of rights (e.g. modification, redistribution, etc.) Obligations (e.g. attribution, redistribution, etc.) Different licenses have different objectives GPL = "General Public License" LGPL = "Lesser/Library Public License" CPL/IPL = "Common/IBM Public License" BSD = "Berkeley Software Delivery" Others Some licenses make source code available but should not be confused with OSS licenses (e.g. Sun Linux Technology Community Source License) Center OpenOpen SourceSource LicensesLicenses (cont'd)(cont'd) Many projects are under GPL (e.g., Linux kernel, GNU tools, Gnome) GPL often referred to as "Copyleft" Author: Free Software Foundation Software available freely Free availability of all source code and modifications No restriction on what others may do with the code Common risks No warranty (provided "as is") Viral effect (or contamination) between proprietary and open source software Intermingling of objects Cutting & pasting source code Linking to libraries (static or dynamic) Possible relinquishing of patent rights More info on OS licenses Linux Technology http://www.opensource.org/licenses/ Center WorkingWorking withwith LinuxLinux CommunityCommunity Submit your work to the community Match the patch to the code Use multiple patches Submit early, submit often Stakeholders and Decision Makers Linux Technology Center MatchMatch PatchPatch toto thethe CodeCode If the patch is to existing code, make sure the patch matches the surrounding code From a style perspective match indentation styles match function/variable naming From a design perspective use a similar functional breakdown. your code should be at least as portable as the surrounding code make sure your changes don't interfere with the maintainer/author's long-term vision for the code Linux Technology Center UseUse MultipleMultiple PatchesPatches Small patches are accepted more easily than big patches Each patch should make a single functional change That way the maintainer can accept a subset of your patches, if he/she wishes Patches can be submitted as a set or separately Document what they do & pre-requisites Linux Technology Center SubmitSubmit Early,Early, SubmitSubmit OftenOften In general, there is no penalty if you submit a patch and it is rejected The rejection often contains good constructive criticism Even if the patch is not ready to be merged into the mainline, post the patch for comments Open source development Improvements suggested by the community Extra testing by the community Linux Technology Center SubmissionSubmission CriteriaCriteria As soon as minimal functionality is present Doesn't have to be feature-complete Doesn't have to be tuned for performance Passes the smoke test --- obvious bugs have been fixed Overall design completed (recommended) Linux Technology Center StakeholdersStakeholders andand DecisionDecision MakersMakers Identify who the stake holders and who the decision makers are They are not necessarily the same! Consult with the stake holders Satisfy the decision maker Avoid falling into the trap of spending too much time trying to achieve 100% approval from stake holders For the Linux kernel: Stake holders: LKML, individual developers, subsystem maintainers, etc. Decision maker: Linus Torvalds Linux Technology Center SubmittingSubmitting toto thethe LinuxLinux KernelKernel Key considerations Source control: BitKeeper Bug tracking: Kernel Bug Tracker (new) Trivial Patch Monkey (for small patches) Types of kernel patches Linux Technology Center SourceSource Control:Control: BitKeeperBitKeeper Preferred form for large submissions to Linus Send e-mail to Linus with URL to BK tree, and description of the change Make sure the change sets (patches) will apply cleanly to the current BK tree BitKeeper http://www.bitkeeper.com Scalable through replication Change sets == Patches Powerful merging tools Repositories as branches allows controlled development Each person has his/her own personal repositories Repositories are compressed to reduce disk space and increase performance Multi-protocol (FS/RSH/SSH/HTTP/BKD/SMTP) connectivity Linux Technology Center UsingUsing BitKeeperBitKeeper File names revisioned and propagated just like contents Graphical interfaces provided for merging, browsing, and creating changes Change sets One or more changes to one or more files (i.e., patches) Built-in configuration management Creation of a change set saves the entire state of the repository (both what changed and what didn't) Open Logging Required for BitKeeper Open License (free use) Not required for paying customers Centralized change logs (everyone can see) Trading privacy loss for money Linux Technology Center UsingUsing TrivialTrivial PatchPatch MonkeyMonkey Preferred form for small patches Rusty Russell reviews & bundles small patches into a large submission to the mainline kernel source tree E-mail address of this patch system: [email protected] More details on how to submit trivial patches to this system http://www.uwsg.iu.edu/hypermail/linux/kernel/0205.3/1019.html. Linux Technology Center TypesTypes ofof KernelKernel PatchesPatches New subsystem Infrastructural patches Replacing / rewriting existing code Linux Technology Center NewNew SubsystemSubsystem Examples: New filesystem (JFS, CIFS) New subsystem (EVMS, SCTP) New device driver Most changes are in a self-contained file or directory Minimal changes needed to the rest of the kernel (config.in, Configure.help, makefiles) Small changes to kernel code are acceptable, but should be minimized Linux Technology Center SubmittingSubmitting AA NewNew SubsystemSubsystem Since it represents new functionality, Linus is much more forgiving Stylistic guidelines not as important If any infrastructure changes are required: Package them separately Submit at the same time as the new subsystem Create a Bitkeeper tree, and send e-mail to Linus with the Bitkeeper URL Include description/diffs of code changes to the core kernel in the e-mail Linux Technology Center InfrastructureInfrastructure PatchesPatches Example: Read-Copy-Update Patch should include at least one or two uses of the new interfaces Should demonstrate why new interface is needed API should be simple Underlying implementation can be complicated (as needed) Community support is much more important for infrastructure patches Because the community will be using the interface Submit early, submit often Linux Technology Center ReplacingReplacing // RewritingRewriting ExistingExisting CodeCode Acceptance from existing maintainer is critical Must provide noticeable improvements to community Linux Technology Center BugBug Tracking:Tracking: KernelKernel BugBug TrackerTracker Bug tracking system for Linux kernel community http://bugme.osdl.org Currently for 2.5 kernel bug tracking only (will likely extend for 2.6) Introduced by IBM Linux Technology Center (Khoa Huynh, Martin Bligh, Jon Tollefson) Why? Discussions, bugs, patches, announcements, etc., were all communicated via the Linux Kernel Mailing List (LKML) BitMover's Bug Manager is still under development Key characteristics Based on Mozilla.org's Bugzilla bug tracking system Web-based user interface Accessible via many popular network protocols (HTTP, SMTP, etc.) Automatic e-mail change notification MySQL database technology Linux Technology File attachments (testcases, patches, etc.) Center LifeLife ofof AA BugBug inin KernelKernel BugBug TrackerTracker Fix (patch) NOT OK Bug Owner Assigned ASSIGNED NEW Fix (patch) Available RESOLVED Patch Already Available Patch Reviewed & Accepted By Kernel DEFERRED Community Will Fix Later REJECTED VERIFIED Not A Valid Bug Duplicate Unreproducible Documented Bug Reopened Insufficient Data Patch Included In An Official Kernel Release Will Not Fix CLOSED Linux Technology Center SubmittingSubmitting CodeCode toto LinuxLinux DistributorsDistributors Patches should be against current, official codebase of the project Patches should not lead to potential binary incompatible APIs with future official versions of the kernel and libraries Coding style should follow the coding style of the project Quality of patches should be in such a way that the officia maintainers could accept them Tests are always welcome Information on importance and relevance of the
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