Education (41 in ECUADOR

Bulletin1947,No. 2

lamming. Education (41 in ECUADOR

liyCAMERON.D.Eli.i))117GM

--,-Senior Spode Whitn EdneatioaInLatinAmerleaìoCountries AmericasliorabIlesgoad's,DivisionofInternational

t." ; T`t lidneat1ora1Relations 1'2

- I

Aat

s IIPRIMUIAL$RCVRITY£ICT, *MoonS.inner,Administrator 9 of Ce n, NAIRenties John W.Iligndebacor,CoanamiaaSpair .0 4

N. CONTENTS

1111..

Page

FOREWORD_ 11. MID a, we. m ...... rm. es...... CHAPTERI.EVOLUTIONOFEDUCATIONIN

'ECtTADOR__ ro rrn " ...... 1

Introduction_ _ _ _ e a Geography .... 1

__ .=mirgm me Próducts_ r e r . 1 - ele People - m ow, t .1" ..... O. 2 Government Me ...... r 2 Education MD - ...... m. 3 Colonial period_ r ' QM/ 3

Republic_e eC Mir ...... ° 4 Developments between1861and1930__ 4 National tongressof Elementaiyand Nor- mal School Education.__...... _. 5. Education.today _ .. 6 Administration Fr e .... 7

0 Finance.. __ r %. 9 Organization...... to 10 CHAPTER II. ELEMENTARYEDUCATION _ _ 12 Preschooledutiation ..... Noe :II 12 Kindergartens 12 Number of kindergartensandenrollment__ 13 Buildifigs,materials,andmethodsof

teaching 40 ..... or 13 Jardfn de InfanAs"LucindaToledo"in

Quito Mo. Elementary 18 48._ . education__ ea ...... 14 Aim ale° I, rrnMer e. ... 14

Numberof schools MI . IMP ..... mws ..... 15 School year and day 11 ... . m 0,0/ l 15 Enrollments 4j, 41 a 15

Buildings_ N'aGP __ ...... J 15

Methods ofteaching.._ OP The eur 16 curriculum r ...... 16 Materialsandlibraries. "bibelot M. aw 17 la Catélica"School, No.15 .. 17 Municipal schools me. . me .old rila .... 18 Ruralschool& ...... 40 40 ow 4, " ...... 4.... 19

Course of a Mo. study ... .. C. 19 "October 12" School r, ma 19 Complementaryor continuationschools .... 20 Praedialschools _ ...... _...... _..... -. . .._ 21 Experimentalschools ..---.Ò.. 21 . Education in theeasternprovinces 22 School supeArbdon ...... a Parente 4110 116 MP 23 40 410 organisations...... 40 4. ab C. 24 UI

: IV CONTENT'S

f CHAPTER 111.---Coutianed Page

..LiteracyCAMpatgn ..... Mo a. 25 Educational activitieA cif the Minietryof Welfare 4 25 and Labor__ _ 6 CHAPTER III. SECONDARV EDUCATION ...... 28

Aims_ . _ . ______.______.______28 , Mr ... . in. ly Organization._ : . - AD ...... __ iN Administration______...... _____ ... . _ _ 22.4 Internal. inspectors_ _ _ _ ------i-...... _ _ II 29 School.support..._ _ .. __ 30

. Number of schools i enrollments______. _ 30 , 'Schoolplanue ._ a a ...... _ _. _ _ ._,. _ 31 _ . Libraries___- ______..._ _ 31 Laboratories_...... ____ ... . 31

Schoolyearand day______--I. 32

; Entrance requirements...... w a a a. 32

Studentlefti______...... _..._..... _ ..OP ... 32 a Scholarsh.ips 1 - .. . .:... 33

.__..... a WO . IN. a 0 a aw Curriculum . aa 33

Methods of instniction_ ___..... _ _ ... _ _ _ _ 33

4 ExtraclaPtsactivit ies _.. . -_ 34

__ 1-Aaniinations and grading______7 _. _. I.- _ 35_ ,1 Baccalaureateexamination___ . _ _ _ . _ 37 National Colegio "24th of May" 37 ..d Private secondary schools . .._._ _ ...... __ _nu _ _ 38

American School of Quito_ _ _ _ _ .... 39

CHAPTER IV. VOCATIONAL EMI CATION.....r- 42

Technical schools;______.. ._ ...... _ .._ 42 Surnber of technicalschools. ._ _ ..______: 42- Administrationaridorganization. ______. 42 Admission requirements --______43 Fees______. _ _ ...... _ ...... ______43 Aims and curricula______...... ______43

Methods ofinstruction_ _ _ _ _alb VW ______...... 44 Examinations andgrading______45

Buildings andequipment.._ ...... _. _ . .... _.. 45 , State Central Tecimical School._._. ___ . 2 46 Is Business education______a IM,M .011. _ a .0. ,M 48

_ ..... ______...... ______48 Administration_...... ______48

Organization...... ____. . 10. a. mg. goo ii. __..... 149 Plan of studies and diplomas oonferrld*______49

Degreeortitle examinations__ _ _.. _ _:..._ _-0 ... _ _ 50. Evening classes in business education....______51 , Number of business schools and enrollmeilta___ _ .. ,.40 51 'National School a Physical Education__. ....a__ ... 51 Objectives_...... ______...... 52

V. Requirements for adininion.4...... 4WD . 52 ., , Plans aj studies..______..... 53 - Other special ichook_.J...... -- e- ... . . 53 National School of Fine 4ets.... _...... 53 k i Schools of mute__ ...... ___....0t 54 Militaryandltaval{Moak.6.D...6...6.m...... 54 CONTENTS V

A Page CHAPTER V. TEACHERS .. . 55 Numberand classification of Ecuador'steehe rs_ I, OP- a. 55 Qualificationsand salaries _ _ _ . 55 Elementaryschotolteachers.__ _ -- -- 57

__ _ __ ._ Preparetion. - eg, .. 57

Methods._ _ _ _. -.__ _ . . 58

_ _ vb. _ ftp . dá. Diplomas andtitle_ .011, _ 59 Normil school teacheN_ _ _.. - . ._ __. (4) Hurst!normal schools __ 60 Uyunibicrio RuralNormalSthool 60 Thetitle of ruralnormal Nehoo1graduate_ 61 Secondary schoolteachem_ 62 Pr'eparation _ . 63 HigherInstitute EA-111cation and 144t teNof

QuitA) á . . . _ - d dt 63 Admintsaation 63

Professors 0. ow a. , .... O. 64

Admission _ and fees _ AMP - 65

Schoolyearand day OP OM _ _..... _ _ 65

..Plan . . . of studies , . _ .. _.. 65 Examinatlions,grading:andt1tIe _ _ ..__. 6-4, : Enrollmentand graduates_ _ -..... 68

gchool . _ plant MD. _ _s 69 Technicaland professional school teachers._.. 4, OP 69

TeacherimproVement._ _ __ . ... 70 ...k Courses forteacher improvement___.... ______71

ÑationalTeachers' Union' . . . 71

CHAPTERVI.HIGHERIMITATION_ _ _ _ . _ _ _ _ t. 73 Objectives ofhighereducation 74

__ _ Administration'. _ _ ... _ .._ _. ______741

Stiperior ... UniversityCouncil_ ...... ___.. _ 74

wo . The lictor _ __ ...... ,.. _ ..... _ ._ ..... 41. .. _ 75 .. % University ._ _ _ _ MP _ Council_ .. . _ e SP -75

Universiti. , Assembly._ ..._. ., , 75

Faculty Council,Directive Board,and1)ein___ _ . 76

Profelisors -..* _ a .11. _ _ _ I. a.1Mp.N. . ... ow . _ ...... ,.. wo ._ _ OP76

Academic 40 d. yea"and day... Ill tIP 4. ,.. . _4" k77

Library and _ laboratorYfacilities 4. Of. 4. MI MP MD M. 7$ - t ranoe ,requirements _ . _ .. ,.... __l _ _ al. OP MS. TS .

Preparatory _.__ .._ _ _ _ do _ _ .11, dd ... mr ...al, courses_ _ ... .. - P 8

Admission of do CO do 4.de. foreign students_A 41. M '/9j . 4. o Fees ode MI. - 40 OP OM .4. . . Mow IND MI CO 1 e il 1. . -.). - a. .a. or _ /9 , . Schblirships 79

Enrollments .... ow and graduates . . .. il . . . 4...... v., ... _ _.. _ _ _._. 80

Central Universityof Quito_- .... _ ,..w MID ... am IND w 80

O Plans 40 4 404110-4. vo. Ap . 4.. a study,....______41M_ _ a _ _ - ...... 81 -,

Mithods ainstruction we ,...... ______87

Examiriationsand grading_.... 4. 4111 MI...... _ 88

Degreesortitles_. at .4. ao. 4. ea40ill I., a.....ow.1, .4.,,._ _ _ _ ....C. . 88 ttlein Journalism.r ib 4111.411!PODC ab 4 , _...p...... -... 89 Faculties in otheruniversities:___ ....-*0aOWill m, 0.- Or_ 90

Higher edueitkmin Ecuador today.... Pr. e ...... 90 6 insuoisArily...... # 91 %L.

FOREWORD. HE U. S. Officeof Education his undertaken theprep- . TAration of a-series OfgaaicstudiedontOilCitionina number of Centraland South Americancot;triesunder the

.. sponsorship of the Inttrapartmeiltal,CimmitteeonScien- tific ind culturalCooperation. series of studies is :partó fa program to promote erst.anding of educational condi4ions in theAmeriqui/countriesandtoencourage cooperation in the-field.' of 1ntek-Americaneduation. The project.,apart eta Government-wideprogramof cultural cooperation -1Inderthe auspices of the Depapnentof State, was,beplp in thefall of uMs.It involies travel by Office !-IfsfÉducationspecialists in thevarious countries forthe

I purposeof gathering datafirst handontheir, educational systems, and the preparation ofreportsfrom these data for publication. Educationin Ecuador is basedondata gathered bythe author in Ecuador in1944 and supplemented sincethen

through documentation. - To themany personsandorganizationarinEcuador sand the Unitod States who haveaided in bringingthis studyto

completion, the U. S. Office ofEducationexpressesgratitude.I.c - I HAROLD BENJAMIN, Director, Division of InternationalEducational Relations. o WO o CHAPIfigit lip e e- Kvolutipn of Edur;itionIn Etuador

_a° !",m,-.....=.....A1W--.,--,-

I. INTRODUCTION GEOGILAPOIT The Republicof Ecuador is situatedonthe northwestcoastof Sputh Americak between Colombiaand Peru. Includtkiin itsareaofap-s proximately 275,936squaremilesarethe Galapagos islands,600 miles tothewestin the Pacific, with 3,028squareMiles.About 100 miles south of the Colombian border thecountry is crossed by the Equator, o from which it derives itsname. Ecuador istrarersed, from northtotiouth bytwolofty cordilleras =1 of the Andes, joined bynumerous transverse ranges,manyof which extend eastward into the Amazon Basin.A dozen peaks riseto heights ofmorethan 16?000 feetChimborazo,with 21,424 feet and Cotppnxi, with' 19,550, being 'the highest.Several others, notably

CoyambeIndAltisank,areabove 19,000 feet. A; its in Peru, the cordilleras in Ecuador dividethecountryinto three naturalzones.A tropical 'coastal region, drainedand irrigated by nuiterous rivers and smallerstreams, borders the Pacific Ocean. E

.4.th-eAndes lies the fertile but little-knownexpansereferredttylifts tire Orient (el Oriente),drained byaveritable networkof riyeryand 'streams 'tributarytothe mighty Amazon.Between thesetwareas the central plateau formed by the Andes risestoaltitud sranging from 5,000 to 9,000 feet. PRODUCTS With the exception.of the Inter-Andean plateau.ndafew arid spots along the Pacificcoast,Ecuador isavastfo /Ofatotal of 176,599,040acres,only about 12,000,000areunder tivation. In the . hot coastal regiotticacao,coffee, bananas, and areraised. Tagus. nuts, toquilla palm leaves for Panama hats,l, wood, agd wild nib-

ber4rowonthewestern slopes ofthe Indea/der the footline. .`.

Subsistence farming, principally of wh ,corn,barley, beans,and II potatoes,supplemented with thep onof pork and poultry, marble thecentral highbrnds, wh th fourths of the population dwall. The Amazon region,or lent, is potentiklly rich in oil, fine woods, and agriculturalg but its .isolated positionhas. impeded its 'rightful develo Gopper,lead, gold, silver, and

petroleumarethe chief. resour.ces.Thecountry imports 4 '4' lb

j 46

2 17 EDU6ATIONINECUAOOR

fob s. manufactured goods,suchasmachinery, strtictural ironand steel, chemicals,paper, motorvehicles, fire, and drygoods.

PEOPLE 0

Accordirigtoa censusin 1942, Ecuador hasapopulation of3,Q85871, . distributed raciallyasfollows:Whites, 8 perceni;Indians, 27per- cent; mestizos (mixture of white and Indian),54 percent; others,11 , percent. As in other countries withvastexpansesof unexploredter- ritory peopled'by primitive tribes,accurate census:takiqgispriwti- cally impossible.The official language of the Republic IsSpanish; but the Indiansspeak Quechuaor,in the .Amazon mien,atribal tongue of their ownthe Jibaro. Truetothe history of all Spanish colonies,}Oman Catholkismwas introducedat the time of the conquest andcremains the religion ofthe people of Ecuador today. Thenalionalgovernment, however,recog- nizesnopecific religion and freedomof worship is grantedto 'all. State appropriationsfor the Churchwerediscontinued in1895:All births, marriages, and deatilismust be registered with the civil authorities. 4I GOVERNMENT i. .The Republic ofEcuador comprises 17 provinces, each administered byaGovernor appointed bythe Ptesident, and the Galapagos Archipelago, which is administeredbyaTerritorial Chief underthe Ministry of National, Defense. Theprovincesaredivided into 70 cantons, governed by political chiefsor mayorsand elected cantonal councilors.The cantonsarefurther divided into533 urban and rural parishes, each underapolitical lieutenantorsubordinate officer appointed by themayorfor minor administrative duties. Under thenewPolitical Constitution of the Republicof Ecuador, passed by the National ConstitutionalAssembly of 1944-45 andpro- mulgated March 6, 1945, legislativepoweris vested inaunicameral

I. Natibmil Congress comprising: (1) Deputies elected ,by direct andsecretpopularvoteonthe basis of population:3toreach province with 150,000 inhabitantsorless; 1 foreai ,00Oin provinceswithmorethan 150,000 inhabitants;2 for ea4i province of the Orient with lessthan 150,000 inhabitants; and 1ortheGaltipagosArchipelago; (2)unctional Deputies rePresentative of and electedby special grou University professors,2; university stkidents, 2; publicsec- . eondary, normal schools, and special education,1; private secondary 41, education, 1; public elementary education,1; private elementary edu- 411 cation, 1; thepress,cAiltural institutions, and scientific societies,I.; industriaists,2; agriiulturists, 3;nitIrliants,2workers,' 4; rural laborers, 2; prganizations of Iiidians,4;an* the armed fores,1.

. ! %. , ' . 1 ;,.. .1. , .11( -". ;. , i,;"*.t";;A> :.4- 'OrociC.1 A.71 ;!' ;ye' v, , 11- 6 :4. -.. 4a.f.:itidItiVeiV uw... ?.;s* ' 6.

EVOLUtIONOF EDUCATIONIN ECUADOR 3 ExecutieAuthority- iexercised by thePresidentof the Republic, whois4electedby direct findsecret vgte fora4-yearterm. He is ineligible forreelection within4years of vacatingorterminating to office.The presidentis assistedbyacabinet ofMinisters of State a-appointed by him.Judicialpoweris i.e4ed inthe SupremeCourt of Justice, theSuperior Courts,and othertribunals and lower court's established by law.Ministersof the Supremeand theSuperior Courtsareeligibleto immediate reappointment.

EDUCATION

COLNIAL PERIOD s, Early colonialeducation in Ecuador,following,thepattern of Spanish policy throughoutthe New World,aimedat the conversion ,and domination of theconqueredrace as anaid in thequest for gold and the_ exploitationof the l!ind.Schoolsofa sortfunctioned spo- !. radically in themorepopqlated regionsand in privatehomes where aservantorthe father himselfwasthe teacher.I largeland graiits it,wasobligatoryto erectachapelorchurch 'andto provideacleric 4 orotherperson togive instructionin numbers,language, andelementary:titsand trades;but it ishardlyproper toreferto these activitiesasiristitutionalschools, forthey lackededucational organization andorientation.' In 1575 Augustinianmonks arrivedand, 2yearslatersomeSisters of the Immaculatedonception.Thesewere soonfollowed byFran- ciscans, Dominicans,Mercedarians, andmembers ofother orders. Activities of theseorganizationsincluded theestablishment of schools of elementaryOstruction in Spanish,music, manualactivities, the native tonigue, and,above 0,11, Christiandoctrine.

In the latteryearsof the .eighteenthcentury, public schoolscon- ducted by laymenappeared, bútChurch instructionhad becomeso well intrenchedthat the idea bfgeneral publiceducationwas'ex-

tremely slow ipmakirfg itselffeltamongthemasses. :However, the earlyEcuadórianpatriots, especiallythose who hadhad the adwan- tagesof eduiiationatstudy in Europe,desiredto increase edwational opportunitiesfor the *people.Through theirinfluence schools began to hold the attention of the governingand culturedclasses during the finalyears.of the Spanish period',and coosiderablethoughtwasgive3/41 to the preparation of teachers.

. The colonial teacherin Ecuador,generallyamember ofareligipus

order, enjoyed ailthe privileges and . . prerogatives of theChurch. Tilekings of Spainwerehis friends and itwasconsiderednecessary . simmirorroorm :. . !Jaen I JerandlloO. Lo Sdaeneillo Primariaon el Ecuador.Ambato, Imprentade Milicael6a Prinarla;1940.p.23. 7413547-47----7-2 ,

I. 4 `.) 4 . EDUCATION IN ECUADOR s. tliat hebe regardedas a greatpolitician andsavant. When other dutiesoccupied hisattention, his schoolworkwastaken-overbya ,1subordinate,theprototype of the lay schoo.1 teacher. e. REPUBLIC When Bolivarcompleted his workof liberation in1822, he began theestablishment ofschools, libraries,and other educationalinsititu- tions.In Ecuadorabout20schooliWere opened! Theearlyyears of theRepublic,however,weretoo chaoticto permit much attention toeducation:In 1835;Don Vicente Rocafuerte,Oneof Ecuador's governors,spoke of educationin these words: ; -Public educationisone of the essential duties of government, torwhen , a people knows its rightsthere isnootherway to govern it than by cultivat- ing its intelligenceand instructingIt in the fulfillmeht;of its obligations. The educationof themasses strengthens their liberty and destroystheir enslavement.Every representative government7ihatowesits existenceto elections should establishabroad national aystismof academic andindus- trial education whichwill throw its light over'the darkness,stamp out arbitrary limitations,and allot to eachclass its rank and to eachman his place.' In spite ofthe interestafid efforts ofafew greatmen,educational progress was practically impossible because ofthe general disorder nthecountry, the emptiness of thenationaltreasury, the absence of auniversal desireto establish and maintain schools,and the scarcity of trainedteachers.Schools ofthe various religiousorganizations, afew maintainedby municipalities,andafew others underprivate direction,continuedto provido education for thatpart of themasses whichwasinterested in self-betterment.Educationas a meansof riationalenlightenmentandprogress was not yet recognized. The teachers, otherthan those ofthe Church sclools,werewith fewexceptions recruited fromthe lower social,economic, andcultural spheres and almostentirely lacking in professionalpreparation.School sub- jectswereinadvisably distributed: thesame ones,with highlysimilar content,weregiven in elementaryand secondary schools,andevenin the universities;sothat itwasnot possible to distinguish definitely one typeof institution fromthe others.In regardto equipment, evenblackboardswereunknown.Instead,agave or magueyleaves, orsand-sprinkled boards,wereemployed, thepupils using sticksor their index fingers forthe formation of lettersand numbers-m.4praò tice stillto beseenin theremote schoolsathe Amami -region. Developments between 1881 an4 /930e--Witlithe opening ofthe administration of Garcia Moreno in1861,asemblance oforder began toemerge,and during the fbilowing15yearselementary.education took fairly definite form Theteachers, religious andlay,wentgiven . . sIbid.,p. 82. Primiciaedel Coasultorle Neuritic° t- delOrtayai.1Gwaquil, Imprenta7.Wien, 114 . Municipals.,1940.pr & , A * el IN ; it? ! 4'cy ;'! 4 I ft7À;..1*..(t...! /144 V- 71

EVOLUTION OF EDUCATIONIN ECUADOR.

he choice ofimprovingorresigning; of beingmodels of kindness, orhonesty,indgoodness,orseeking refugeoutside the schools. Fuither, Garcia Morenabrought the ChristianBrothers andthe Sisters of the Sacred Heart intothecountry to organize and directEcuadorian edu- catkin.baringthe periodfrom 1861to 1876 theniimberof schools increased from206 to 582, whilethe education Vudgetrosefroin15,000 or18,000pesos to 114,000.Elementary schoolingbecame free and compulsory, scholarshipawardswereregulated, and freebookswere provided for childrelifrom financiallyneedy homes.Secondary, tech- nicalorvocational, midnormal schoolswerefounded andnumerous .- texts and reference worksprepared.' Trueto the period inwhich they weie issued, thesebooksweredeductive inmethod andcate- chetical in form. Garda Moreno'sadministrationwasfollowed byaperiod of little interest ineducation.However, churchschools continued.During the latterpart of the Nineteenthcentury lay teachers frequentlywent for monthsandeven yearswithout theirmeagersalariei,until the sayingarosethat "The schooltøachers therepresentative ofthena- tional hunger."5 Unrest, aspirations,and determination,nevertheless,werein-the air. Newmenappearedontheseem),and in the earlyyearsof the twentieth r, century tegchers fromFrance, Germany,and theUnited Stateswere askedto help in the establishmentof normalschools. Theyadvocated, besides educationaladvances in methodologyand _organization,tilt Ecuadorian qucationbe madefree, compulsory,andnonsectaran. In 1918a groupof six German°professors arrivedwho introduce Herixtrtiansystem, with its fiwformalsteps. AnotherGerman mis- 'sitm in 1922 broughtNeo-Herbartianideas andpractices thatgave the schoolsan"activity"orientationwhich has sincebeen combined with thE;DeCrolyan emphasison centersof interest. National Congressof Elementaryand NormalSchool Educe' don.--In May1930, the NationalCongressof Elementaryand Normal School Educationconvened in Qtiito.Educationofficials,elementary and normal schoolteachers, andmanyother interestedindividualsand groupsparticipated inthe discussions.Subcommitteesgaveconsid- erationto (1) reform of theSchool lAw,(2) esfablishmentof the Activity School,(8) ruraleducation,(4) curriculumand schoolpro- grams,and (5) teacherimprovement. Thefindings andrecommenda- tions of this Congress;published bythe NationalMinistryof Edu- cation, constitute thebasic philosophyof the organization;and of much of thecontent of the country'seducationalactivitytoclay. _ weee . 4 Sarsmillo. Op. dt..p. $I, e e Minion*\Op, efts,p. BO. 6 I Ifinisterio 4Ildueseidn Pilblica. &agrees"clonal de IlidneaddaPr1zear1a.7 Normal. ; Qidte, Impreate"Xiklealls,"¿NO. .t , , . I . ,. e ' , ". e , . . . st' : .--,1 , -0 ! - s t. ..; . ;11 1; i 1° . . :4 ' 403 itj 74?: ; 4ft-41 ..#4- ,,AY.7,¡:::t.,; 47 z::-zo. - . 4 - EDUCATION INECUADOR

Among therecommendationswas one (idling for the divisionof the6-yeartilmentary schoolinto 2-yeai:gradegroups,with specific suggestionsas tothe predominanttendencies otchildren ineachage group,thetype of activitiesto be engagedin, indthe minimum learningto be required.Curricqlarcontent appropriateforeach grade,graduatedaccordingto theageof thepupils, thedifficultyof the materials,and theneeds of theparticularcommunity,was out- lined indetail, andwithinthe year.beganto bemore orlesssystem- atically , adoptedalong with"activity"methode ofteachinginprac- tice schoolsconnectedwith normalschools aridinafew of theelel

mentary schools ofQuito. V Educationtoday.Ecuador'srealeducationalmovement, however, (lid notgt underwayuntil 1938,whena newschoollaw placed'all publicand privateeducation underState control.The fruitsof.the 'endeavorsof German,French,and NorthAmericaneducators,and qf theNational- ,40,lossof ElementaryandNormalSchoolEduca- tion, - are now being ripened.New findhygienicschoolbuildingsare beingconstructed.Modernteachingmethodsarebeing triedout and new curriculadeveloped.Teachersarebeingtrainedformoreeffec- five work.Schoollunchesareservedand 'medicaldiagnosisand treatment madeavailable.Effortis madeto call intoplay allthe abilities ofthe pupilswithfrequent.exhibitionsofgymnastics,ath- letics, slot, and- handcrafts.Thenecessityfor providingadequate equipment isrecognized,and textbooksarebeing-prepared anddis- ttibuted, chieflyat the elementarylevel.More andmore instructiodal materialsarebeing madeavailable,and educationat all levelsis being mademoreprtIctical.Throughout'antcountry thegreat desirefor learning isreadily apParent.In thechaptersthat follow,thesevari- ousdevelòpmentsin Ecuadorianeducation aretreatedin detail. . Arcordingto the Constitutionof 1945,educationhiEcuadorisa function-oftile State.Privateeducation,adjustedto the laws,regulations, andprogramsof thépubliceducationalsystem, isprotected. The aimof educationisto make the studentausefulsocial element throughinstructionbasedon adèmocratic spiritofEcuadorianunity and humansolidarity.Unity and actequatearticulationmust obtain throughoutall tbegrades ofpubliceducation,and themethodsmust be based on.theactivity ofthe students. Publiceducation isfree ind nonsecularat all levels,but socialservices,suchaslunches forpoor students, medicalattention,and thelike,areto be furnishedwithout discriminationto all students whomayneedthem.Elementary idu- cation iscoempulsoryand thepublicelementiryschools nu&provide all necessary materials withoutcharge.TheStateisto givo special . attentionto the developinentof tichnkaleducationinaccordancewith agriculturaland industrialneeds,And *theeliminationof ; .

s. q. , . 1 , .4,1% t " 1.. ' 1 f4 eV orb P'e1 alllliaktirtark.e.,... EVOLUTIONOF EDUCATIONINECUADOR

Sc lxiols in zohesofpredominantlyIndianpopulation teachQuechua' orthe respectiveaboriginallanguagein 'additiontoSpanist. Freedom ofteachingisiguaranteed.The educationlawmustassure 'the stabilityof educational'workersat all levels by regulatingap- pointment,promotion,transfer,separationfrom service,andrem- 'neration. Bothprofessorsand studentsaregranted freedoinofor- ganization.Theamount andmannerof studentparticipationin matters concerning tipdirectionand administrationof educational institutions isto be determined bylaw. Theuniversities'are declared .autonomous andaredirectedto attend especiallyto the study andthe solution ofnational problemsand thediffusionof cultureamongthe popular classes.'t)guarantathisautonomy, theState istosecure the creationofanendowmentfor thtuniversities.Further, theannual national budgetisto includeanappropriationfor scholarshipsfor needy students. 41/ Thenewcurricula andinstructionalprocedures(p. 6),however, (lavenotasyet beenput into generalpractice.Theyareemployed. almost exclusivelyby the normal;schoalgraduatesofrecentyears, 4 'principallyin the urbanschools, and,eventhere,in the faceofanal- most overwhelminglack of thematerialsrequiredfor theneweduca- tion. Dewey,Thorndike,Froebel, Möntessori,activity school,Dalton and Winnetkaplans, laboratoryand projectmethodsare more and more onthetongues of thenewEcuadoriapleachers,but inmostcases rZ their importis littleunderstood,and existingmaterial,cönditionsgive littlepromise ofimmediateimprovement.However,many individual teachersaredoing remarkiblework inspite ofmaterial handicaps; and the numberis beingincreisedthroughthe idditionofteacher training inthe specializationcycle of theacademicsecondaryschools (p. 28).Thepassageofanational lawin 1944,establishingafixed salaryscale tirteachers,has alreadyprovedastimulusto professional betterment ofit-seryice persimnelandanincentivetoanincreasing number ofyoungpeople forentering thefield ofteaching. ot. Administration.Theadministrationof Ecuadorianeducation is centralizedin theMinistry ofPublic Educationin Quito.Except for afew specialschools conductedby9therlMinistries,quckits thoseof National Defenseand of Sochi! Weffareand Labor,the Ministryof Public Educationexercises adniinistrativeand 'supervisorycontrol . overalltypes of national, municipal,orprivateschools andrelated educationalactivities inthe Republic,at all levels ofinstruction. lifpneysallocated. *nnuallyto educ*tion in the Rational'budgetare reallocatAd and disbursedby the EducationMinistry. , At the heird-ofthe Ministry isthe Ministerof Public Education, appointed by 'thePresident of the Republic.The Ministeris assisted °I administrativelybyanUnder Secretaryand byaChief ofthe Tech-

IdealPePiremeat- (4,61.41Departamento Técnico) 0"4 . $bah .ofwhom 'IN , ,. .te . .. . " .. r-4 I . ?:-1 '? 1. 1. - - r' A . , .; .; T h*".':."4 - " aI .x - . - .,4,1tit744414... gr:: ;I:,ì4j4 ItelV 4 8 EDUCATION INECUADOR

maintaindirectcontact with theseveralgeneral administ.ativeand technical40-tionsof the Ministry.Theadministrativesectionstare: Correspondenceand records,general an&legalmatters, schoolao- counts, school buildinp,schoolsupplies, statisticsand salaries,the

MINISTER

TECHNICALCOMMITTEE

NATIONALCOUNCIL ONEDUCATION

a UNDER SECRETARY

TECHNICALCHIEF NEI

ADMINISTRATIVEDEPARTMENT TECHNICALDEPARTMENT Sections: Sections: Correspondence sadrecords Culturalextension andpublications General andlegal matteri Physical educatioe Accounting hescboolsad elesustuyeducation Buildings Secondarysad higher education Supplies Technical andspecial education Statittics andsalaries Provincialadministrationand EhOol supervision Ministry library t, Ministrypress

Note: Boththe UnderSecretary and**TechnicalClikif dealdirectly with Individualsection heads. the Chart1.---rsimainotioaet diMlitifter1Publisildisatiose Ilisuadhrp141L

7 Ifinistry a larary, andepress.Thetechnicalsoak=deil,rapes- ... f i 0 . tively, withcultural i i4 ' Ll_.. .. , °if* publr-ittle . ; physical : , oduAtion,

.., . .. preschool. and 4:;2 4 elenisitary ..... ti i , ._,, 7 # , -t .0,'. : : 1 1 ' 7.-_ ._,..,_,9,4i.,,,...r.,_ . ,tF-r-,S_/ : ..?. ?,:, vi-., ....er....__,.-: , . . .. - .. .. '- . a .. N ...... 14-' 4 r e . '1. ; 1..t.lr(.1. school..inivoctiontsecondary sag.,.4EX-Fa .-..,-1 c f3 , .: ; ,,,_-, . . c : . , . . .. *- LN,,, A . 1. o..i..,.... .:: ..,..,, ;'1...... , . . , I-. 4 - J -..',=, =4: 1.1)Vi ..,r . 4...?,..4Cf-,,,, A:4:,,::111 r 141:1 -h.i ? . 4' r, . ; all a 4* ? ,. 4e. I .4'...1'%$.. -. ... '1 i tr;II.'74 VI A4f3.1 4r4 r- , *Nr e 4.. . '1111144%4'.1 . dC71. ... fort 14,1.111S.t.u..'Li _k....4E11114 --icail.-4 CI y o

EVOLUTIONOF EDUCMTIONINECUADOR special -education.The followingchart showsthestructure of the Ecuadorian Ministryof PublicEducation& . Priorto August 1944 theMinisterwasassistedalso byaCouncil of Education, of whichhewaschairman.f.The othermemberswerethe Undet Secretary,the Chief ofthe TechnicalDepartment,anda pro- honor each of higher,secondary,technical,normal,andelementary education. OnAugust 9,1944, however, thisCouncilwasreplaced through presidentialdecree by 'aTechnicalCommitteeandaNa- tional CouncilonEducation. , The TechnicalCommittee,composedof 5 educationalexperts inale capital appointed bythe Ministerof Education,meets at leastonFe a weekto consider technicalorprofessionaleducationproblems,educational reform,and questionsconcerningschoollegislation.The Na- tional CouncilonEducation,composed of the5 membersof the Tech- nical Committeeand 6 teachersfrom outsidethecapital city,elected by the RegionalExecutiveCommittees ofthe NationalTeachersUnion, meetsevery8 monthsto advise the Ministeron matters pertainingto teachers,schools, andgeneral schoolpolicy referredto it by the Tech- nical Committee.Both' of thesebodiesareempoweredto enlist the services ofteachers andMinistry officials foithe solutionof theirprob- !ems.Membersreceive remunerationfor eachmeetingofmorethan 2 hours' duration,and thosewho reside outsidethecapitalareallowed travelexpenseandperdiem.° Of specialinterest is the Section'of CulturalExtensionin the'Min- istry of PublicEducation.This sectionarrangesfor thediffusion of generalcultureamongthffpopulationbymeansof activitiesoutside the regular plansandprogramsof the nation'sschools.In1944, for example, it organizedacampaign fornewschoolbuildings.Through voluntary contributi stimulatedby colorfulpublicprocessionsof school childrenbew 'Winners, itcollected hundredsof thousands of svelte'Asaresult, fineconcrete school buildingsarebeingcon- striktedin allparts of theoountry. The CulturalExtensionSection also edits and publishesanthologies,textbQoks,the monthlyreview of the Ministry,the biweeklymuralnewspaperforschool childrenand workers, andother publications.Itserves asacenter of exchangeof educathlludmaterials withEducationMinistries of Wiercountries and distriintesbooks and magoisfnesamongthe librariesof Ecuador. Itarranges concerts, exhibitions,recitals, andtheatricalsof cultural vilueto the community.Theperformances ofoutstandingartists,wh9 . areundercon inwellpatronized. .

rinanceit-Stat.1. interest in themild of publiceducation inrecent years maybesemiron the educationalappropriations.ThusbuoIr lam Ongiaiessde =meldsPrimula,Ilettadulay Bawler dais°Iona' Ad mama. lovolibilsteriedeadwasna.Qdte. TsNp OrØIeos Is _ Nun**. MCMOM° Us .! ipseselms. PedsgiNgloos.P011eadat de ww de Problems , GrieePodalaikal.6 N. -'Quit, Novseptia310146P. 1144181; ¡ fig atIC; . X Zit*,t Lc: , Ar.--lsgtof -- , ?" *' , , ti . . a J ,N, 1.6,4* *pl..

:r"/.1-k e arl 3-W !:PPAtXl :4;1 'r4i14..tifat44141411.41"VKeff;aiL!a4'.Z1eVe;t4/417SZA 10 EDUCATION INECUADOR

arya:s-signmentsfor educationrosefrom 20,271,260sucresin1941-42 to 23;803,634.92sucresin 1943-44,the latterfigurecorstituting niore than14 percent of thetotalnationalbudget of168,284,035.78sucres. For1944-45, the educationallotmentrose to 44,000,000sucres, or 17.6 percent of the total nationalbudget of250,000,000. Anindication of the majoremphasis thatis beingplacedonthe provisionof elementary and adolescenteducationmaybe o seenfrom the following break-downof theeducationexpenditures:" 4I flumes slimes Office of the Minister_...:. 655, 848.59Second&ry Murat ion _ 3, 951, 560.16 Preschool education____ ?Gs, 96a.80Highereducation 2,778. 579. PS Eleinentaryeducation.__10, 978, 240.37Scholarship. 472, ow.90 Normal, rural,andvoca- . no Subsidies ...... MIM GPO MD 3/10.MID 39, 439.92 tional achools 286, 544. 51 Prises andawards__0333 el 28, 210.00 Technic:id4nd business Fixedexpenses of the schools 540, 637. 35 Ministry .1=1. N 1. MI. 810, 777.32 Special schools___ am on 347, 107.46Variableexpenses_____ 2, 337, M.36 Other establishments... 178, 544.20 Approximately70percent of the totalspent for educationin1943-44 went directly intoelementaryand secondaryschools, inadditionto ;cholarships,prizes andawards,salaries oftheMinistrjpersonnel, and otherincidental itemsin whichtheselower levelschoolsparti- cipated.Elementaryschoolenrollmentshaveincreasedfrom236,1M) in 3,100" schools in1940,to 275,633 in3,165 12 schoolsin 1944.An activeeampaign fornewschoolbuildings isbeing wagedthroughout thecountry.Educational 11 facilitiesarebeingextendedtoadultsin practicallyeveryprovince.Teacher?salaries havebeen raisAtd,appre- ciably.More freeschoollunchesarebeingprovidedfor theneedy. Textbooksarebeing preparedand distributed,chiefly itthe elementary level.More andmoreinstructionalmaterialsarebeingmade available, educptionatall levelsis becomingmorepractical,and serious effortsarebeing madeto augment schoolattendance. , Organization.---Ecuador'sschoolsystem comprisesnurseryschools, kindergarteris,rural andurbanelementaryschools,.continuation, secondary,technical(vocational),special (art,music,commercialand physicaleducation), ruraland urbannormal schools,anduniversities. Therearealit° nightschòols for adults andpraedialschoolsonlarge, farms andindustrialproperties.Theorganizationof educationin. Ecuador andthe relationshipamongthe variousinstitutionsareshown . in thefollowingchart. .

4111111111111111111111.11MIIMEN10111141MIP

The 144valuation of the-liknadorlas more was approximately7 cents, V.B, " * Inform'gm l ControladorGeneral dela Na06n prosiest*al fir. Presided. ReplIblkay a la Honorable Mombasa de la Constituyente.Onfto,Taller**Orifices delMiels terio de Meows*Julio de 1941a Junto de 1944.p 1. ailaramilio.Op. eit.,p.Se,' , RePort prePared for the i, " authoriv°tbe »sadeiViseIlltementatySchoolDivisioNMin- lefty ofPublk Rdwatift,Quito, POSSIEBr1.414.

- ..., . .A . t . ...,, . 4..i.P:,.!..,,,,. .- . - ., ...... 1 di" v 5., :0,,ii,*....ir",.....I. . . * , . . * .. ..k t t.. i *.; ''''t...1k-- 66 .0 -4 ;f- 4- -:i .. ., 7 le 4.. , '-' 3f 4t 1 .. 4 ; ItS 1'4, - 4i 17. :.? :,`4'3_414 %It. . 4.. iit* '441.. 4, s: .. 3' .". ' .4't .4-, ¡ - '' 1- ,f., .. "? ..,;.4 4 6,, 4 4 ...Ty" , :',...` k3. S.;** - c-,- '.. 41 to 'Y.. :'..k. , Z. , ;'-; 1.. Vr.1.'ost...... 1' ' 4,!.:: .?'X..4.-"t ;', ,1 0 ft, 's..;.U'i''k '.1 ,f: ,,,,::'...--fs., :,!.X..- I.. .21 l tt-'*: ,:te -*4.g!1t -4.i!'i , 0,_ o ---;:rrslic .41bt tI):;.1 i , s':'''' -it-.A..1 ' .''''' 'fit- ,:.".-if 14 v i lat..; k. ' ii'-':1'lit-".`. ''';.., . -5;4 -r,..k.:6:',4 4f . 5- uc_Agdts flo,,,.;:, a,: ...:-. ...,-. ":". '. . I k ,1 ..-;./...-. . , Seams . , -',.,. : Y1 gskili 11.141" . INSTITUTIONS . i. ir: -." 04 ED IN Om 1 1 Vr BP.. 91 -, U MIIn . , . . . - SSIf roisIne--0.-- Lew midss Id --Aloshisevisco-- a chessistri sod Usibeaskisal, . , n ...... Seisms Maw art ' 1st 11111i 4 _ phi=anes - - Oftsides4 ChM IOW (11Paed0) ge0110111118 . Vans* . Crawly) "in" trigatefl I 111 14. 19a aii= . Ildosel) , .111 0,...... IIS IS UNIVIMIITV - _. SC110010IIIMICAL Off U N Olds -- IDIPCATION , asn . 4NID awe mow MIN 411.11 Mar4011, 111 al CPIs 110 ~MD CX, MIND , FINN sad. AIMS ascommainv Bosom NOINNAL SCUM .., . U ISILITART 1 *al 10 ...... -4,- IS . AM a is 1" --...... -.. SCNOOLSMae 0 s 14 NAVAL SCOWL _ OOHHWt1AL ISCIDOCAL $CISOOL - 4,...... 1 IS -4 . I o , 11 ,...... 11 t 11IS J 1 I 13 NONSIALSC;11001,MORAL ....._--0-can1sru. SODOM ATOM -' 1 4 I V . 110 - - 3 a 90 4 SCNOOL . 1 l ILSIIIIIITART . 1 41 4e . NIP EINDSIGASTSN _ Chart HesOrgaimizaties of tko 'wheals of Benador, 119415. pm& S. - 21. . " I. 111111111111111111, _ CH AFTERII ElementitiryEducation

LEMENTARYEDUCATION in Ecuadorembracespreschool A2orkindergarten instructionfor children 8,4, and5yearsofage, .. elementary schools forchildren between6 and 12years,andcorn- NemeRtaryorcontinuation schoolsfor those who dmirea1-or2- yearextension of theireducational growthafter finishing theelementary school. Thegeneral aim,asexpressed in the EducationalLaw,' is the preparationof capable individualsfor the pemonal andaocial struggle for weihbeingand the incorporation into thenational culture of all thegroupswhich still existatalower educational level.

PRESCI10014 EIDUCAIION KINDERGARTENS(JALIMIKNES DEINFANTES) Kindergartensateconcerned with the preschooleducation of children 8, 4, and5yearsofageand work for such 'all-arounddevelopment#the pupilsaswillpreparethem for themost effective study in the elementaryschoolproper.The child's physicaldevelopment as awhole is aidedgradually and harmoniously throughgan;es,

imitative gymnastics, marching,walloi, excursions, andpractice in _ hygienic habits.Sensory developmentis directed throughthe well- known principles advancedby Froebel; Neroly,and Montessori,so that the child enjoys almostunlimited freedomof spontaneous activity. Music,poetry, coloring, decoration,memory gems,the children'sown dramatizations, and othermeans areemployed for the cultivation of atistic appreciation andgoodtaste.Nature study is introduced through direct okservation,thecareof flower gardens andpet pimals, and similar activities. Forthe well-intAgrated and systematicevolu- tion of the mental andEtte- potentialities of thechild, appropriate exercisesareintroducedto bring out his dominant abilities and give them play, andat thesametime to discourage those characteristics whichare or appearlikelyto becomedetrimentaltoproperhabits. Medical and dentalcare aregiven when needed,to the end that the childrenmali,be better ableto take advantage of the varied offerings atthiiearlystage of instruction. Clams 80 minutes in duration, withM.tO20-minuterest periods

between them,areare held from 80 to 1,1a. m.azid from 12:80to 4 a p. ui.'daily, except Wwinesch99 andSaturday, when theafternoons .- 3 Leyte Orgiakas I de Bduseida_ Primaries Socurniaria7IhiP4wW ski la Repalbik. Ale ideviadm NInIatto de IliduseUla Mike,Quite& polio* Galas deildwacidai 111UL a- 12

. .7 . 1, 1,* .4 Jr r . s 4 (- I ik.Y1 .1 ; t .1 4 :1/411'4-N :*#. - .- 1...4?;+.-1 t,t,.;124...Lr.ft -; 4..4.. 3. 41.tt _ I tt4 -1) ti-r.t ?''' A't '4

ILE MENTARYEDUCATION 13 are frees jngeneral,the morningis givenover to instructionwhich 'comprisesgamesjnvolving -thefundamentalsof 'arithmetic,.drawing, coloring, stories; cohstriictionwith blocks,paper cutting,songs,and the him.Theafternoonsaredevotedto socialgames,music and (lancing,walks,visitstope.r.Endmuseums, and otheractive pursuits. Fruit isserved intire middleof themorningandluncb inthe iniddle uf theafternoon. ve Thisscheduleis unit,however,too rigidly aiihered to:the schoolauthoritiesarefairlyfreetovarythe prograW. Numberofkindergartensqndenrollment.In1042 Ecuadorhad 41 kindergartens,taughtby145 teachersandenrolling4,413 rhildren. By 1944°,thenumber ofschoolshadincmsedto 54, withanestimated enrollmentofmorethan5,000 pupils,whichis butasmall fraction of kindergarten-agechildren.Officialregulationsprovidefor the division of thechildren intoclassesaccordingto chronologicalage. Within theclassestheremaybesectionsofnotmorethan30 pupils, witheachsection inchargeofaspecializedteacher. Buildings,materials, itnd"(Oho& ofteaching.Kindergarten buildingsarerequired bylawto havealargeprtio andgarden, in addition to thecustomary clasaroomiifor thevariousinstructionallie- tivities, andto be locatedawayfrom vehiculartraffic.Ordinarily,the teachingmateriall;employedinEcuadoriankindergartens hivebeen preparedorat leastacquiredby theteacherstheanselves,-althoughthe Ministryof PublicEducationdoes helptosomeliinitedextent. Paper, wooden blocks,sticks ofvarious lengthsandcolorsepencils,crayons, voloring books,cut-out materials,scissors, andthe likeare common Paraphernalia,and thechildrenkeep Imisyat tasksoractivitiespretty much oftheir Cornchoosing.Froebel's "songs,gifts andoccupations": / Montessori'sbutterflyfreedom ofactivityandempiruisotisensory perception,reminiscentof the Casadei Bambini;DeCroly'semphasis on observation, ori4a center of interest, andon "globalization"orinte- gral educationareallevident.notonlyin thekindergartens,but also in thevarious gradesof theelementaryschool.4fodificationsand iInpIvriI ants of thesesystemareale° pyidente---espeeally inregard to the variety ofmaterials andtheiruses. lardin deInfancia'iLdelmiaToledo" inQuito.---Centrallylocated in the capitalotEcuador,on aquietstreetnearthe NationalMuseum, is the LucindaToledoKindergarten.This schoolenrolled176 children in1944, the majoritybeing girls.Thddailyattindanceaveraged be- twien180 and 140childrenwithan age1;tingeof from8 to 51/2year& One firsteyeargroup,andtwogroupseach *ofsecquji andtairoar pupilsaretaught bythe principaland 4"Wallytrainedtowhees. Fourassistants andasupervisor(inspector)havecharge oftheprep- srition ofthe materials,odor, andgeneralhygieneof thechildren. The schooloccupiesafargetwoftstory building,withspaciousarcades arOund do fluidspatioaubothIkace--thetypicalarchitecturallay. . I , ...114Z4 ot, ., I v-rV 1, 144 .1,1,1tV.A. r :/ 4!' . ". ' ,,r1' tiskril Nee +.A !...01i 4 44 4- ticr, 14 EDUCATION IN ECUADOR

out in Lat in American schools.A profusearratof multicoloredplants and flowerslines the patio andnumerousflower boxes brightt;ntilt; u0stairs,both inside andotitside of tilfclassrooms. Thewhole establishment seems-alivewith little childrengoing abtnit theirniany and different tasks amidthe hum of happyvoices. The principalgavefull assuraiteediatthe LucindaToledo Kinder- gartenis representativeof the cninitry'seffortsatthis level ofinstruction, withOnenotable addition.Each Eruadòrianki0ergarten hasa musicteacher: but thejducinda ToledoSchoolenj(;ysthe servicesofti first-class musicianwhoconiesregularlyin the afternoonto" provide the)music for themany songsand dancesin which the childrenengage. Thismusician write* hisown ,4ortN4andfi4quentlyencourages tbe childrento suggest aimtunes,rhythms, and wordsfor hjseompoei- tions. Amaster of piano and accordion,he conducts himelfasthough . thit!lion with the childrenwerethe highspotof his day's j. routine.

ILLSNIENTAIIV?111111'CATIINI AIM Elen4ntary eaucationin Ecuador hasthe defineaim of forming citizens capable of raisingthe national,standarti ofliving in aHits aspects. The work of the schoolis dited towardthe developmentof attitudes, knowledge,and habits that will beconduciveto greaterna- tional solidarity. *wildcooper.ation. and the mutualresp4msibility of the school and thehonw. Such educationis regardedas anecessity

not only for thepupils' in the schools,but also forthe i)eople ingen- 1 eral. Emphasisis placedpnintellectual,moral, andphysical development-, but. there isagrowing tendencytoward the . introduction ofvo- cational instructimat the elementary level."The school isalso di- recting its atOntiontothe inculcationof feelings ofinternationalco- operation, basicallypredicatOonprinciplesof Pan-Americanism. Peace through education,social harmony.elimination ofsocialcastes, democracythesearethe essentialcharacteristicsof Ecuador'sschool movement. Far from neglected,however,arethe problemsofper- sonal and social hygiene,national econoniy,alcohol*,and fanati- cism in general."' Article 36 of theEducation Lawdeclares attendanceto becom- pulsory for Ill childrenbetween theagesof6 and 14yearsthrou6the sixth grade in urbanschools and throughthe fourth gradein rural schools.'Public education*is furtherdeclaredto be gratuitous and nonsectarian. Fornterly,element!try educationwascoeducational,but a recentregulation prohibitedcoeducation after.the fourthgrade.

I Specialreport prepand forPaiswhoaby the Director ofItiementary Education.MU- levy of PublicMacadam.Quito, December1944. *Leyte Organic's. Op. eft,p. 14. .

glwa ELEMENTARY *EDUCATION 15

N117%.30111ESOF StillOOILAo In 194-4 Ecuador = hadatotal of 3*.i65elementary schools.including the M kindergarteps.Of theseschools.24:00 . werefiscalorState,sup- ported; 365,inun4icipal;and 310,private...Approximatelythree-quar- starsof thetw elementiryschoolswererural,nine-tenthswereday -4.1ool84Two-fifthsof themwerecomplete6jsear schools.Three- fifthswereinetiimpleteschools offeringonly 3or4-yearsofinstruction. *venty-eightpercent were served by1orteachemBesides these pele3:16.1schools, 17 mniilementary , or ex 'nwntalvocationalinstitu- ionswereoperating invariousparts of the Repubhc. or WILIOOL TEASAN SAT The officialschoolyearis from Octoberto July---a regular10-month period.Legalschool holidays,in additiontothe normal2 daysa week are:October9 and 12; November2;December24to January 6, inclusive; Mondayand ,Tuesdayor"Carnivid"(PalmSundayto Easter Tuesday);Nf.ay23 andit4;and i dayin honor of Uw*11001 principal.Occasioully,other ho-lidet).sareot;slervedlocally,and mil) othftflarespeciallydecreed bygovernment authorities.The yAir . 11 thus comprisesslightlymorethanVW actualschool days. .-

¡AnilI It>. - t.

Accordingtothe1144 schoolcensus,456,7$8 ofOw nation'spopula- 7 tionwere o, of compulsoryschoolage-----41to 14years.Of thisnumber, , 275,633wereenrolled inthe schools.Theaveragedailyattendance was276,124,6approximately98Percent of the enrollment:,but only about,59 perefntof the totAlschool-agepopulation.The main Cliuses of thelow enrollmentand attendancehave been:Lack ofsufficient school buildings,and thefact that existingones arelocatedPrincipally in themoredensely populatedareas;themeagersalaries paid'to dementaryschoolteachers; theinconvenienceswith whichteachers in remote -villogesareconstantlyfaced; andthe erstwhqelackof cooperationonthepart of ruralparents in sending theirchildrento school. TheNationalMinistryestimates that ab;mt.3,000 additional school buildingswill beneededto accommodate thefull school-age population.Teachersarebeing preparedfor these additionalschools astheyayecompleted. Aboutlb permit ofthe pupils whofinish theelementary schoolcon- tinue theireducation insecondaryschools.About 18percent enter business,trade,orvocationalschools. The iemainingtwo-thirdsenter employment-orremainat home. SVILIENSIS In the largercities, schoolbuildings withrelatively fewexceptions aretypical oldplatterot adobe edifices thatonce wereusedasresi- 4*Metal"Wet OP* dt.

: ;

. $ Is: .44 . At .4 I ./ A s- - I . "IL "e,!ii- '4267--4**-'' -2,LP1.1.1'X'St. '" 4612(-!4* A;"lit - '1/4AS. AA1 ,1401, . 16 EDUCATION INECUADOR . 4 .10 dences,asoffices,orfor other nonOucationalpurposes.Classrooms aregenerally of goodsize, and thereis usuallyalarge patiowhich not only affordsaplace for the pupils'recreation but alsoserves to 4 improve illuminationand ventilation.Officials in theMinistry'of Education regard10 percent of the&Vary's schoolsasbeing "fairly satisfaciory,accordingto modern educationalrequirements."They also stated that only20 percent of theschoolsaretheproperty of the State, and that the valuationof privatelyowned schools isnaltre'than

three times that ofthe State-ownedinstitutions.Official 1942figures5 concerning Ecuador'sschool plantsarePresentedin table"1.. a Table 1. Number andvaluation ofEcuador'ssellsm pinata

t. School plants owned 4. Sehoorplantarented =444144414111M141....44.4444 IIMMIN4.4M4 Kind of school Number Valuaticel Number Valuation

(a 6 .4200

Sutra sf,iteres State 259 5,061. M. 73 49.°956.99 MunkTpal...... 204 1,985,693.00 3.023. 00 Private 122 15, 721, 000.1X) 4S, 6111.33 ...,plonsorp. p. t Total 5S6- n.017, 961. 73 sk man

4' METHODS 11111 TEACHING

Although the trend has forsome yeanbeenáwayfrom the formal- e. ized procedures popularizedby theRatio'Studiorumof the Jesuits,the Conductof Schools of LaSalleand the ChristianBrothers,and the,Five Formal Steps of Herbartand his followers,manyof tcuacior'steach- ersstill employ the old methodsofimpaithwknowledge.Inmany of the schools visited, thepupils wtie.'obli to sit motionlessina certain position,to speak only _when calk/4upon, tointroducetheir recitation withaform of polite address,toexpressthemselvesin close agreement with the exact words that hadbee4Aictatedby theteocher, and in generalto conform to practices definitelydatedasof the 'nine-. lib teeilthcentury.However,anever-increasingproportionof Ecuador's ,teachersareexperimepting -withactivityprocedures, withcenters of P attention and interest, with considerablefreedomof pupilmovement and expression, with laboratory andprojectactivitiessand withactual groupdiscussion of important phasesof the day'sworkassregular portof the teachingprocess. 7 Tulacautitanuirm 'a , The studies includeainthecurriculum of the Ecuaaoriapelementary 'schoolarettime which Rrovidethe pupil withknowledge ircessari . 4 for 1 , . ' ... , , . $:, ¡ P4'.f. % . 4.: i . .. i *- 11 ' 4 ... Oscar A. Itomere. \ listadistkeyIteeshaeo.Qitito,Mistaterk de iikiikidn . miles, . , I fa h!,r..1"*..e.:- NI ...... "'' 19411... p. 11111-1114. :i . A ¡ . r .. 4 , ,,;":,,).. p.'vill . , i : e . j . ., "!7 4 i,"I.,' .1 .''.; 4 4 ' !, i I'... .1 . t ' f it : , S. 1 `-.'1:.: -- S...... - : liAtt. . rI.:-... 3' -: '', 't . 14trd, j S. '. L, _&.°L.:24i?!.... i -1%. -O.?*".. I .. '''...;;.....;::...,.::: V1, ',;ri'''. :,;t-,!.C-!led°,',...t:.,....". !...;:t.:7,- 4 '..i- ' : 0 44, : ,-, . 1,1 4,0 '''''14I :-...1:'; °..,. I";...,,ti :.: (:;,- ,... I.` A --.^; c. --jr-..`-'1..1 :::-:;' ;:.:;:l.... ;...... 4.1....i.-:',1.::.;;, 14;1:1; .. -1 ,?..,1 A \ t Ir Art.14 -...,,,f. .. Zit!,'..,;I': ....1.'t!..',/...:. 1;:.,..,.n....,.:.,;-;...:.; .4,1,42 i:06...... if.; /...e/.. 340.r..,,,i;1,60 ¡::¡ .?;'.::.1.--.`;::.- .i. .1.:*.::: 7.. ty.,.4:' :i.;;;;.,...*:,1k;k2:-..:?;;:..:-...si.;..1.4.' ..tils' it.i.; 7"4..:-.1...-:4`.;!'. .' ;,.. 1,:, : ' :: _-..1.:;,..':1 ---.7".C.'....;*714.,..P.A.zi :r .,ttj:i i t n./..fil!...1*!..'.1...":.7-.;,'..7f,V1.- ...1.., '..? Ii,4V'llit;e*."V_,,i' ''..te:'.... .1. gIV11Zi7Iv- 44J.,,rj 14 ,iie .-A1/11'42.-Z...4 '%.//' *.4 II'1:''.." .4ts,_,'''..k-i's-.0...",. er tr)", . J. *.." .. -rt ..":31(441ft;;2 il1.44.*.. ..*4:11P1.:17 -4;i':141gli' 4 6':;:(7-'- 011114111. 14:17 . --4 4?.0 .'(t .) '1;-fr .45 .*

N123111NTARYZDUCATION 17

r-. effeCtiyeparticipationii elrerydaylife throughintelligentadaptation S tothe environmentAs offitiallyoutlinedthey co4sist of:(a) Moral- ity, etiquate, and civiceducation;(b) nationallanguage---oralex- pression, *reading,recitation,composition,dictation,transcription, penmanship, andgrammaticalexercisek;(o) numbers,measurement, and form---.arithmetic,metricsystem, an4geometry;(d) natural scienc&---botany,zoology, anthropology,physics, andchemistry;(e) geography and history;(f) artisticand socialbehavior practices;(g) physical education;and (h) manillaand griphic,activities..The first and second grades.haveaschedule of25 hoursaweek; thethird grade, 29 hours;the fourth,81 hours; and thefifth andsixth grades,32 hours. In peesentipgthese studies,teachersareadvisedto employ activity school principles in oiderto give to thepupils thegreatest possible opportunityto develop their abilitiesand interestsinanenvironment of reasoziablefreedom.At thesametime, however,kupilsmust acquire and assimilateacertain minimumof knowledgeand, throughthe processesof-instructiop andlearning, attainskill inobservation,reas- .oning, and thepractical applicationof theirlearningto the solution of theireveryday schooland extrasciioolproblems. I S, MATERIALS ANDLIBRARIES The Ministryof PublicEducationfurnisheseducationalmaterials to the State schools andtosome extent to t4e municipalschools.Plans of study andougines of' individualsubject-matterfields,maps,charts, pitturtis; chalk,erasers,and the likeareprovided forthe teachers; readers, notebooks,pencils,pens,ink,paper, water colors,crayons, andsoforth, for the puPils.Recent figuresonschool furniturewere notavailable; but in 1988therewere67,861 pupilswith desks,as against 65,055without,. In thatlameyear,3,326 tlassroomshad black- boards and8,294 did not.' Eachof tfie 17provinciAldepartmentsof .education (p. 2) hasaschool library,open8 hoursaday, forthe useof teachersand pupils, andin etichschoolasmaller libraryis maintained, offeringtechnical worksfor theteachers;and textbooks,stories, fables, and otherforms ofliterature for thepupils. e o. MAMA LACA141.111CA"Salt001.,N. 115 This State elemeptary,school in Quito,withanenrollmentin 1944 of 617 girls andanaveragedailyattendance of540) offers thecomplete Owyear officialcourse.Apincipal-who isauniversitygraduate,14 p. regular teachers whoarenormal schoolgraduates,ond 8special teach- ersconditute theteachin'gstaff. ihéschool is housedinalargetwo- illmo.100011111111111111.110.1111111111010 , Inaa 40 Orgallsa0PinyVrabaloy itaitkasest. de Widnes deWastes.Plan de Waftsy Programmepant Illetbidee Primulas Urbana*y Bunke. Quito,Minister% do Madman, 1943..po 104 1rMarietta Piece deMUIRyCartes Amen%imam OrganineftiPrdeleuEseolares. Quito. Tg!iletio Orifices eslidlieseida,INC114 IL : 4 4: 4 t,, j I`4,.2. 4 t, . ' , . ,' . . .t t .. ' e , , .# 11, . 14.v .* .1 ,4.-,f- A we 'AI . .P.1 ( ,,...:4--''..' t /6 !: . .,-- , "f. . ;4. .'"I'l''/.-,±.- ,'i''''' )ift'.`v'.11"'. , .. . f 4. -,- ,-,, , l' '.b.4:' 41 ''°' (.4A..,1414.11" e r...4.t-IV , e ,, it,..VC,4 - U.- ' 4.'...1.:r4144;"?Ttifi_I'''..e...''. .."): : .". 4*-. #4. t4 ..,``:..k**.!!-'4, % 21. .1 l''' ';4- .4 '' ..1..f,,. t." ; -(4 _ st : . fltf.. "r ,'''tr !$-Ii-1*,;14. ,e *-*. . °I i -it- 4' .; st r 4. . -14if, e`.....1:: 4 i__411,' *-A -.44r rs.0,4 ' 4 "- ti°74 i rrrIrk..-'-V01'4:- .74 . ; V= SÌ;, ,.% -_ Sy:aft-411'---' i 1` _-, 4.11. :OJ; r.r 18 EDUCATION IN ECUADOR story building which encloses several large patios.It hasafair-sized swimming pool thatis much used aild enjoyed during the scheduled physical education hours.English is taught in allgeradesand sections. and pupilscomefrom allparts ofthè cityto take advantage of thiF offering. Among "manual activities"'arehome economics and child 1 care,taught byoneof the special instr,tors.The methods employed

arehighly inductive. Instructionp s from the known,concrete,

and familiartothe.. unknown and the abstract.In the science class visited, for example, theteachergavefiveorsix demonstrations ofsim- ple physical and chemicalphenomena,towhich the pupilsgaveundi- vided attintion.After each demonstrationseveral girlswerecalled upon to iwhathad been done and .what had takenplaceas a result, andwhi: child erred somewhat inherreport,shewitsallowed to repeat the experiment herself before the class. Following theseries ofconcrete examples presented in the demonstrations, the children wereasked for generalizations coveringdieentite series. Through the generosity ofaretired teacher, who gives'hispension for the maintenance ofaschool diningroom.for thepoorand under-. nourished, 50 hotlunches'areserved daily in the Isabela laCatblica School. Threecourses areregularly included in the daily meal: soup, aplate ofsaidfoodmeat, rice, and vegetableand dessert.In the . National Ministry of Educationpieparationswerebeing made in De- cember1144,to extend free school lunch serviceto public, munici41. and privateitistitutionsthroughout the Republic,with the twofold aim of providing aid forpoorchildren and ofsupplementi4.the edu- Pcational offering by having the.pupilscooperate in thewôrkinvolved. MUNICIPAL Sal1001.11 , In 1944,atotal of 865 schoblsweremaintained by the municipalities, Guayaquil leading thecountrywith 25 schools. They allconform tothe official 10-month school yearOctoberto Julyth thehighlands, and April to December in the lowlandsorthe Coast, andto the official ,organization, curricula, and other gineral requirementsestablishedby la*. Accordingto Art. 101 of the Organic Law of Public Education, each municipality of thecountry ,;,q. stspend at least15 percent of its income for public education. 6neys thusset apart miy be used for teachers' salaries, school materials,orschool buildings.Article102 specificAlly prohibits theuseof public funds for themaintenanceor

supportof religious¿ehools. .. .. Inmany cases,bibcause of high educationalinterestonthepart of the authorities, and sufficient availablefunds, municipalschoolsare abletoprovide, by all local standards,ahigh grade of hydration. The tugenio Espejoehool inQuito, for imainple,withadailyate tendance of 524Soyaand girls .41 itsIgrades,taught by 23normal- sehool-trainedUtachors,o inatructnin typewriting,drawing,

.11 ELEMENTARY EDUCATION a 19 physical education,andEnglish.This .schoólkasalibrary of about 2,000 books;amoving picturéprojectorPforthe showing ofeducational films relatedto geography, history,biology) and othersubjects;a swimming pool anda rowof showerths,useof which followsthe ratherstrenuous physical education rcises; andawell-stocked medicine chest for first-aidpurposes.Each classroombasabulletin board fornewsand other itemsof interest. Theservices ofaschool physi- cianar4free forfinancially needy children.Free lunchesareserved for thepoorand undernourished. The school occupiesatypical2-story, 12-classroombuilding with vatios.- Morespaceis needed,however, and theMunicipal Councilhu recently providedaplot of8,100square meters for the conitruction of .\.1(newsch9o1 plant andallocated1,600,000sucresfor buildingpurposes. URAL ICIPOOLS Ruraleducation isoffered in4-ylwr elementaryschools in small J towns and rural regions; Byfar t.hegreat majority of Ecuador's schilsareof thistype. The instruction isessentially agriculturalor indMrial,dependingonthe interests oftheareain whichthe school is ocated. The privevalobjective is theformation ofrural citizens forthegreatestand:best utilizationof the country'snaturalresources. Instruction iscoedut?ational.In these schoolsnight andSunday

classesarefrequently heldfor adult& . Conroe ofstudy.-=-Spanish,arithmetic,nature study, artistic and social exercises,drav4ng andmaritalarts, and physical educationare taught in each of the 4years.Morality, etiquetteand civics,andgeography and hittorysireadditional offeringsin the thirdand fourth years.Agriculture isincluded in the mahialarts work of the last 2 years.To ..awakeninterest innewproducts suchaswheat, barley, beans, and 9tbervegetables; andto promote agricultural educationin '4' general, the. Minidryof.Agriculture distributesseedsamongthe schools. VettiberirSchool (Moen*"12 deOctubre").---Thisschool is locatedat El Inca,atiny communityofplare Indianrace,in thecentral highland of Ecuador.The entire p:pulationlivis byagriculture, most of thè famitihavingasmallpieceof farm landfrom which they derivean a ;lemonthlyincome of between400 and 500sucres ( to $85, U. S. money). Allsr,said to bis intenselyinterested in the work of thescluxoland tocoOperate with tius teachers in sianyways. In the 4 gruksofthis school,8 teachen instruct100 pupils-48boys and 87 girls. The*sliding isa&room stmture in goodcondition, but . mucit teo. small. As there,areonJ7O singleclanks, 80 of the ,. childreif areWisedto share their tarrOeatswithaclassmate. Theschool has several goodmapsof Ecuador, South America;and the Vnited ., .. 1.11 , . WS: : .. . ,. t.Vir 741101*41471104- , :-... : 1 ..a.ia ...i. - _ . e ..:, ! - )40+1 ...... I .*: ,.. F f :-.. ...; il:* ,-. . ... ,,,, ,.. .,.-.....- ..:, . t - k. 1 . . . . . tr. t .'.4 ' 4P, 41, . r-r%S.- -.:t'S4';''':',,...... ,..': .... .V.1 0- ''''' "ag. , ...'-:..1,10''.46... '. " (*' t-. t r lf.;;."11 VIP , /144...:,;:r.4,-I..fi,ti (7.4.1. 7 s':i ,-;"..t :.1-j.,,:,,,-;...,..S- r,,..,:,!,. .."(` . .- 1. I. * _.i.../..t,r..1.-,41.-4._.'-x-"!44 :. -.-,.%.,,,,,`, .itf.t.Fri'r. 4. 1-1.7t. Lrty" --"isi/ibp ?¡;11.11.'"-;.....¡--41ite:_°-`2.1'.4.--',..-;_n;..-.1-4- eir" TtitAi- .4-.- jr- ":1é-IrAe r..-41. eLT:14-*' -'"4 1.4 34-4fiw44frlff 46,-., -,' 14t . -..., N-42,--n 4_ =114-- 4,.-_, !At.*ebs ,-.` e

20 EDUCATIONIN IICUADOR States,and each pupil hashisowntextbook,differentin each.grade. purchasedby hisparents. A small .coilibttionofnewsrapers,magazines,and pamphletsserves uthe library. Adjacentto the schoolis'atract of landmeasuring2,000square meters, in whichcorn,onions,potatoes,sweaNtatoes,peas, beans, and such medicinalplantsuwildmarjoram,balm'gentle,andcori- anderarecultivated. Closeto the school buildingtherearelarge patches ofcarnations,dahlias, gladiolas,and otheroolorfulflowers. The childrenwork individuallyand collectivelyin thecultivationof the differentagriculturalproducts,whichtheyarepermittedto take hometotheirparents. A specialproblemconfrontedby theteachersof the schoolis thatof language. Mostof the childrenspeak onlydui IndianQuechuain their homes,but theyareavid learnersand80011 miter the Spinish to the point of beingableto read andunderstandthenewlanguage veryreadily.Severalof thegraduatesnowhold positionsasteachers in otherrural schoolswhereainiowledgeof the Quechuatongue is necessary.

COINIVIAMINTARTCVL:1CONTINtrATIN 110111Mill (1111CUZLASCOMPILIMMUINTARIAS) The EducationLawprovidesfor theestablishmentof complez.nen- i tary schools incentersto be dderminedby the Ministerof PublicEdu- cation, for childrenwho finishelemmtaryschoolbut "lackcapacity for the workofimoondaryeducation.*S Schoolsof this catvinyareto be establishedin both urbanand ruralcommunities.Urbancomple- mentAuy schoolsare toproviderudimentaryinduArialeducationin additionto further studyof eleaustaryschool objects. . As faraspossible, therural compkenentarypiedisto bearesi- dential farmschool(escuela 4ranjacob internados),and willaimto provide practicalpreparationfor the developmentof the lawUm) improvement of knownsystems of farming,and thepromotionof related industries importantin theregion inwhichthe schoolkt *locatod. Along with thevocationalortrod* training,the basicobjectsofcore respondingyearsin theregular &yew;elementary Qs, whoolareincluded in thecurriculum. In 1944, onlythreeof .Uweschoolswerefunction- ing. . Theyprovideda2-yearcoursestill intixtprocess of develop, ment, in whipalane-_ proportion of the *cavities. wereairrk)d , on cooperatively. . In Amato,Provine6., .. of 103abura,. and 'Patate,Prov- mceof Tungurahua,rural complenentar$ , ,, .. achoplewere .*pond, and in Babaiwyo,the urbantype. Tio Ministerof PublicEducatiacia.1 .

1948,. however, : .., . 1 poiptedout in his annual . . ., reportto the National __ . . Óan - W' i ,0:, tr.:- I*0 grewthat thelimb. _ JUI_ the budgetfor the 1 MI fouml*and - . .. ' . ' t slay (»Oldest,.Op.eit, Art411. . "..

'1 --' .1atinta 4 -ala Nadia.111116gario W - .; deilk,MPAM 'ii-1 -4 : _. . % 1. 4 911Thes . . Ostia*41l *40: aiktataies, N' . . . litS, . . it .14 I 7 : - ',4 ! .. ,v., . ,. -* . , . 't .; . e ?jet Vj. "" j ' e 4 - ..t '4 . .. r - - ;NV, t; r544. s;* $, . . .x .5,, fr. 1. v.; - :...!,?e .14 ; " t A 4)-3 L. j., 4 I,: I-,1,7 $`. . st r-. 471!?FL. : r '''-;.-iN.iqtko:774.7 '0.4fIWAtit 4t8t.i-c.4.4,_ f"Z ALAI- ' ZIAMENTARYIDUCATIQN . 21 maintenance ofthese schoolohas been"absolutelyjnadequate."There are only the"beginningsof shops";scient toolsandimplementsare lackingAndthoseonhandarefastbek-1-ingwornand useless.The limitedindustrialinstallationsarelargeily ofthedomestictype, and eventhesecannot be operatedto capacitybecauseof thelack ofraw materials.In1942, themostreedityearfor whichcompletestatistics were available,thecomplemetitaryschoolshad32 teachersand549 pupils,and hadgraduated16 oftheir pupils." 2 A. PRAMUALSCHOOLS

.4 . Proprietorsofestates andfarmingenterprisesassessedat between 100,000 and 500,000sucres ($7,000 and$35,000, U.S.money).are requiredby Ecuadorianlawtopay'anannualtax of 600sucres($42, U. S.money) for theestablishmentandmaintenanCeof ruralschools knownasfarmsor praedialschool&When theholdingsexceed500,000, sueres,the annualtax is 10:00.sticres.Industrialestablishmentssitu- ated in regionsin whichthereare nopublicschools, andwhose messedvaluationiá200,000or more sucres, are also taxed1600sueres-2 annually for thesamepurpose.-Minemanagementsemploying100 or more residentworkmenarerequiredto maintainelementary for the schools schoolpopulationand culturalextensionofferingsfor the adults:theymust provic14 thegro4nds,thebuilding,the furniture, and the equipmentnecessary for the functioningof theschools. Teachersareappointedby theProvincialSupeivisorofEducation and -receive from theState salariesestiblishedin the4ationa1budget for rural .1 sclwol feachers.Tin schoolsare coeducational andfollow the officialrural,scho61 doitrse of 'studies.In1942 Ecuadorhad244 vs praidial%boas,of which106 also providid light 'classesfor adults. 411 ITPIMIUM11147A1.019001011(Ciernial=MARRS) For experimentationiithepedagogical,econ9mic,and socialaspects of Ecnatkorianeducation,8 experimentalschoolshave beenfunction- ing under ministerialdirecOon, withatotalenrollment,of about1,500 childrenslightlymoreboyithan girlsa-staughtby55 ttachers.These schools o provideday-to-dityobserviitionandexperimentitioninocm neátkiwiththeedudationaldevelopmentof thepupilsandtheir natural relationships,with childrenof the. other gradesi,ape%sua socialand 6001k0111,b) blagnallidg. ,

i : 00 ofthese atimiols, .-. ..,,h : the Centro'Wok frilloya afar*,No.1, "44 $ hadsin . enroIhmt, . I.1, Jni944d. . 480. *pile inits 6grades-. 4 .. and r. an daily MIMI ,.;,. ,iitten4anes ./. . ofMO.- Arnim= . applications.- fa adminion. , A are reoubedeach : t year, bit Wows theWilding_ is too oldto wirrent . igiiulitures :,.. . .tas,. additional -.abiaroomand Oheifaiilities,m1ya liankla numberof o t &Wive. canhe IvAiited..The ;t;;''V 4 f "- work of thiCózri ** ot.V f . 1 , *.t_f4 r . .- = --$ r 4 ; - . -11 /ma *11 141'be -1( ) - **b7 tie ;' u e* . 4 e , 14 t- IV., or -t,;;St 4. 11 .0 16i-,,, ;- ,1741:%1.1.-* - :": :r et-I 17/ s D.- 444-{11 4 . 4,t. r! ;°-Inio'1% Y. 1 4, o t-$. i%4,: . ¡, 31.) J. , -yz 11 _ 4. " - ;oft , 4'1 1..414 4', A 5. - . .e A 4. 1;-;,-. tr ' . .A , .4 . , . .4)..t 4 ct er A ..! e ,.;:kt 1,4*, '; "4. $ :(..-13 4i.frV. . .? ; I' 47.%1 -,4. "TY _ . 41.i.4 . Xtt f't&- "irjt-¡ O.. r 1 , , IJL-11 T:r 46.,iti!' skjxr - 4. fii$1.. 22 EDUCATION INECUADOR

mental institution iscarriedonbyastaff of 17,includingadirector, 13 grade teachers,and specialists inmusic,manual activities,and physiealeducation.Technicalorientationis providedthrough5 specialstaff committees,oneeachon :(a) psychopedagogidalresearch, statistics, andschool organization;(b) methodsand procedures;(o) discipline, sch.00lhygiene, anddecoration; (i)artisdc,recreational, and economicaffairs; and(e) social,cultural, andpromotionalactivi- ties; including publicitions.Each committeeis chargedwith the formation ofa programof readilyrealizableactivities, inharmony with the school's 'possibilities,and withdirecting,checking, andevaluating

the results. 8 Each teacherkeepsarecord book(An(*acionesdidicticas)in which he recordsfrom weektoweek the activitiesof his respectivegroug of children.Objectivepsycl.iological andachievementtestaareadmin- istered in eachgradeat 3-month intervals andconstitute the basisfor grade placementAn individualcumulativerecord card,'dealing in great detail with the limn andsocial life; phisicalcondition;instinc- tive,emotional; andintellectualcharacteristics;and othergeneral data, is keptfor each pupilin the school. Withnumerousmodifications in'the light ofthe Ecuadorianscene, the experimentalschools follow activityschoolprinciplesandprac- tices.Groups of pupilswork togetheronthesameprojects.An atmosphere offreedom andhappinesspervades tinentire fstablish- ment. Everyoneappearsoccupied inaninteresting taskOfsmilekind. Herea groupof pupils ispreparingawall-newt-paperfor, theirroom, withmaps, colored pictures,poems,questims,andnews . Reins; anothergroupis busy makingshoe polish,which willbe usedby childrenof all thegroups;still anothergroupisat work sweePing apaper-cutting workroombefore the arrivilof thenext dams. Mean- Lime,outin the patiovarious sectionsarereceiving -differentforifis of physicaleducation exercises,*bile halfadòzeik littletots play "BingarouaiVarosy:" Fr=classroomscomethe soundsof chil- .ihven'svoices .insongand. in ricitation.Regularclassworkin the ordinaryelementary school subjectsis carried.onwithout hardand fast rules and , regulatims governing..,. . aa. seating, verbatimrepetition, silence, andcther school practicescommon to South and Central. o.

American countries. . .

SIMUCATIN IN 1111 SAITININPROIPVINCISS( INIMINTIII) 414 Sims 194fè the 2 provinceseia of the Andes Mountains, . ": formerly in charge of theIfinistzy of Nationii Defense,havecormwithinthe

.%4

inrisdictimiof the Ministry of Public:EdwAttion. - Became 'ek flot_ of the 117.4 11'. I- gnat distaneesinvolved( andthe abeam*of 11. . awlexn :,$) niunkatios facilities,Orogrees isAprovWqr' .;k.:6;41E-111, . . t % .. to the nude d thio has best ..., orteSive Write ,.., . . raw limited.''.;, It A.,.. .:.:.-- 1.1. .L4.. Mt do .- . . . .. r .P 7...3. .. ..,_#,.,(4., I- . - ., , ! A . . ._4 ..-r ..; # 4 .! -.. ,--. .4.)t -i:-:,;,,li, ,1- 7,- ?--:t -.., .1 1 1. ,:,::. 1 t ..I. \ k 0.4'1" '44 1 ; -4:445.tit41, j`...' A--..*¡;' :'..4.:!---i:;..,.. i,...i.ke-.: -., -,. i I 4 '.. if Ii 4e) - -4 t. A . t .'t 'Idak,...,. r r iliVr *lb. .+. - ES 2EMPfitg. 5 : t41:t"Ap rebliVitir , Millit MART EDUCATION 23 State maintained59 schools here-54coeducationaland 5 for boys only.Cali olic missionsconducted27 privateschools andhad charge ofsomeof the Stateschools.Dailyattendanceaveraged about8,879 pupils,or1.4 percent of the country'stotal schoolattendance.Seventy- four of the teachersof bothsexes,including17 who taught inthe mission schools,wereStateorpublic-schoolteachers, Who receivea bonus because of theremoteness and theinconveniencesconnected with their jobs.Onlyafew of thebuiklingsareStateowned, the vastmajority beingrentedorchurchowned, andfewareeducation- ally and hygienically adequate. Thecurriculumandcourt:4esof studyarepractically identicalwith thoseof the ruralschool, with vecial emphasisonagriculture andthevarious industriescommon tothe particularareaof the school concerned. This isolated regionof el Oriente,remnant leftto Ecuador by arbi- tration in thebordercontroversy with Peru inthe early%1940's, is nowoonsidered bymany asthe country'sgreatest promise ofpros- kverity."Petroleum, gold andother minerals,commercialand medicinal plants, and fineand valuablewoods havebeen foundalong theeastern slopes of the Andes and inthe forests beyondthem. The population e4imatedat 200,000 to 300,000 isalmost all Indian.Their language is unknovineven tothe Qttechuasof the highlands,whocon-

stitute thegreat bulk of Ecuador'saborigines.. Forthe effectivede- velopment of this regiimcommercially,industrially,and agricut- tirallyinanynewschoolsareplanned andnation-wideinterestis being stirredto bring about thesuccessof themovement. Existing schoolsarebeing provided withequipmentsuchasagricultural implements and sewing inaciiinesto facilitatemorepracticalinstruction.

salltOOL 111111MUIVISION. Supervisionof Ecuador's schoolsis the revonsibilityofregiolial, provincial, anddistrict schoolofficers.The EducationLaw of1938 " il provided fortwo regional supervisorsof elementaryeducation under the TechnicalPepartmnt (p.8) in the nationalMinistryone for the toastalregion, with headquariersin Guayaquil;the other forthe interior, withheadquarters inQuito.These supervisorsmust be regulariycertificate4-teachers withappropriateexperience 'andare chargedwith the.up,rvsionof preschool,elementary,complementary (continuation), uÑInormal, and specialeducation,orbasmusic and art. They direct- thesupervisory servicein die Provinces;keep the TechnicalDeputzuwat In the Ministryinformedasto the pedagoecal, . A ' " '

* biters*a la MAIL. illienoterle. de,adeietlAkMaim Olt%itlloree Ordikeede . . . ., Ildneadde. IN&p. $11. . .. , : a Alejandro ObisY. . laIMO WM me gookclitiOdom*es todavla leskiable'promos.. di preeperkled. IMAM 40 Is Miami11.0411 if Perdedietei.AS* 14 Vie.I, Nevionbge t : .1. ,i . de Mt Quito,ps141. ar % I Or s. 1,10 fdis. 010,dt. 4117t-VII

AA 4. t. - ' t. t . 4;. Pt 4,:1P ., . r 7 . j . .. '... :- e ;11- 44 I. .. . r . : ....,,, r - . . .45... , 4 44.7; `Irkli::refea..4'''' 4i: .-1 r i... ..:",. e 1,147; 'M. . `;.74: ..il" 4 '1.' ° `-'4 1.k- ¡it; 4.N't .'''..1.,,...... ; 1-1, .1 ..A... 4.-¡él51:-72**.r.::-; :btr4A4X-r 11',.;-.'.4'.";.{..:4.4.;:.-4:4..i;.; .44144:4.-; ; ;401*1*A.H;: ft.:-.41:1V-15' , 44tr.11 4' . t, ....., 24 DUCATIONINECUADOR

hygienic, administrative,and 'economicstatus of the schools,andin genealovemeand directthe activitiesof theprovincialdirectorsof education in theirrespectivezones. The provincialsupervisorsareresponsiblefor thefulfillmentin theirrespectiveprovincesof the laws,regulations,plans,andpro. gramsof itudyand theother directivft3of theMinistryof Public E.= Education.They directandsupervise thetechnicaland administo- Liveaspectsof educationawlconstitute theimmediatesuperiorau- thorityoverthe schoolsiqx3rviwrsof the variousdistrictsof the province.In individualschools,ofcourse,the principalisresfkm- sible for theproperfunctioningof the institution,in accordwith the suggestions andcooperationof thedistrictsupervisor. District schoolsupervisors(inspertoresmcolarts)areapponted by the Ministerof PublicEducation,wilem limytr a n sfe rt he mbi\another province.after 1 yearof satisfactoryservice.Thepro 4 supervisor of edwationmay transfer them fromonedistrictto otherevery8 months. Itis thedistrictschoolsuperviskmwho hav most directmutt& with the schools,,11Tip 'hoot,. theparents, and the communities intheir respectivedistrids.Theywe tothe establishment of school lunchroomsand librariel,take chargeof the school censusand the problemsconnectedwith compulsoryingtruction,stint- ulate nutetinpof theParents'Associations,proinote 'cooperationiii whool affairs, andvisit theindividualschoolplantsto guide and help the teachersin their work.Subjectmatte?, teachingmethods and procedures,child study,teacherstudy, educationalequipmentand instructional materials,schoolorganizatimtprofessionalattitude, teacher improvonenteverythingthat has_to do withthe tanoca, running of the institutionand thegeneral improvementof inartw-= tion in the Republicis includedin themultipledutiesof the district school sui*rviwr. In1948, therewere48 of time(deists. ¡mammy' ORGANIZATINg(minusamt *sun= FAMILIA) OM If the home andthe schoolare tohave thesameobjectivesin regard to the general all-arounddevelopment . of the parects. muitcoop- a erati with theteachers inthe educational a proms, particularlyin the earlydages. Acceptance ,. . of 04principik. ..- '41. M 4nplied ... . t. . 'a. in themolt lit the Ministerof EducationinIii . , .. t got%Wait.-. a kdirtII ele. t .3:-"545 i .f2 a _ : nmmtarye. and. compleuients,y -*A .ra[Y.17.1 7. -...k.- -.; ,.- .e.- 7,1 oh have . . ' 4 4 ...... s 71a- ,. ..i.itheir 111r- : 4 .a.a. Pareati; - _ : .. -4- .- _,.. t .t lip.; 1 ,' s - t to Organizations." TO .'iLr IL1 q. ii e. e!'s.'n venland I I. I - .. 4* til....8-''t , 1-1'..,-, -- ..sfra ..071 ,i rp. Alm ,.1-3 4.,' .- 1 i0 ,$ ',4 .G '.. 1 1,,t'i I V.) .:-= _ rials, tvi-V-ili..- '1 , 1 and hivecon " S' V , 4 ` --?;,1-,., t'' j 1 1_, ziftri' - to 7i_r- ''7:i5,,',..-\Jr:,14 ...- . ' .. , _.:-.0 .ref- - , 1,. 1 Ist.- A.,., - 4--.4 p".:1i ' N. 1 '..ii:Lt:-- -°..,/,I . '4 '.,i ' -.-AALLT ' In ' "- le.'.. 0 14, . 4 s-' i ma improvement ' eilt . of school -I, . -7: ii0 'I :V..,rt:, 47,2, C.7, ,; 'Le ; ...1 -.17- ..-- m- -jr. 1::'7'1 ,"y .41; k itl.st\it :-. --4...) fA:: . 1 ii -.... ,.... 11, A. -f,' . 1 :;,444.' .ILLE1.,7, 04, lia- hays acquirwl _ n ,47,1 .+ h 11,.- ' . -ki...... ,:_:1 ,,....:,,,,,:;. IIIn .. .,,,, -.,,,,. i....of., , -...%ka.. 1 Lk,- -T,..7.4.1-'.',---;..:::.:..:14:::[];.4..' .- ve L.,:4. 1,..- , .a- es ---4 z '.t 4_ .: .t-."'.- 4 --F- I and various 4 r Nr- 1 mite, . - r-i---, #_....ki,, n ° °.- `4-. .7t1."..itr:i. , I ; i,, t------Ak:8-90.- .,. 41 .. , ';'.' ,.Eliii.st ...., -- .11,2-: ,...,...... ,...... , te.z **V..; :- i; . , -__i.L.it,,...-.. .. ,,,.. ., 1 i ....0.0.... t- i., -` v. ...- . 40, e . .., . '054's- .11114' III4,,,t Dii,,,, ...,_. _. ._.., .,et ..- 4 '../' .., -II .i. , ..piii ..1 1 t l 4 i'-,1- ..-A a , . . % ,.-,:- .- As' ...... ,----4-I tk-,,.-10;re,.--1,,,....,-.0.,..." 1 °. rq'ilrgt-t1 t$4 ng , ... a'.. ,ry ,., ...1t* *..S11, 6. " i ... i. _g r-,?'-ITTtnrv'1, ,"4 e,- ....I. 4 ...v. . T'...... " ...--,,,,A.... -.1". (A.1; .,i,1....,_,L r'-',:r, t e AI,,,,,,,?.-01 ID,,,..4i..,"...... ::,'Iiile. ',. !1 t.,:.`'--t-:, P 1 .-e-44. .t''''.t101: "1-e''ke - ,T, ;;-,P14tli, : :: ' .*1.4 I AV."' eV i.. . .--1_ tà-;.'i.4-4. 1 1: "' ., ..:,: . Yk J.,.,-- f. , k .a. . 4.,.;iL.eqa." '.*L... :00.,:i- 4.-"V .lit 1 it $, . 4 . _4,sej:-._Itt*-,...y.i A ` , - l ... -". 'till, j.111' itk1 '-,',.'! ..6 ..$1.-4.-,i;f:".:r.t-.:i gi.V %-. è::::, ,;1.2*-1,1;!,-.' Iti,14' -.'iri..4"4:: .t.%-.,t, ' ''- .. , ',,,,i'..-, ms_.. - (4ttioe,v-,o ..0 h?..,.A74 *1)4,4i:rm., i - __,,-,. 141,At0.414'a..., -,.., ,-4,41,peT.t.,,....,. rst , % . . . ..451,...... , I. .,'..41, lit%.'" leIrk.leZ: L.,.alert-r, . I' id sl' " e ICLIMICNTARY111DUCATION' 25 properpersonal and social habitshas beenfurthered; thegeneral cultural improvementsof the'Areas themselves;andaheightenedinter- estin the work of theschoolallhaveresulted.

UTIMACT CAMPAIGN\ (CAMPAiliA1ALWABIRTIZACIliN) In 1984 thenewspaperEi Teiigrafoof Guayaquil,by publishing weekly igatons in itspages,institutedaliteracy campaignwhichwas mule official 3yearslater throughadecreecreating "LiteracyMission- aries" (Misioneros del Alfabeto)to teach reading and writingtomem- bertiof communal comical wholacked thoseskills.In 1942, Dr. Frank Laubach visited Ecuadorin behalfof his anti-illiteracysystem of instruction, and the followingyear aIdearn-to-Readgroup(Lea)was founded in Guayaquil,with thesupportof thepressand various cultural and social organizationsof the city.Thesuccessof thismove- mentle41 in 1944to the literacy campaignwhich isbeing conducted Athroughout the Republicunder theauspices ofthe National News- writers Union. I The Lewin&method, by whichanilliteratewho has learnedto read 'mustteach his newly acquiredskilltosomeoneunable ti)read, has bpen adopted; but individual participantsin theadult educationpro- gram oweat liberty to employ whatevermeanstheyseefit for the attainment of the desired ends. Literacycenters (Centres deAlfabeti- zación) have been eqablished inallparts of the Republic-48in Quito alone, and instniction and directionshave beenprovide4 forindivid- uals interested in the campaign. University,normal, indsecondary schoolstadents members of clubsandsopial organizations;trade unions and the clergyare nowgiving theirmovies in this efforttoovera comeilliteracy. The prinw (cartilla),notebookand pencilare provided by the State free of chargeto the lemur& Itis plannedto grant aDiploma of Citizenship (Diploma deCiudadanfa)to those who learn

« to read,andaDiploma ofPatriotisal(Diploma asPatriotiszno)to those who generously give their time andeffortto the teaching. By May 1945,morethan 8,500personshad beentautto.read and write'andsome80,000wereunder instruction.Accordingtithe Quito nswipesperEi Commie, at May19, 1945, colonist4 inthe Galapagos islands Uwe requestedasup* of the campaignprimers. NIOUGAINAILwarminumg.1TUXM111111111y 01,IVIKLIFAURI ANDLIMB Amin thenosypassing problems*tin Republic of &daftis that of gbandinsdaM delinquat(*Halm Thousspdsof children usweeded. 61astook f lowliars, kolas .hon:ms,parentaltn orphanage,and similar causes.'"

Soda)Trabaja.

'e . q a . f z ED CATIONIN Etr. R Throughthe Ministry of Welfareand lAbo(Ministeode Presi6n SocialyTrabajo) the Governmentis makinganefforto careforthese future citizens. Anaverage of 2.WO childrena yearareprovidedfor in welfare homes (Hogamde Protecei6n&vial)wheretheyreceive food, clothing,instruction, and all-aroundeducation,includinga measureof traininginatradeorcraftPoor,neglected,and obviously undernourished childrenaretaken.sometimesshortlyafterbirth,and given the advantagesesof thisservice until theageof18years,when theyemergefrom theorkschools( Escuelue jo)wfairly well prepared toearnaliving.Undernou id sickchildrenof the coastal regionsaretakeninto healthcamps(CAonias)forvarying periods oftime. The following institutionsaremaintainedby theMidstof Wel- fare andLabor:At thepreschoollevel-8nunwriescass cunas), located inQuitoGuayaquil,lbarra,Latacun Amtvato,Riolmnba, 0. Cuenca.and Esmeraidas;9materna) homeseasAs maternales). !loth in Quito; atschoollevel----2children'shomes(hogartminfantile.)for boysandgiriti.inMachachi aileQuito;re-Mucational--ohsvrvation inea (cams de observaci6n),awork schoolandahomefor there- education of girls inQuitoand Guayaquil,andaworkschoolin Porto Viejo;and physicalrecuperationcamps (coloniesderezoperación Mica) in Conomto.Quito,and Otavalo.Mostof theseplantsare rented andunsatisfactory,butconstructionof 3newand adequate buildings is alreadyunderwayand theconstructionofacomplete plant combiningall theabove offerings(CiudadeladeHogamsde Pro- tetción-----literaUy"Citadel ProtectiveAsylum")is mirk!. Thenurseriesacieept children3ymirsofage,and thematernal horne-s accept children fmn3-4 to 6years.For thisreason, and to provident-. tentionsthataremoretrulyeducativethantheFoment organization permits,the ideaof transformingtheminto kindergartensis under consideration.Whensufficient tunasaremade available,thistype of servicmaybe providedin allprovincialcapital&in thechildren's homes, admission'isgralysedtominor,'of from7to 1.4,years ofagefor instruction throughthe 'sixthgrade o(dernentarye4uestion;andto enablethe "graduates"to enterwmekindofremunerativeemployment instead of merelywalkingthestreets, officialsof theMinistryadvo- eat* the establishment ofimnplementarytn.*continuationindustrial schools. The work schoolsareforwayward abnormalboys ordendto thistype of institutionby thejuvenilecourts. 'Timmschoolsfor soda readjustment bananapwridedtwith t for theteachi of Fuel tradessiitallar4igcapixtry, iisebsa Opting,abosmaidag, barbering,and wesyjj but abd theziee41 formoreschoolsdaily olawvationhams the childrensealtenold FAMENTAllyEDUCATION 27 theyareplaced in thework schools.&ringtheirstay there,their abilitiesarestudiedR3 astofacilitatetheirproperplacement in the work school.The homes for there-Oducation of girlscorrespondto the work schools for boys.Asyet,however,their organisation and equipment leave muchtobe desired." Tbe Ministry of Welfare andLabor hull division(Semite de Di- rulgaciónyCulture Popularliterally"Division ofDissemination and Popular Culture") whicbputsthe people,especially the country's workers, in touch withuseful informationbyrnelinsof books, bulle- tins, pamphlets, and othermaterials.)A booldotoncommunicable diseases, issued by theUnited StatesPubligHealth Service, forexample,wastranslated into Spanishand 10,000copieswereprinted and distributed.In Quito, this division Qfthe Ministryrecentlyes- tabiMedacirculating library forthe benefitof the proletariat,and other Ruch librariesareplanned.Lectures, discussiongroups,and shortcourseshave been organised,and radioprograms arebroad- cast from time to time.In thiswayit is hopedthat viceswill be corrected, goodhabits andcustoms will be engendered,andatleast asprinkling of knowleilgeimparted forthe goodof the learnersin their everyday living. Another division of the Ministryof Welfarean4 Labor,the Di- vision of Physical Education,Sports, and Recreation Assent& de Culture Maim, Deportee,yRecreación),aimsto popularize phys. ical educAtion andto establishnormsfor theteaching ofthat sub- jett in the public schools.This divisionplanstopromote physical educatioii and athleticsthrough theconstruction ofmodern stadiums in Quito and Guayaquil;and gvmnasiums,recreationcenters, public baths, athletic fields, and playgroundsfor childrenthroughoutthe Re- public. For themosteffective dirmionof its broadprogram,officials of the division plan theestablishmentofanadvisory council comprised of the Ministers,ortheir representatives,of Welfareand Labor, National Defense, Education,the NationalSports Federation, the Department of Public Health,the NationalLaborOanfederation, the universities, and thepiess. a Id4p. 47-4&

' 4 . ,

4 . A.' ' aZI Ajt - ot. 1*-4" ')1

CIPIERlii SecondaryEdue.ton .e

AIMS 9 SecondaryeducationinEcuador is bylawa oontinuationofele- mentaryschoolingandaimsprimarily at generalculture.Itseeks. to raise theculturallevelof the will country bydevelopingcitizenswho beconsciousof theirsocial obligations.Thesecondaryschool Nuns tOsotoprepare its students/orfurther orinthe educationin theuniversity professionalor technicalschool,and guidance throughselectionard to developtheirabilitiesto the endthatti*y usefulelementsin may baoine society.In thewordsof theheadof the SchoolSectionin Secondary theNationalMinistry,however, functionof the "theprincipal secondaryschoolshasbevnpreparationfor udy."a university' ORGANIZATION Inlinewiththegeneral practiceofsecondaryschoolsinLatin Americancountries,theEcuadorian secondaryschoolorroirgiois organizedinto2 cycles:the first,a 4-year cycleofgeneralculture* btudies;thesecond;a 2e-year cycle ofspecializationinoneof the followingoptions:biological science,physicsandmathematics,philos- ophyandsocialwiene,or educational first science.Oncompletionof the cycle,thestudentmay enteroneofthe tionfieldsor transfer above-mentionedspec; toa technicalor businet-ksschool. of the6-yearcourse in the Graduates colegioreceiveadiplomaforthedegr ofbaccalaureateinsecondary education(bachillerato); graduatesof thetechnicalsecondaryschool (p. 42)receivethetitleofskilledwork- man (perito)in thetradeconcerned. oolegiooffering majorworkineducationalscience ncolegionormal :sknownas (secondarynormalschool)andis to havean attached requiredby law elementaryanda continuationschool vationandpractice forobser- teachingpurpose& Ç If itisaschoolfor must alsohavea kindergarten. girls,it AsmEctsTRATioar Supervisionof secondaryeducation,bothpublicandprivate, responsibilityoftwo zonal is the supervisors,onefortheinteriorand for thecoast.These one supervivrsvisitea&schoolintheirrespective 'Reportpreparedfortke'autlwr of Public by tWoMad oftbeSeunmkryidled EdwatitmeQuito,December1944. 8s,itinhar7 2B

4.;r

[1... . ; 1 ¡....,;t4t:';' . o -?41. 141. III.. 2 - . IIECON DARTEDUCATION 29 tl zonesit leasttwicea yearand submitto the Minister of Education areport concerning the instructionaland administrativesituation in each institution.Theyareauthorizedto attend all official schoolor facultyme4tings andto visit, classes and other scho(*)1activities.Sug- geltions anddirectionsfor theimprovement ofthe work of the school umpresenteddirectlyto the principal (rector),whomay,ifhe desires. mppealto the Minister ofEducation formodificationorrevocation. Withinthe individualcolegio the piincipalis thesupremeauthority. lie is responsiblefor the smoothand effectivefunctioning of the ..c.itool andhas therightto takewhate'versteps he deemsnecessary tothat, end.He doesnot neceaRarily havetobeateacher. A Faculty Council (Juntade SuperioresyProfesores)composed of allthe teachersand internalinspectors withthe principalaschairman, elects The vioe principal(vioerector) and the threemembers of theDirec- tive Board, andproposespedagogical anddisciplinarymeasuresfor the bettermentof the school.ThO DirectiveBoard (ConsejoDirec- tivo), also canpoaedof teachersand presidedoverby thesrincipai. :administers the incaneof the school,confers the titles aniMplomas, approvesthe finalexaminationreports to the Ministry oftPublic Education, andnamesthe following fourpermanent three-mancorn- miUees of thefaculty;technical-education;discipline;sports and schoolentertainments; andcultural extension. Each of the sixclasses of the schoolhasaClass Council(Junta de Curio), composedof all the teacherswho instructthe studentsin that classoryeir's work. TheClass Councils check thestudents'progress, proposespecial honors andawards,present to the principal thenames of students exemptedfrom finalexaminations, andin generalwork for uniformity inmethod and subjectmatter of parallelcourses. E INTRUNAL manicTeas In each colegio withanenrollment ofmorethan 500 students,disci- pLIO$ andstuderitwelfarearein charge ofachief inspector(Inspector General) anda corpof inspectors andunder-inspectors, all ofwhom arerequired by lawtolx.eatleast graduatesofasecondary school, that is,to have completed the Audies and finalexaminations ofa rolegioor acolegio normg. Actually,the requirementisnotenforced for thereare notenough unemployedgraduates..&U Ftradoriait vamdary schools have theseinterrial inspectors(inspectores), 'who seethat thestudents takeproper careof school buildings,furniture,* and materials;record andreport absences, misconduct, and illness; take charge ofclasses in theabsence of the teachers;help the students with theirkiwi preparation;supervise Litsactivities; and performnumerousother duties determinedby the principilof the school.These inspector;who.arefor themost part university studio% receivemanand boar0 anda'nominal honorarium. " a IMI Ik .0 -.'',..- 1 , 4 it '... a s _^% y a II. . ,1 I ' s I ".' s . 1 ...,,

to. -1! 0.0 4 ts, asOW I.0 . I , 7.* #,*.r."-"" e . 4' -* tk. - I ' - im4, e . -;;.- if y .,{:( t. 43{7t1.4.i. ' - so EMICATIONIN ECUADOR SCHOOL SUPPOIIT Fundsfor themaintenanceandsupport of publicsecondaryschools derivefrom the followingsources:(1) Incopefromschoolproperty; (2)government gubsjilies;(3) registratiohandexaininationfees, and other feesauthorized bythe Ministry,of Public Education;(4) salary , deductronsand finesimposedonstaff*membersin iècordancewith the Education Law(5) giftsandlegacies;and (Vieproceedsof special taxesand otherincome allowedby lawordeco*.Schoolfunds dust be employedand surplusmoneys invested in conformitywith thelaw. The Di .rectiveBoard oftheinstitutiondeterminestheseinvestments in thelight ofthe interests 4 of theschool..In1943, theGovermnent spentatotal of4,679,8,10.44sucresin secondary'education,including 2,667,589.88for salariesattdadministration;101,169.79for laboratories andlibraries;443,4357.12 forbuildings;and.588,616.68 for miscellaneousexpenses.

-1? NUMBER OF SCROLSAND. BNIROLLIWNTII In1944, Ecuadorhad25 publiccqegiotofsecondarylevel,including colegiosnort.nales (p.57) and25 privatecoos.The prpfessional andtechnical schoolsof secondarylevelmentionedat.thebeginning of thischapter willbe discussedunderVocittionalEducationin Chapter. V.Therewerealso4new schools calledlower secondary schools(escudossecundarias),recently,founded inPelileo,*1Angel, A San Gabriel,and Otavalo.These lowerse

1 SECONDARYEDUCATION 31 ments in the.newlyestablishedescudo.,secuindariathadnot yet been collected. -Itis estimated ihatslightlymorethan10percent of the pupils whostartsecondaryeducationremainto finish the6-year course leadi4gto the baccalaureati degree. -.

liallLPLANTS t- Secondary schoolbuildingsare generally large,many-roomededi- . ficesconstructed aroundone ormore patios,whicheonsiderablyim- proveillumination,''ventilation,andcommunicationfrom classroom to classroom.Characteristically,wide, airy,opencorridorsline the patiosonall fkiorek--usuallytwo.Schoolgroundsareordinarily limitedto thespace offered by thepatios, althoughIleveral institutions haveadditionalfacilitiesfor athleticpurposes. The classrooms.are adequate in sizeandseatingarrangements; blackboardspace,and other detailsareusually satisfactory. Sanitary fiaallotions,includ-- ing drinkingfountainsand insomeinstances showerbathsand swim-, mingpool,arefairly modernandwell caredfor.As inother Latin Amerkancountries,the administrativepersctimelconsfitutesarather high proportionof thetotal staff4ndoccupiesacorrespondinglylarge share ofthe schoolplant.. IndlOpublicadagio., forexample,out of a. total of 25 there were'817 membersof theadministrativestaff,416 teachers, and64 minoremployeesfor janitoriala4d otherservices. LINIMULIMISS

All school'sof:secondary level have'Small librariesaveraging ¡boutlb 1,500 volunies,largelyreferencebooks.These librariesaredpen. ordinarily tbréughouttheschool diyand studentshfveaccessto the shelvesduringthe hours leftfree bythe absenceof teachersfrom school . and whet'.specialassignmentshave beenmade.Asageneral, rule, booksmay not be takenout of the libraryby, thestudents,although thereareexceptions. Theteachersarepermitted . by lawto borrow boas bysigningfor themand assumingresponsibilityfor theirreturn. A few schoolsbave the doorsof theirlibrariesto the general fitiblicithe ColegioNacional"Mejfi,".in Quito, ivencuteipga new door from thestreetto facilitateaccessof privateindividualsto its library offerings..Accordingto the 'EducitionLaw,the schoollibrar . ianinust keepdetailedsccOunts of libraryholdingsand cire,tiation; but informationin' thisregard .for1044irainot Anil**,tor the o -4,c- . present study. In1942, the schoollibrarieshadatx;tai.,o55,660

volumesattda monthly fib :rea4ertv.raget, of 12,816. 'I. 4 40

t . . V P11:4 , ":; ; ri, 4 . 61;14 Most oftue Ouhlic.. have reasoitsWadequatelaboratory ispipmoOt, butìiagenerallykept incabinetsand usedmainlyby Ilia ,for purpoif. for simpleexperi-

1- ' `4\ 4 :1 . ,. ; . 4;1 I - %- - .1 -t _.

4. I eft: ; " ; t ." .17 7;;k4 s- A.- 1 1-$ 0,44f, .f,P#0 ,p 14¡Ati4.14, t. -.4rb4-t4.-*Z 32 EDUCATION IN ECUADOR

o- ments in chemistry and physics,the students dotrotengageinexperi- mental work. TheColegio Nacional "Mejia,"in Quito, whichhadant enrollment of1,109 boys in 194445, huapsychologicallaboratory emisisting ofseveral largeroomsaidcontainingfirst apparatus and equipmentingreat profusion. The majorityofihenumerous ,delicaieund costly psychologicalinstrumentswive giVen to the school by the Ministryof Defense whenit closed its militarytrainingand experimentalpost. The apparatus is used inphysics andpsychology classes. 1141104111.YEAR AND DAY r The schoolyearextends fromOctoberto June in the interiorand from ApriltoDecember inthe ccestalregion. The dailyschedule varies withthe'locality,but singto law the classesmustcome between8a. m.and 5p. m.Girls'schoolsmay operate onasingle session basis.No studentis permittedto takemorethan 6class.es a day,nor morethan 80aweek. Further,notmorethan 4 classesmay 4 a be taken consecutivelyin the morningnor morethan2 in the afternoon.Sundayand the afternoonsof Wednesdayand Saturdayare regular holidays.Other holidaysandvacationsarethose established for public schools by the Ministryof Education b(p,15). . furraiNatILIWIRIMMISNTS 411, For admissionto Fuador's oolegio. ofsecondary educationthe applicantmust be at leapt 12yearsofage,in good health,and have completed the6-year elementary school.Priorto 1944anentranie examinationwasalso reqiiiiedin Spanish, mathematics,and Erma- dorian histoi7 andgeography. Studentsapplying foradmissionto yearsother than the firstmustpassexaminationsin thework of the years for which credit is desired. 9 e t.

o It e STUDENTFEES i. i,!. .''. Secondary schoolstudentspay aregular registrationfee of5sucres , , ,. .,.. for each subject taken P4, in the firstcycle and6sucres perimbject inthe t. mtcond cycle. These .1 feesaredoubled forspecialorlate registrations. .,. Diploma feesare6sucresfor thegeneral culture(first cycle)certificate ..: and 85 for the diplomafor the baccalaureateof secondaryeducation ,. orfor the title earned inaprofessional ,.,i.. ortechnicalschool.Final ;:- .1 .. .. examinationscost 2sucrespersubject/mob-4,if theexaminationsare ;.-,:.. :taken outside the .v..:,:..,. regularlyestablishedperiod. IIthe regUlarmonthly .... . ;-..i. orbimonthly examinationsare ..s.;:....;.....,..; misped andthe studentmust take them ,....:_. ...atalater date, hemustpay2sucreipew ._;.,.... subject .,The... .,DirectiveBoard may exempt students in financialr . ., f.. ,i'' need imp these. . paymenti. it -. may

).: exemialso students. '14110have. . . attains/A 'exceptionally : .. highgra4.0.,, ...... duringall6yearsofdieschool's:, 1-i--/61\ , wo* paymenta of She degree waal . . - . . ) .1 .. _ :. . . .e .1 . lp . -. : - I se ' ` ;1 k 1": I 1,;-..; 1..1 :_.1 t;11' ; . 't 34 1 .6-' _ .../.+21-s .; ;4'4 rt -- 21"` SI4"f 114:;4,47Pr;...i: 5.i .:i" t':4-":,e; ...... % ;,4 ": , .'-q -.:. 64::: e I -:14 4 1.,4.-'.,(.:./.1'..,'.1 ,t .I . . ..tc 4 ..iif.'*ti. rolfti; , V." r $f.,'i .041;_, i:...,711'.4*-'t4t. v't: 44 ; I' I ' i;'_111Y vt.,...,_ - -,(4 4). 34 '4",,fi. i ...le 4,24 /,'",-tez ifti 4Vi e ti,1, ...., r" .., . ..-t;e-- ,' çi4te, 11rt ie 'IA 11,0 .1' 4P-0_ 1 -e4ViIAT14 RTI" st SECONDARYEDUCATION 33 fee.Schools whichoffer boardingand dormitoryfacilitieshave, ofcourse, estcablisizedfeesfor such!services. ai.Assimurts Incompliance withan executive decreeof Ocpbey2, 1941,the Na- tionalGovernment grantsanumberof scholarshipsto financiallyneedy but ablestudents insecondary,special,and universityschools.As farupossible,thesescholarships are.distributedequallyamong the province& Aspirantsmust be citizensof Ecuadorandmust along present, with theirapplications,certificatesof birth,health,previous study,and financial conditionofparentsorguardian.Forascholar- ship forforeignstudythe applicantmudpostabondguaranteeing subseqizentserviceto the Government: ,Holditrsof icholarships in mks*. anc1:40/egio.nomadsmustagree to teachfora. periodof timecorrespondingto thedbitiopof theschol- arship. . The scholarships covertuitionand board,andmay not be held bymore thanone person of thesame'familyiu thesameinstitu- tion.Good condtictinandout of schoolandasuccessfulscholastic record must be maintainedbyrecipientsof theseStategrants.In 1942,88 students in publiceolegioareceivedatotal of74,880suave throughthese scholarships.

E. CITIRRICULUM Edwation at the secondaryschoolleyelproposes to callinto both play thestudent'spowersófleirninéand hisactivity,and teachers authorized are to employwhatevermeanstheyhaveto develop invsistiga. Liveandcritical abilities.The officialplansof studypreparedand distributedby the Ministryof PublicEducation,aregivenintables . 2and8.

110111111011.11111;INSTRUCTION Lectures by theteacher,andnote-taking,memorizing,andrecitation by thestudents,constitutethewevailingpractice in Ecuador'saca- . demicsecondary schools.In thealndconpleteabsenceoftext- bock,anti ofadequatereform°eworksandmaterials,the student's numerous notebooksarefilledwithdatasuppliedthrough dictation direct hotemeneousitemsgleanedfromlectures,'explalIVOUN andremiing, and selectitemscopiedfromthenote' collectionsof fellowstudents.,Iròa great extent; T. answers to theteacher'squestions mug be given verbatim,accordingto thetext of theteacher'sdictation.

OfficialsJ in theEdtwation- . , Ilnistryattakikitsthissituationte the fact thatastrikingpraportym ' of tintestelarp =ixot professionally cated, edu- butarebakersand profeasiaahnetwimengage.in - . teaching IitegiumatoMama : Plan delistudiss7&wallasdeUhsessiOnIlcussisria. Wsski likordswtaui., TameOMNI.de Mom*WA 11144b. k./ 441 ,I

84 EDUCATION IN ECUADOR

Table9.--Plium et studies I.th seeendiaryesibeelho (0014.16*), gemmrellmature eras

. , , aweakpar06001year . Heirs Subject ....., , 1 n )411 IV . .

1 2 II 4

e..4 ..... SpanishImamandgrammar.a. 41410441141 . 4 4 4 ...... Spanish literature ...... -----...... 4 . M. Arithmetic...... 4 M aad.a. a MOWS. . . .. a alftwilloft401 w...p 4 Plans geometry ...... 14.4 ...... 11 Icsocietion and bishery...... 4 , 4 ...... Ancient and medieval ...eommom.000,*42...... 44 ...... 4 ...... hilloammisamItmegamimmuiridolorp...... 404.1110 ....awla . 4 Physical Myeloid...,.. .. ,...... q. s ...... N. drairdOmo

Human,Ogillitolleomemie etRemake_ .. . 3 ...... o Osography et Asada imd v ...... diwwmeaft 3 . t , 4 4 4 I:, Of 11111109011 AMOS. Mild 01111111MIL..... 4. am,4, ea ..op.pur FI 4 I11111401...464, ,. --*.*--.. a I a 1 . .1, 1 M ...... --...... 411.ft40 S 0041.ftels 4111140 ObrikilLow.!41.04642141WWW411.4.41,41OftAWvirm...... I ...... Botiny---...... s.....,...... eòe 0 i . 2 ...... , ,., ...... - ...... - ...... , .. 3 ...... pliiss ...... -- ...... -411641P...... - ....a. . f ...tr. it Noblialitry,.... *am . ...*ammilft0010 fterekmoo. wee+ a i I AnaterneY1 AhygIs.....wasemeafteftdbomoww Amemommo erupinarepo III 00411,01.0 i

Biology Bblegy.... 0400i ...... 41*.M04mift 4.4111400/00,10 4114.41001NO WOOMIP411 - I 14egle.. _. - ...... **... emodoothe Gram* 11 ...... , 00a...... 00,1"... 041411040 III Drawing .. , ...... *"...... %ft-w I 2 04 ...... 44 4 1 liallie Mode...... elommAgo...... 1.4.4emorimmb 3 .100.... OIDOW0 1110 o ,, 4 . Choral 1 . .. . wo ...... 4... II 0. 411... - 0.00064 st, s , 4 .., nisi& ...... , 4 I 2 2 11 Practical mount activkissI0114wommoW0AA0040ftepolompoommolommoge 2 2 s ......

To411.__...._ .. we ...4.4mwel 30 30

1 ANlaummalaaram01/ 4111.11AMANOINPANIMINNIMIMMONIMallellman, lb 1 ForWY*AirkulturfagAlblwams4suileatirre it&Forgirls: Mine toodaliesankh&wing. gardening, Menge AM as a meansof supplementingtheir other income.Other explanations involvealit,lack of textbooks,laboratory equipment,and material., together with the lont-acceited'tradition of Actualknowledgeas a basis for universityadmission. 'Nevertheless, makiteachersmainly 4 4 rece4 graduates of the normalstiloogand the PedagogicalInsti tutesre 'introducing reformsin educationalprocedure thatallow discussiongroupsand other foramof studentparticipationin the learningprocess,calculatedto produce resultsmorein keepingwith the country's med.4 SZTRACLASSACTIVITIIIII Students in thewhigios swageinanumber of ÷solgititU "A r their regular schoolprows=&vend of theschools publish*adept newspapers10=swings.. Maily hams(nakedwhoadabs (Asociadowtsde lettudiantes andmot of them havejoinedto form afNational Federstioof SecOdait 24nillie#191p4Special SelioOl Students Vedersois%Nafiolli1:411.4itadiantes de Entgagia. dario,NortnalyEspecial The*itie alsoesportljuid disac f. çlulm Ne, t *Opsolat Mortprassimit tab gm wow*ifxi* ateke Natiosal MI$xj, mi.r1014 t i - i . . F. .. . f 1 ." :-,-,-,o-ai ,. ... A ,..e.p. .4% .-:--e iò,t1sl - -(4* t47X' CI t bt t e if 44 1-4L41: , 4- SECONDARY"laTICATION 85 TOW illoge011apeet studyha epeefallbtatikbaariaet eseeadary wheels (110and Mkyears)

_ ) . 4 . Hourssweekpet yew,by Ragland=Add 4

. Biology, Matainiado Philosophy ) and*rims and sociology'

ir 11, V 1r

s ,.

_ I e A I. 3 $ $ V

VongtilmolallIMMIUMIIIIINEMINIMINI. , NW Ift, .milir 9 . % 441...... I . o 4.. 2 _ . . . 411 .414 ...... Ob. 2 ..... 2 ..... O I s ..... IrstidC=sposidiyiliklaidir. 3 1... 3 Me. :1 i 3 .... . ofAanseivanlbwainftsspoistly o .. 111 ...... 1 eft. 3 introftellon adWhom sephilosophy (Aum, dome) 4 4 ...... 4100 1 10 do._ 2 44 ...... 744s1 lsval sad .1 . . , .... 111. sedan 2 4 4, e 3 ._ . _ _ _ _ s 1 ha Web). 3 . 3 3 . 3 3 3 1:11:::1:11implift. we00.**.* ...... 2 2 2 2 2 2 0 . ' bending ***********.w*wmia***ftwo. ma. e 3 3 .... wommeme*****61,0...... 4 0..4110 / 4444 0/4" 000040 40 0 I 4006ftemt* 0 .... 4 ...... 41.001 _ .. _ ***WWw00.000ftmielpftemseeemo , 4A * fffff -**** 3 3 111 6 3 **0 -11~ 6***40*4.090011***4141ftemmaw*momooar*ftfto...... 2 2 ..., - 8018, .. rembilowlimormmiscram. . ****m II 2 - ...... _ _ _ _ 3 *04WWW00,100~~sOrwom*** 3 e 4100.100 0/0b0.01 00140 raft, ...... -..VP ***0104000000*****wwwWw***.. i 10.010.11. 01000 001,04.. WIO/e

-.. . 3...... coot...... _or . ,.. =my...... mm...... 1 . .... 2 I ...... Assess,0**114000*.omammodo***mum.1044b**...m...... 144 ...um...... Cm .... Ph7 81.11810.0M)***,**** M4 . . .. 0-00, .441,14, .. ... a 04104 4. 4/0011. / - / . *A 411. to T...... C.. , 3 ..... _ _._ tirosadsolid ...,....1...... - ...... 4 . -...... frommeirr.....-.46...... ftWill . 0 00 . 2 ....

Arrmft.e.4.4******ma*** 3...... o...... ,------*40o* ...... - _ .Ind sioseher $ ...... 114**00***61********.*****...... C. ... , t ...... 1 1P* ...... *********4.ftw*Imemo ...... CM, a. a. wr a, 2 .... 4...... 2 2 ...... 4444 ...... -.4...... ,_ _ _ 3 3 1 ilad --,;. .I;;i;ii 44.0.11 ...... 2 1 ;E ... _ -rr ...... aistusillandwalitim...... _ _ _ _ 2 Jr' Iii 40L...... abie* 4000WO 010100 , .... 0W4W 2 .4 ...... 0,400,0- Ipme* -..... -...... 4 4 1 1.000 -...... _ ...... t ....-- 2...... ,. emp*wweutsampowebeseweass*m*m*Adcw*0 .. 4444 cc._ ...... 3 3 , 4.601 er 444.4 o41,11,4 em.fter Co.. a .... Tow **.,...... r.- ...... t--

sadWu;organizations.of similar 9haracteiSwimming,basketball, football(soccer),tennis, baseball,andboxingarethemoat popularsputa. Extraclassactivitiesare,ingeneral, onlybeginning I* be acceptedasof educatioealvalue.

411, IXAMINATINSAND MAIMS All dudentsat the seccmdaryschool levelarerequiredto take bimonthlyexaminatiensandanannutd finalexaminationin NApub: ject of theprom dirstudies. ThebimonthlygrAINiASUOINIarewrit. ten grouP teaks445niinutes'durakmigins under thedirectionof* the teacheso "abject,andmayconsist ofono twalmondquestions dng60' the Zincmthpuilkd. Notea h smiminirteredin

citoreo edalation,the tet ispracticaland in- the tiatimir t.. Iuks 4064 tgthepapers,theyare f 0 ; . . , f : 1 s-;,.;,_-. ,..t!te . - : --. -: 41...... 1.'4., -, i,...--,00,,.;' , 1` Y r:.t1 * i !V- t . - Ae .. , ,.. r, . _ '4 .t,,....--.-7 ....! ,. , .. , , ) -..).Pt,-- - r'r v-4- 6 t r. ',-.... r f=a,s i.;'- V4A 4-4. '1 p' . e.t r s ir_ 20"P ift CAk4'`4 ig f rq.:*t 141k4k 36 EDUCATION IN *MON

returnedto estudent and thegradesarereportedto the Directive Boardof tre school. I td Within20 days after theexaminations,the student'sgradesare reportedto his parents by thesupervisorycorpsof dieschool.The marksused in gradingthe bimonthlyexamitiationsare:0, loweRt (pésimo);1-9, failure (deficient.);10-18, fair(regutar);1446, good (bueno);17-19,verygood (muybueno);and.20, excellent (sobresaliente). thefinal examinationsareadministeredduringthe lastmonthof the schoolyearbyaboárdcomposed ofthreeteachersappointedby O the principal.. These examinationsmayberepaged during-the-ftrst month of the folk;wingyearifnecessary: To be eligibleforthe final examination; the stude_ntmust present receiptsforpament ofall fees,aregistrationslip, elanotendanceand ccedwemonk,andan official statement of theaveragegrade receivedonthis bimonthlytesta. For studentsin the first.cycle the finalexaminationsarewritten;for those of thesecond cycle,theyare-bahwrittenand ortl.Public, vhool studentswhore bimonthlygradestotalat least 76pointsare exempted fromthe finalexaminations,but privateschoolstudentshave . nosuch exemption. ' . A set of topicsorquestions, coveringtheyear'swork ineach subjfict and identicalfor both publicand privateschools,ispreparedbjtin teachersand numbered&) days Woredie dateestablisind-for the examinations. Correspondingnunibers ireplacedinan urn, andNI the day of theetaminationthe studentdrawsonein eachsubjectfield and answersit in writing,being gradedby theekamining.board.on the 0-.0settle.The day beforethé etamination,stutkmita.in tin specialization cycle drawanumberfromaset coveringthe wort 1 Thegeneial culture cycleand atiotherin 'theirrespe4ive=jaifield, and thesequestions formthe basisof theiroralexaminationtin following day. All otherquestionsaredrawnb/ lotandansweredin writing, and all, bothoral and written,are°gradedasin thecaseof the general "culturecycle exam4iitions.., _ Oral examination. , ,- are administeredby thé principalorhissrepresentativeandtwo teachers. A 10-minutetime limit isset for each subject.In themiseof foreign languages, .. , the written examinationit supplementedbyan'oraltest of, the dvdent'Salinty to read,transiate,.and , .. I converse in the language., .... ' Thefilialgrade fortheyearis chOrmined t 'n - by theBoar.d.. , 2by k 11. avenging the bimonthlyand final examination r. , .gra4ea.--It :is.: expresie4., ....rA : . fot. -- lows: 50-60, -.., fair; 6145,good;70400ferys004;- and 014004 ,-'tA , A studentwho failtto attain..sk Ee . 'Minim**. *0 ..74. 9 " ,...1 = ..e. . . ,....1,ett'''... i° ,-- t 0,.., '.t, -* " ' r- - _-...N examinatift -. .' is required . . ,_14.'°.,--:'I r_!i,7 . ., . to mot it 4 ._. t i st the . i-;,;.-- :4-f , 1- " 4. .; 'T.-7 k/1114 . ' A : 41, . year; alto* he : fail agt4,_be ninettivest ' ...,Olivia* 76,0..- Work.x r.:., . ..., , , , , .4. student who ?receives i t l_._: ,WA*-14 ' ..7,>!VP,.. A OW.con4*? ...... 11 . -. ,i, ,.., : ... 6 ..,.. . , ,. i ,'Ittt.f... .- . . .. '. ' s 7' --- ..4N, -..All r.-i; t r. . ' . .. . j : ...) .:., r01101140111t .. % -... = ..0:---..,..... ''''. .._. ti .; ',.'- -, I ' .r 1.1. kz . ', ...-- .. ,., ,_ :, 1-,;',' `-bt.14...... -,t 1..,, , ...1: ',. !='..r '4." '. ';t 'S-.:,1.-....; ,,s... ' ' 'iJ: :-.i .."... .4(' '. . r 4- 4 -'4b4.. A 's . -" ita.¡Itt,..11*: ' )°f " ,"% tpf. 10, " d;io.i J.. %,404,04.pis., legs, .4 : . . P -g/.. - r4le I , 40 P. . te Ì"- 1-.. a te$1, 's' INCONDARTEDUCATION 37 4. u"suspended"inall his classworkuntil he pasitesthe finalexaminations;if he is alsograded "failing'sinone ormoresubjects,heauto- maticalyfails theyear's work. .. Parentsortheirrepresentativeshave therightto appealthe final examination¡Fade within8 days followingthe schoolsecntary's report of t*results, andif theappeal issustained by the principal, .11 theexaminationpaperis reviewedby anotherboardoranotherexami- nationis adminittered.The originalexaminingboard holdsallpapeN ntilthe expirationof thk8-daytime limit.

ACALA111111111ATIIICEAMINATIN I Uponsuccessful completion ofthe.4-year lowerorgeneralculture cyclea secmdaryschool diploma(diplomade °studiossecundarios)is awarded.Whinthe,. student.has Famedtint finalexaminationsof the lastyearof the2-year specialisationcycle, herequests the Directive Boardof the scho61to declare. hiirpacandidatefor thebachelor'sdegree in his niajgr field. Rethenmust take analwr'mittenexaminationin atopiceach frailtin generalcultureand the :414'..ializationprograms of study.The topicsagainaredrawn byOt andthe studentis allowed : anhourindi halfondifferentdaysto =Aver eachtopic,.Theexamin- ing imard inthiscaseis madeupof theprincipaland therespective tea0wrs.In addition,the.Itudent takes'an oral examinationadmin- ittered .byanexamining board consisting4dthe .principaland4 teacHeis,oneof whomis the teacherof busforeignlanguage.The mattuniinationcoversall thesubjectsstudied duringthe2yearsof specializatitmand lasts Wive* 50 and60 minutes. . .. Thedegree warning-ion is tradatofollows:6, fair; 7and 8,good; 9,verygood, and10, ensile*A grade of , 6or moreentitlesthe eandi lateto ths degree.The;-_]_!;, Fr.- -. is coiderred r in biologicalsciences, physico-mathonsticalsci 7 philosophyand socialsciences, 1-p;... orin i . educationalschwas,.._._,,. . to the fieldof specialisation.The fhlgresin (',.T.itemilIplo.il sciencesis- regar&sd ,. uequivalentto the titleof elemmtary.school-teacher (problem*normslista)omferredOy the urbannormal schòok NAT1O1ALCOLIGI "S4T11OF MAY" . .. , TheNationalOolegiolathy.of May"(ColegioNational24de Mayo )wasfounded in1934 inalowte to the imperiow&wandand . Reed of Quito's girt;firasound, mderiladtratimcmthesecondiKy . t- .schoollevel.: 4:Directed byapridcipal(radon),S administrative - ot, . . .m "..Amber .1: . ; doers, and4 . is :WO . . into 3sections I..JI '10-1, . sit. taught byastaff of 42 teachm, heicademic actionamides1'of the tegularSocycle, trei andiiwyearsetptkp, with 297students in -' 1. the( genandculture leveland p. I. 7$ in theI . 5-- .4 grimps-gwof . , NI z . ". . . ./ ; . .s0 yand social ,.., s scienies '. - - $1. i 1 / ' . A -;41;,'.. ki'7:r-; " Z.11:¡:.1.1144Z.4. :4;4-%la -- i .41 \ .:7.q.64"4/ 10.$fs:g F . - . :7d. ' .7. 4, eA 1 ,16 , 1 ' 1 ' , T1/4; , - , rtA., i ..to. . 4 4,, iy A,.-s ;. -4 I * 1 i ;.- t -4 .0 . : . t :c .:; . , . z 1 1. **`." v . -1.- ;A Nt;. . .- ,, ... -.11 . t. 1 . . .0... A -4111tr,;.',7; 1,4,4. -:- .. . . A 'r`. 4Z.1.4141..A7.4- At e' re!' :,;,rt. s.ekr -111(-- 1;-"t 1.;),:-',.4--4!lit ..t'i, 4' 1.-tt I, 1%;....fieN.'1.2.,4"t..' 1.0+11" '. "1"11.,Vr 4.,- 4:. r" _ '041.-44, 1} .1,::t -!* t 41..4-4a "lar-Veit - ft ,ig ;:iO. : ; Z re, 9. '6,, .,;)6.)11:.-4," ret-4.i.,s . , f6, 1.",-417',Lt./i - E`-wyvl-.s 4/1Pii61.*Pt.7;:- ss EDUCATION INOMAN* .

and of biologicalsciences.Studentsc.ompletingthe workof thissee- tion receive the bachelprdegree. The commercial sectionbas3 first-yeargroup;andI each insemin# gib .and thirdyearof prevocationalcommercialeducationand2groups of firstyearvocational studyin bookkeepilig,stenography,and typing. Enrollments in thissection total231.Graduatesof thiswiction rec;eivtv adiploma in either bookkeepingorstenographyand The third sectionconsists it)fgroups,both regularstudents andgirls andyoung womenfromoutside,who &wire1.or, moreyearsofexten- sion work in variousfields.in1944, 181 enrolleeswereregistered in the followingcourses:stenomphy, typing, Englisk.art in the home, home economics, dress designingand sewing,weaving,rhythmicgym- nastics, music, andfirst aid.All the782 Audentsof time§ions areaffiliated inone or more of the followingadman. activities: Student's'Club, CommitteeonPeace,Girl Scouts"Amawmas,"Asiwia- % tion of Historical Stadia', Aswkiationof GeographicalStudies, Liter: acyGroups, and variousSportsClubs. Theschool placesconsiderable emphasisonartistic etlucationand hasorganiseda160-voice gleeclub, adancing class, andadramatic club. In general, the NationalColegio 4,25thof Nay"isgoverned by the law and regulations estiblishedby the Ministryof PublicEducation .for secondaryan4-business schools.In viewof thefact that itisa girls' school, however, it has beenauthorizedto provis special wmbk that itmaydeem desirable for itsstudents.Each dudent, k srdingly,. must take in additiontothe prescribedprogram 1 of the following

a specialcourses :. childcaremmuil Okra. of practicalmercies,followedby 2yearsof scientific instructiongiven bythe physiciai4fteherof the school;women's problemAcoursedealing withtheissues direetly connected withwomen and theirlegal rights;and,apracticalil tone

. basedonactivities andproblemsine 4 ly relatedto Wit hone. e , _ Inanswer toinsistentrequestsani iman&bywelts that their daughters shouldna have toventuretothestreetsivfregmntly, the sihool inauguratedin 1944a !Jinglesession, _ - _, --- -- . , program from 7:30& m. to 12 :45p. m.The studentsmay,however,registerinanyof theez tensionmawswhichareoffert4in the afternoon. . _ .. -.....,.,...... ,- . .. In additionto their regular itli . instructicaddui*the teacherslire requiredto be active nxembersoirmeor momoftas folkywing;puips directive board, teachers r--4 cows4hwler còirn4 Si)7P 'oralcamas, r . tee, committee . t °% r an _ 7 (*turd own- t NV' . sid . - 4 g.."r I. . d. r- 0,1; 14, : , 1 t . artatiri., i t . fri' *.'6 mitteeon en . .1 ) I I wt .1. . . I 4 " tr . . "/ r A ...;; sN "I - .:'"! St.' 1.!1:f."i'!* ' r4, 't'" r . ' ,. J. 1. )10t:. 4 :. qr. - ,(.. 0 1 .`', -;4. iNs' $!-i ',t ."w . Ir. . . . :. .. r . - ; s*'.;II,. . t - .r i !., IA t-t, t': 747 :* ; . .7. .1.i , 19.. .. A. - e 31*A r,44. ,, , " I- ° t . c. `i , . Si.fe t we .41.1 -- 4 P -"Ob 7. tar.. . ; f. = A . VO ... . % -w=' 4.0*`*"- 6 . .0. A A: 1-: 14' -r-'11i'VZ11. Ecuador's 4vr. 7 ts;f) . . . . , . . , 4.. . .4 .

; Ir.) O 1.-2 gr 4114 XL: _Ar - ,1,0[fcb.:1 2 * -* r . rt W t- - . ."!P r-:ts 1 ' 0 : I - ;; .. : . 4- 't 4.; i424t-`41,.

A (' - - 44 ¡to . Cl , r

L -k Lt.?' IMONDARYEDITC4TION . 89 , andsoforth. Theyarerequiredto conformto the regulationsof the publié schoolsin suchmolten'asprogram of studies,examinations, grading system, andothertechnicalaspects ofsecondaryeducation. Theyare not authorized to conferlegallyvalidtitlesordegreft;but theirstudents maybe presffntidannuallyby theprivateschool cipal prin- for finalexaminationsinapublic,wcondarycokgio to make their in order work official,and fordegreeexaminationsuponthe `minationof their ter- specialtioncycleto leplizetheir ichelor'sde- greeand thusfarilitateentrance intothe university.The principal of eachprivate.school isrequiredto submitto the Minister Education of Public adetailedannualreportonthe calegiounder hisdirection. Teachersin privateschools enjoyall the, prescribedby law forcorrespondingpublipahoolpersonnel. . . AMIIMUCAN SCHOMI,1111PWIT* e Locatedin thenortWastIrnresidential section,of thecapital of Quito,this whoa city. was opened in October1940with112students and12 teachers.By1944 thestudentbody hadincreased the administrative to 320and and instructionalstaffto 28.In194445the .kmer- ¡can Schooloccupiedtwo buildingsoneforelementary and ifivelpupils oneforsecimdarywhbolstudent&Twonew buildings plannedfor the were near futuretoaccommtlxiateatotal of600 students. Seven membersof theteachinggaffin194446 North canswho held 44 Ameri- collegedegreesandappropriatetftchiiiicredentials. The schoolis strictlyacoedupationaldayschool,with inorning :sions from ses- 8: 30to 12: 15p. m. and afternoonsessionsfrom p. ni. 2 to4: &) % Thé academicyearbeginsin thefirstweekof October about and ends, the middleof July.ScondaryschoolItudentswho the official enroll for Stateprogram of studiedprescribedbythe Ministry all academicsecondary for schoolsin Ediadorinsteadof fortheschool's regularprogram of United States work,start inmid.= October4ind finish the schoolrearaboutJuneSW. All students , pay a reathionfee of30moo (1sums= I cents, U. S.money)ayedhi1coversñonlyregistration, also thecost of school but4 publicationsand minorcontributionsfor char- ity, parties,special excursions,and thelike.Sharesin theAmerican Schoolmaybe pur,hased bypersons, generallyEcuadorians,approved ky aleBoardof11,rustees. Theshare0oastWO*were.eachand Oldaccording are tp Ate/umbers *Wminthe familywho pectod areez- tp agifigi. 1 ;..kr Oe chiN,10 844,m1;two,children,14; SW*, $0.iiham. They.fola,. bepaid :f, Ad:wn:40dthe. , a!enistindetin5 equalmonthly Of isnot a 00,r4older8 lee 00.ogreamontb,piNtt101,11414-401491. fi ls'.6iii of ii..- .,.-,. ... 42180 , ,,, . mores ...... i , ...... 4...,,.,,,,,",..:.,; ..,.., . . ._ . - ,, . 1 ..,., , .y...... ,_ -.. e t .., ,.....,,-J... .e ,-:1-ii- , .-. , t 4-,.t.,...iNi..';;-#---- t ....--.:. )---...i,.- ..-:,:;,:-...;.k,:.,:- 1 .-- ..- 1,..7.' ;4'st 7; , , - ..`')--,- t '-:it . , '-' :.$1111')....`;.f::.V. ; X 44 4 w -. j t. A7 4:. ; 40., .'-li. '. _, " 0-- /.. i-. A ' f i t , ...1 40 rDUCATION IN1DCUADOR

amonth.Childrenof Ecuadorianparents whoarein needof finan- cialassistancemaybe grantedpartialscholarshipsamountingto half the tuitionfee,eventhoughtheirparentsare not shareholders.Se oralschoolbussesareoperatedfor theconvenienceof thestudents asmallettra cha permonth. In1944-45 theAserican Schoolprovidedinstruction in thefollowing schooLgrades:prekindergarten,kindergarten,8yearsof elementary school, and thefirst2yearsof highschool. In194546 thejunior yearof highschoolwasadded andit is plannedto add the senioryear in 1946-47.Theelementarydivisionendeavorsto satisfy therequiri- meats of the Ministryof PublicEducationof Ecuadorandat thesame time those oftheaverage publicand private schivisin theUnited States,sothat graduatesmay enter higher schoolsin eithercountry withoutloss oftime.Instructionisconsequentlydividedequally between Spanish andEnglish, andevery,effort ismadeto make the children bilingualu soonu ible.Nopreviousknowledgeof eitherlanguage isnecessary.Elementaryschoolsubjectstaught in Englishare :readingcomposition,penmanship,spelling,music,physicaleducation,dancing,socialstudies,naturalscience,healthand hygiene, andart Taught inSpanish-are:history aidgeographyof Ecuador,grammar,spelling,reading,arithmetic,and civicsof Ecua- dor. No iromeworkis assignedthrough thefifthgrade, andaspecial schoolpsychologistvisits theschool dailyto checkonpupilprogress and provideremedialexercises for those whoneed them. . For secondaryschoolchildrenwhoplanto attendEcuadorianuni- versities,..the officialStateprogramof studiesis provided(p. 33), and the finalyearexaminationsaretakeneitherat the NationalColegio "Mejia" (p.32)orthe NationalColegio"24th ofMay"(p. 37).Upon termination ofthis6-yearcourse,studentsroceive thedegreeof bachelor of secondarischoolstudies..Childrenwho wishto prepire for,university workin theUnitedStates andwho haveconsiderable ability in Englishmayafter finishingthe workof theelementary school program enteraspecialprivatehigir-schoolsection withit curriciilumcorrespondingcloselyto that of UnitedStates highschools at the junior andseniorhighschool level.Uponcompletion'of the 6yearsof study inthissection, theyreceiveahigh-scbuoldiploma instead ofthe degreeof bachelorofsecondaryeducation. TheAmerican Schoolof Quitohimalibraryofmorethan10,000 volumes, themajority ofwhichar )11 Ash andSpanish.There,kre good-sized collections inFrench s 'n, also,uwellu afew works in other languagimThe library 4.; isopen toall itudentaand,beginning with the fourth grade,,eachclass liftsaspecial weeklyperiod inwhich 4the studentsvisit theWarynd selectthe booksthey wishto tilke out for thefollowingweek.Membershipcardsareiamaeachyear t

rk t / ;* a t X ....,r;"".:L. 1.4i A, ;.14! A'"'{ 4i1-*°' ,1111! trt: kst. t Its41 SECONDARYEDUCATION 41 toanypersonsin Quitowho maywishto join theadultsection,which hasalargefollection ofgoodmodernandiclassicalEnglishand Aineri- .can'Works.A fileof15 suers.ischargedforalibrary cardwhich validfor9 months. is Booksilqaybe takenout forperiodsof 2 There is weeks. nodailyschooluniformcorrespondingto those for the required studentsofmost otherEcuadorianschools.There aparadeor is,however, dressuniformwhichiscolorfulandattractive. long white Boyswear trousers, whiteshwa,whitesocks,awhite loni-sleeved whichbuttons shill at the neck,awhitetie,and eredwoolsweater with sleeves. long Girlswear a whitepleatedskirt, Whiteshoes, andared whitesocks, woolsweater withshortsleeves, iswellu a tricolor ribbon in theirhair. TheAmerican Sch9o1 ofQuitobelievesthiaeyerychildshould 11 hours ofnightly have sleep,andrecommendsth#parentsexercisegreat careinregardto diet, fresh air; andgeneralhealthcoAditioni.It maintainsamodernhealthroom with allnecessary care fortaking of sickorinjuredchildren.A school.nunsisonduty the schoolday and throwhout acimn.pletehealthrecordis keptforeach child. Periodicalphysical examinationsareriiadeby the101091physician andaspecialistgivesa completeeye-ear-nose-throateianAnatioiiiwice a )Tar.Thephysicaleducationprogram is well developed,wd ball, buelall, soft- volleyball,baiketball,foothill,handball,soccer, tennis, badminton,ping-pang, and horseshoesareU poptilar,inadditionto trackactivities.

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CHApTERIV Vocationalr. Education

TRallINSCALJWAIONLIB N CHAPTERII mentionwasmadeOfthe agricultural .C) and indus- Itrial instructionprovidedin ruraland continuationschools under the directionof thedivisipnof elementaryeducationof the National Ministry of Education.At the secondaryschool leveleducationand ttaining forthe varioustradesand nonacademicprofessionsiscar- riedonunder the directionof thedivisionof teihnical and special. edu cation(educaciticnicayespecial)in'the NationalMinistry.Edu- catorraud businessneognizethe needfor technicaltrainingat this higherlevel, andagrowinginterestin the vocationalschool isap- parent thboughout.theRepublic.PostwarexpansiGnof natiotud in- dustriesis contemplatedand foreign firmsarebeinginducedto 'stab- . lish bmcheitin theooantri,mannedwitivAtipetenttechnicalper- sonnel: In themeantime, influenceis being broughtto bearonthe . Governmentformoreadequatefacilitiesfor thepreparationof nativet workmenipthe technicalfield. limos=F TillarVICALL8C111001.8 In 1939 Ectiadorhad 9-vocationalecho (profesionalesticnicasy especial*,andone9f prevocational ction.Their458 students weretaught by213 technicalteachers,57shopdirectors,and5 cultural SUbject. jeacrhers.By 1044 thenumberof schoolshad risento 24-4 for libysand 1for girls---withatotal enrollmentof 1,976.The schools forboys showadecidedpreferenceformechanics;those for girls, fordressmakingand businesseducation.' AIIIMINISTUATIONANDORGANIZATION Internally, thesetechnical scluaolsareadministered

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VOCATIONAL CATION 43 I lussIONarmUiiMKrtis Article 159 of thelawgoverningsecondary educationstates that,the diplomaofNiondary selioolstudies,thatis,satisfactorycompletion of thefirst4years of the regu)ar secondary' is requiredforad- missionto the secondcycle of thecountry'stechnimischools((k9cuelas profasioilalesytienims),.which . is rn.Tardedas comparableto the cializationcycle of spe- thecolegio.Entranceto the firstcycle is Principallyontermination based of the6-year elementaryschool; althoughin someinstances,Whereonly 4years of thisschoolingare provided,ex- o. ceptionsare made -to this requirement.Goodhealthand character ami evidenceof vocationalaptitudearealsorrt-imr:v. Studentswhoenter the tevhnicalschools *" of Fxuadorstillcomelarge-. ly fromtheworking and tilemiddleclams&Gradually,however, technicalinstruction hassucceededin makingItvalue people feltamong of allsocialandminomiclevels,sothatduring anincreasing the lastdecade, perx-vntago Lascome from themone. precedented p.Theunft awomplislunentsof technoiogyinmoult in relation especial& to the Sworn]WorldWar, havehadaprofou theyouth d effecton of thecountry ingeneral and°itthe technical particular. iloolsin Already,te4inicianaandprospectivetechnicia tiel6of rakiio, sin the trwehanics,tnginetring,and electricityare regarding themsaliesasbetter offProeasionallyandeconomicallythanthe 'tionallawyer.' tra-

Inst onmthe technicalschoolsis free. initia Afew haveanominal .rationcharge,bubthereare no examination Mast nortitlefees. vocationalschoolsprovideboardkngand dormitory 'a limited facilitiesfor numberof students,many of whomholdState covering scholarships mom and board.Thestudentsmust furnishbedlinen, wearingapparel, dishes, and theneoemary schoolmaterial&They held are also immutablefor damageto schoolproperty Andequipment ARMAIMclAtwarimA Ingeneralthetechnicalschoolisconoerned developmwtof with' the ihreefold thesCudent.First,it educatesthe whole physically, personality, mbrally,and intellectually.Second,it provides profeosional technical- training,whichincludesthelinfoldin¡ofmanual skills and theimparting of thescientificand technicalinform/0minecessary for successfulpractice , ofatrade orprofessim..- Third)it arivesto produceworkmenwhowill beeffectivecitizens,made . conscious social obligations of their ,. through.;ageneral knowledgeof conditions country and . in their g: ' of themeans s 4,4 brirhich .. ...s 0,0 a greater Ecaador 1,4; may . I .1. " be produce& ,

. . NOW primered_fw a soda tik;writer. tythe heedof the Section is tbsNationalMinistry ef SpecialEducation of Púi la- , ti gar*,MemberMt, 141364 itet4 s

6 .

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44 EDUCATIONIN ECUADOR i 1 In the3-year fi cycle, theboys' schoolsprovidetrainingin three -.. or mote of the folloingtradesGeneraimec alms (includingwagon. making, blacksmithing,electricalwork, .andfoundry);radio and telegraphy;cari3entry (includingcabinetmaking,uphoisteqwork, woodcarving,and gilding);grapbic arts (includingtypography, . .%printing,photogravureand photo-lithographY);.spinningandweav- ing (cassimeres,carpeting,and tapestries);shoemaking;Oymaking;' and minorindustries.In tkie lastthree tradesthe trainingiscomt plete.Completionof the firstcycle gives tiiestudentthe title of

"expert" inthe trade bfhis ..- -. Choice. : .. ';* .. . ,. The iechnical cycle provides2yearsof.moresPeciali.F.edtrainhig and instructionin themoreprofoundtheoreticalaspects ofi the trade orprofession.Upon satisfactorypompletionof thiscycle 'thetithk,of . "maestro" isconferredinoneof the following Aelds:Industrial mechanfcs;automotivemeehAnics; dectrotechnics;radiotechnicsf Ioundry work;carpentry and cabinetmaldng;oodcarving and gilding;typography andprinting; linotypy;photographyand photo; lithographnand phdo-, wo94-,and .metail engraving. ...:.-:.;,, -.: . k . . 'At theschools for girls,specialized studyvidpractical ti reainingare? prOided in aressmAing,homeeconomics, embroidery, and! weaving, furriery,'bookkeeping, buketniaktg, and the like.Vie .. periods of..specializationvaryaccor4ingto the field: inwhichthe student w9rks.Thus bookkeeping refuiresfyears ;:and holmeco., nomics,aminimum of2years, .. Titles conferredoncompletionof the coursecorreiliond..:with those.of the boys',_whop.*The Xncilistrial Schoolfor Girls (EscuelaIndustrial4e Pefio'Fitas).in Quitohutéen ,.. . planning theitddition ofa. completeootirsé intypewriting;butlack , , of 'fundshas preventedfile purchaseofneceswyeciiiipnr4e,iit. : .., In all technical, schoolsthe offerhig includeiIiii)thg :1culture , . , r and technical(traçie)courses... piefornier iritaught ally in,.the morning; the latiet,in the afternoon.Thest4denkloaci'varies,from 4.0 ,28 to 3 hours.aweek, and is divideAfairly&tits*betweenthetwo -.types. of learnings. Thegeneral culturesubjectsiollow el,pattern .,, . .. commonly foundin the-academicseamdary,schoolt4but with much '.,'::;...' less emphasisontheirmastery.:.'. As faras,possible, ,%, . they,arepresented in suchaivayNita''bring outtheir relationships.with thepractical .,,. , , tradeorshop work. -...... - ,; , . ..-..'';:-'. ' ; '. , t 0-: , fe 1...... , , . 0,, - r .47. k.- surnises.orlorwritiminomf , " , r.- . i:, I O Toa yerygreat si v- ._.... eitent. the In'ettki ctiiiin . . the .. . o, iii IE) ., .f . cultvre i* 'ecti, at iticgiOalOpo4,0# 18.r1 rff':.;.;. ea.., , .4 b .. : , .!..1,7%, iii Ole Mt. Os*òii ji.; 1 .. ,.;;4..r.L, r .. v r,i,1....,..: cfr,a,gy.;,r, *-: I.I.,0..-, ., lectures aidAi-tioiii,. . vit....: -: I .4°11 I %; . . , . . . . . 14:4/2 ; tlictitiolL : Whim Pky I 71 (

Oa . :. j e ill' I ¡la' : f.'2.f:.: .._ o11 11! ; ".fk:IC,44, a .t . .7.r4.4f; / '' 'fril diligentlycopy.ihitin ::4 "vo, I . rsi Very '4 / . " : ? :,1 .. 4).;o;:t .11* It 0: . - 'r . ;. k . I. . - 2.1, t ', f , ek ; ; . o . 00. A. ; f 1:,(,1;',.ft . j .' I( I" ; ". a'," 'It , . ;Of .. . . f; *. ^ , 1 " t I e S. ,. '^ 4" . ;.4. ;* j,!'* . ; It's k , .i,:% 1 ...t '44 51:4;:e4,. 1,.40. I. 14111A)it 4144 11.W.)::" .?1:, ': "-- .r . 1... ,11N tqf 41; 13.1:1'; 1:¡Li ItiV ..7'' %.t Itt /*Iv 4V'74; 1% r?!¡..1.1%.,. 4C 'ALI f ;tit, / '0 IV ;04v IL. Nry ir 0' ,-. F it %;tf.) -46 01, 4 I'4'4 0.: 4, . . '4 J gi. !,4" -fa !fr .! r,4 4 f

. ;, 60 VOCATIONAL EDUCA4 N 4i .-45. effeótivehtheirliork. Theyifiee'that duistudents'notes containfill) ,most significantfacts andfigures,Andthen makesurethateverything is wellunderstoodby theentireclassor group. Theyinvite and questions patiently explainandillustrate,usingwords,drawings,'Inedels, andactionsto clarifythepointat issue. In regard to the shopwork,thestudentlearnsthroughactualdoing. Except fortheirage,the teachersin thevariousschoolsvisited hardly were distinguiskablefrom theirstudents.Theyguidedthe ivork, lentahandnowandthen, askedquestions,haddifferent repeat students anoperationor,performit inanothermanner, demanded reasonsfor proceduresandsequencesof. procedures,andotherwise saw to. it that thestudentsunderstoodthewhat,why, andhow of theirvarious activities.Duringthe schoolyearthestudentsmalse more or less frequentvisitsto shops andfactotiesto observe and methods proceduresmactualeverydayworksituations.Before heiscon- sidered ready forthe titlein hismajor field,eachatudentmustcom- oleoat leastone semester of workinan establishment. approvedby the r school. ' EXAMINATINSAND'GRADING Oral;ivritten, andpractic0 eiFaininationsareheld 'every8 months. At.the find of each ichoolyear promotionexankinations,areadmiiiis- tered:For 'studentscompletingeither gelsspecisi"degree"or.title examinationsarerequired,cinrespondingiothose heldin the. for the oologios baccaliureateof.secondaryeducatiim.4.Lit1ietechnticsalev,hools, howesteifparticidaremphasis is¡Aced-mothspracticalasp,ct of the test. In general; theexaminatioAsaregradedaccordingto the Acija scale ofito20 points,with1118 therecolired loweitmarkfor anisimatsAND EQUIPMENT

. . Bahschoolbuildin¡sfindequipment,aie**deg.uate*to the needs of modero iducationalrequirementsint thetechnical field.'Almo4 Withoutexceptionthe buildings , areold andlacking inspaceand adapt- abilityto mgderri needs.Practicailyalltb'tTichiftry---lathes,saws, . drill . pitssie,. name*J e. , e phioers,r, priitingpresses, linotypeunits, , sewing '')and shoeniaking, , . ... inachines-41atesIron theearlyyearsof thiscentury and showsmanysigns of . *ear andrepair.Parts-havedeteriorated orbec(imebroken,puttingmuélk ofduimachinety,out ofomission tiI retx*versionmftkes 6.3 v. replacemeptiavailable. ACie9rdintto the I 194$repOrtof theMiniSter 4'. .% ofPubliàEdnóÀtîoj P5 , sdarietyaa.technical .. 1*.14.:2: !.1".k:' O. Os 'j::...... ---. _. 4 71 ''r .. school.Wits"19 r , I, sy, Is: ''. i 0 1 1 144. 1 i 0 'frithi , .,..t.:.1.),t .E7,1. if ., 4 ?...c4, 4 ;,7..... A ,..:_7,. Y1 .:1'0 '.i ' : ' . If.'"' .lidi ..0... 'ill.* 1 I t 1. ., 1 .114 43i 'CT of T ... 1,-xi i 14 r , e.). 1*. .1" .., ,. 4 ,...-4,,, r , ' . 1 ,1*- .10 %I ! I . , ...' . ' .11.a (. A - ". ` -0'-or litee (;- 01±,-.::1-1t*. ).".:('-:1 t. .. t ) e, e e;; 4r-1' 4 II , r:, ; *.!°).-'." r .. . . , ; , - ,

: ,.. _Pf.4 ,..**- w ,c 0.' . -4.. ,...4,-,..-..q.% iiii Rtliglai , , I l .4,1 `... , _. Quito, I Io ,it .,:::. i.i.i,., Tille,;0441eas ..4 ' ! ; ....,--c..!..- .1r.,J. '` I 161 , . . 1.5 ; .1

;.41*.f1(,.;*?11 4 - - . . . '11 .

46 NDUCATION 1$, illaVADOlf

TATIltCIITNTRAILTINIONICAL80/1041ILLF011111CUilliA aorraii TECNICA ii =TA) is Among the betterequipped.' schools in.thiRepublicis ti.ie State CentralTechnicalSchool ofQuito,which in1944-46 hadan enrollmentof 262 studentsin itsregular sectionp---inincreaseof approximately80percentoverthe 194041enrollmentof 147.Th66 shops (talleres)of this schoolradio,mechanics,carpentry, shoemaking, graphicarts, and weavint--providetrainingin ftspecial

trades. . TheCentralMinks,asit isgenerally called,maintainsa1-year prevocationalor preparatory that isregardedasequivalentto the firstyearof secon4pry ed 'on andaccepts studentsufollows: ror theprepvatoryaourse,upon completion of the sixthyearof elementary school; . for thefirstorapprenticeshipcycle,uponcompletion ofthe pieparatorycome or of the firstyearof secondaryeduces- tion;for the,tiecondorspecializationcycle,uponcompletionof% the first cycleofanytechnicalschool inthecountry.A. studentin the uppiryearsof academic'secondaryeducationmaytransfertothe apprenticeshipcycle.Offeredalso isaitayearcomefor students who havecomplttedthe fifthorsixthyearofasecondaryschool and who desirethe titleofexpert* in 'handcraftormanualart& A special schoolof telegraphyfor improvementof the nition'stele- graphers functionsih theestablishment..Thenational Government pays its telegraphstheir fullsalariesduring attaidancein the1- year comeprovided.Studentsenrolledin timtrtdioand telegraphy sections oftht(lintralTechnicalSchoolare,-aged admissionto the work of this satool. ... . Although favoltedby the Governmistbecauseof its(spiral loci- don, itstraditionof effectiveness,and itsnatkmalleadership p- in the field oftechnicaleducationtoday, theState CentralTechnicalSchool poorly housedand its mechanicalequipmentleavesmuchto b. desired. Thespinningand weavingshop, forexample,is equippedwith primitive handloonsand ,spioningjennies.Manyof themachines in theother shopshave becomeworncobrokenand lavebeenaddend toget*r,have Wenrepairedwithwire and bolts,orhave.goneout of useentirely.Others'cannot bewild because.they lacktheneoessary

actiessories. . In 1942' &. special apptopriation p of100,000sacrawas given_to the.. achool . . , , for the . . pre*.oi"w equipment.Theamount sppropriate4, vierecognizeda. 44 ; **lateto the needs:of theschool, but hopeswaskighfor anincresied7, V 1 ,,, .,--1..1 . sppropafton ,... r. :VA in 1944. . a .. ' r 4...,, i tL !- 1.,1".2 ...t.. .TheOmar&r#000a, 1 , . ,.q/ ,.. iv L.,1 .'.. .4-0 .4%, . 'chi .44%. !. Av 4 -4.:'.44 --- r 1.../0`.-._ ' ^ roan*. of J -1111011, , . 0 .11 -f I 1 . - I ; r t- 0, tot* Otherbletitutions r LA. ".di. ILI. of* i7] al 1(I. ma, ak' . " _ 44 d . .1... . and ..s,. . , --, . , : -, - 4 .., 1 4414i> $ Vi n-'14".1. 4:r". of 4- ,t_-' ofstudios -NOa . 4

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VOCATIONALEDUCATION . 47 CentralTicnicafor thetitles ofexpert() andmaestroinmeçhanics is presentedin table4. Table 4.--Plauel studiesAumeekaulesat theState CentralTook. Weal $elgoollla Ituke

Hoursa week per schoolyear

Subject 7- Esparto Msegue 7..1 li IV 4MMOto .11 .10... fik . 4 Immia pm1=M010111111/10m. =. 'mooown NeMI.M. Arithmetic 3 3 MOM0O4 . w 4 3 3 1 £Igebr. . 0 2 2 irtry...... _ . _ .... . 0 Iftooliiii...... 2 11, ...... 2 2 MOO.11:1 Loglisb..4M . . plirdes...... PIPM00fta40404....0,fffff 2 2 ...... 41, .e 2 2 2 a .ift O.e e11 Chem1111311..1: doom. 4 a . 2 Biology andpersonal ...... 2 blither**...... i 1 . 0 0,410.0. Matfri. 11000111*Y.chic& .. ._ _ 2 Nft.w4ms"2 al, ., ...... 3 3 3 Ph itiiiiii-on . li 2 1 2 2 J . MOP r-11 OOOOO . OOO . 2 3 Sbop 2 2 2 2 ... a 20 21 9D IWO 0 in*Witte* 4. rtactsisvhs .0...... 4 9 2 2 0, 001 0.0e.e 3 Teekb ° _ _ Icd Lcake...... )11i 4004041 ...or. 3 2 1 - eq.. . 2 Ap oiled ohansie 9 3 0O o 0 2 2 buttesIPPIP _ ....._ intensity' .e e e 411 e . maim. .... 3 litrength of.0 lamb & Prelloismal didactics ea. 411104.eeO 1 .04040.. 40 a'. 01 PI 1 eitorgriatkas ID 40 i rs baskliiiiii 114.4 1 ft,ft.41,10W Pa 1 . ol *Web ffffffffr .. 44 -43 44 44 ;- - t Most ofthe shopworkdone inthe schoolison"jobs" thataresolicited inthecapitalcity.Besidesall kindsof machine-andother repair work, theschoolmakesgears,tools,implements,cUnicalapparatus, electric ironsandheaters, ironranges,batteries,wood andiron beds and otherarticles offurniture,doors,windows,tricycles,decorative iron gratingand railing,schooldesks, gold-platedwoodcarvingsfor furniture andotheruses,newspapers, magazines, posters, price.tags, signs, leaflets,printingcuts in all kindsof metals,cassimeres,tapestries, necktiematerials,andmanyotherproducts.Ordinarily,the customer provides thpmaterials.Pricesaremoderate.Moneycom- ing into theschoolthrough thischannel isdividedasfollOws:00per- . cent for the school,20patent for thedudentand20percent for the teacher.According ." si to the director,r this practicehas broughtexcel- bolt result& Productionhas greatlyincreased;the achoillhas beenen- .* abledto buy materialsandminorequipment;the bitchesand students 1 ,have beanstimulatedto work withoutwaste and aiwiyionpractical a products;ansiasthe =toners' ,-,i . astisfactkin 'ft .. .. .',... I ¡coped% criterion ..i . . is, //,'-i41 ' ., ' r , ; I* , .', " - rI re :/.9 4 .. -I. '' A. a.: ;i .I a ' 4 I,1.4 . ; Zs- 0. & .,' * je:_',. ri.:: ., . ....l' " 4. . r.:. '1 , ,'. a : i , *. i :*. ... I . : Z. :1 ,.,.. ,.. .. ,i'. j,..... 4.¡:...4.:,..; eÇ 11.s ; ' 4 :1: ...... I. .4..,; k . . Ifiti 4f ,i....(. 4 .i';i..d'.,* '.. ..''; t. '''''": :. rib%.s. , 4`.I s , l'4.,,4 .1 _ .'. ... %,:, ';li "I , LTA I r i T. of- . t t, .'4 .. , .,, 1.; .1 ... . '. - 4 . . - ' :.'4 t, ..'-..\' -,-,v¡. ..41,)z:I. .it ,trk,i. ON t*- i-..¡4_, ,...e S ;4 ... Oik.'. '''. - ,' 14 4.1 ".. V""1 , ' I: v- ,, I . I. -; A , I -' !17:' 4 r , .,..q ;.; ',Al .44 . Ar in 1*'° Ì4**;:rjli 441**41f:f ..1- ' t. ...k_.: . 1 S.-''. -4 41-",11 '1 4 I ?* -11. -A .Pt ,,._i...... 4-, 4 . 41.'t -' .N S. , (., . , I +7, . Lsk41.1 . lit 4(,1 *." ..*.i4 t. .." 1' r 1r43"'"" 41111*IViv I ;^ *4 1. ..' 4. sefY ,:-.¡,. **.)01.'!el1r.;1 ? .)s n `.4 AP: : *,4,,0%.,1. 4.4r1.' %BC' ,4* i ts 0 .. <11?1, Rki4t 'È., i "A ....' ' ,i1,4**3&ftiai.44,A, 'f?Witt.e'4 it4. 44 4r .I. 'A*lsrlEffSort.i'61is-fr-IWZ12_--- -

48 EDUCATION INECUADOR

A of efficiency,workmanshipandaccuracyhave beenconsiderablyim- proved.Asageneral rule,the student'sshare ofthe incomeis retained by theschool untilthecourseis concluded,when itis givento theyoung manin theform ofacomplete kit oftools for histrade. The schoolhasasmall libraryofsome2,500to 3,000 volumes,largely technicalworks in thevariousspecializationareas.Most ofthe books comefrom eitherArgentinaorthe UniteclStates.Accordingto the librarian,the circulationis fairlyheavybothteachersandstudents seekingto broaden theirknowledgeqndto findnewideas,new patterns, andnewmethods fortheir work. .0 f Thereisagreat demandfor thegraduates ofthe secondorspecial- igationcycle of theEscuelaCentral Técnica,in nationalindustriesand in schoolswhich providetechnicaltraining.A few ofthegraduates goto ChileonGovernmentscholarshipsandto the Schoolof Artsand Tradesin Santiago,to continue theirtrainingatahigherlevel.In 1941, for example,at least ninestudentswent to Chileto study mining engineering.TheEcuadorianGovernmenthad underadvisementin 1944 the foundingofaPolytechnicalSchoolwhichwouldprovide opportunitiesfor advancedstudy forgriduates ofthe country'stech- nicalschools. In1944, the schoolopeneda storestocked withtools,working clothes, andotherarticles offrequentusein thetechnical field,which aresoldat cost.Students, c_ other technical sclooloof theRepublic, and th9small,independentcraftsmen of Quito,suchas carpenters, painters, tailors,shoemakers,mechanics,andiplumbers,arefreeto take advantage of thisnewservice. 4 BUSINESSEDUCATIN ADIS 'Theschools of businessandadministration(escuelasdecomercio 'y administración)haveastheir aimthepreparation ofskilledworkers and ofspecialists in thefields ofbusiness,inctustry,banking,and public administration.They alsoprovide thenecessary background for entrance to the Faculties ofEconomicsin theUniversitiesofQuito V and Guayaquil. . .

. ADMINISTIIATIN Accordingto law,' these schoolsmust be located incities inwhioh the populationand thenumber ofindustriesandcommercialhouses warrant their establishment.Theymaybe State,municipal,or,private.Ordinarily,they haverbeen opened in 4 connectionwithAlready . *Plan d.Orran1alie16n y de libidosde las EscuelasI. Commiey Administruldn. Ministeriode EdueaciónPúblies. =R. . . Quito, TalleresGridelos deWm:adds, 160.Art. I. t

6 4 1 .14

- -is . . r 5 . . r. . .. . / 4». , ., 5.... v 11%!...; 7:1k ..a.. ;'; ''.»1 . ,- '!0,1 ''1.1'::tpt 0 -1; PigA f 71, ..01 .:' r..*e a . SIZ:.:;;14 -.--.,..4%; iI-::. . .,. I -74+-.7.. 4.6.-.1". i.lAg )-( a ':1".1...'" A ),1 likti:11.4';-71;?;:t1;Ì",.;':191.1 ....;-...%:`t-ri :LA,_,:14',,ttIttiti447.:A=1!f A --p.,li i1J- 1

VOCATIONALEDUCATION 49 existingacademicsecondaryschoolsandfunctionunder the board of directive thecolegio.Ä specialsupervisorhas beenappointedby the Minister of Mucationtoseethatprescribedrequirementsare metwith referenceto laws,regulations,and plansandprograms of study. RGANIZATIN Business andadministrativeeducationin generalisorganizedinto the following progressivecyclesor stages: Prevocational,3years; vocational,41year; subprofefoional, 1year;andprofessional,1year. Schools comprisingonly theprevocationalandvocationalcyclesare callectschools of businessandadministration;thosewhichprovide theprofessional Cycle alsoaregiven thename professionalbusiness andadministrationschools.. Theprevocationalcycle isdividedinto2stages, the first ing medically 2)riarsbe- thesame asthecorrespondingyearsin thecolegio, with .thedition of 3 hoursaweek oftypewritingthe firstyearand 4hours s% the sevind.In the thirdprevdcationalyear the generalculturecoursés characteristic of thesecondaryschoolare roundedout findsufficient vocational workispresentedto ble theteachersto'determinethe pupils' aptitudesforbusinesseducation.Studentsfromtheregular secondaryschool may enter this thirdyear providedtheypassinex- amination intyping. Eitherbookkeepingorstenographyandtypewritingmaybe take& in the 14earvocationalCycle.The1-yearsubprofessionalcycle offers thestudeqtachoicebetweenbecominga secretary-stenographer a and commércialaccountantIn thelastorprofessionalcycle of the graduates preprofessionalcyclearegiven irainingleadingto the titleof expertaccountant(PeritoContador). a PLAN OFSTUDIESANDDIPLOMASCONFEIBM The planof businessstudiesis givenin table5.Successfulcopi- pletion ofeach cycleis markedbyacertificatewhich istheprescribed requirementforentranceto thenext highercycle.Graduatesof the prevocational&missreceive thecertificateoftypist,upon tiemonstra- tion by test of theirtbilityto type 240lettersaminute.. inapproved fa.shion.In each casethecandidateforadiploma oi ;fiat°.ró quiredto pissa theoreticaland practicalextiminatico.OtherAelds ofspecialization maybe establishedin theprofessionalcycle.Thus, forEmajor in parliame*arystenograpiwadditionalworkmust be provided instenography,philosophy,,psychology,logic, rgitical, literature, administrative,andliconatitutionallaw, publicfimuice,and history of tion.Additioñalwork foramajora, stenography teacher i4cludes kinciplesofedubation,generalandspecialmethods, *school .; orpaisation, andlegisktion,logic, psychology,. . . and .literature. , .1 f : t. ' .- V. % . -

.. 4 . . . s si e 0. 16 . . .t'f,;;..t-' , - 3 a, , %- :1 te,tet 4 * r., Zta io' .r. 4411, `;;.; t . ://4 4, - .4,44 .1.tri.4.!`ft! rAt. " ;l4 ; 41`f4, rt , .1 VI arb. .7- .-itiv- -WI,41-11.,_ -

50 EiYUCATIONIN ICUADOR 6,

411b Table5.--Plau et (goodies eteeheelle etbasis and 'Male adudaistratIon

HOMOL Wm Pas&WOOL remit

Vocational .4\-1421a1 Pieta- Subject PotIoi Coo-.atonal 'Irma Steno Peek-?nit- modalInert replier awe- so- Ilenantl keeperillycount fte ,set

ri rv V V VI 41001 4 1 11 3 4 T ....MON61 Spanisbgrammar and COMP** t _ _ . . . 5 4 a ID ..... 0.06,m Business . 10 4 3 3 .._ Literature_ ...... e 011t, 3 3 ...... Inglisb _ ---- 3 3- 4 4 Il 4 4 Arithnwtie...... 5. 4 ...... Business arithmetic,&Wank ...... 4 e a. ` 4 i143::::Scsofihisnia-d. 4. 00 a a a Statistics. .. Or 400 al 2 allatary 6.00 0 . W060 4 4 2 O m06, OearraPhY. . . 006e 44 3 3 2 3 a. e poIitpjeconomy_ 11.10 O ...... A. 0 6 e 2 2 &idol economiesat Ecuador_ _ . .Mi 0 &I:kW 4; ti kO.. 4. s'Y't 2 2 1:10t7giaendG-11 -7; 2 3 Prig ;LIIVIC41 andcivics... lib . 2 2 A W '41V174.451. .-.. publicity,props- me.:"I'I e0,001, ...... l s. 2 2 P4 4 112 1$ La,Ajt, 3 Saddillirklig0 2 ... a 1r Pwrit,m, ..... No e0 ...... 3 4 3 B17 0 000000. I. . O o P .4100e.e. .1114112111670 ... 04.0 3 3 ha... See. I 00.040..00.04001,041. lb I.

4 .. -..... 4 mi. 40".> 4. a. 2 2 iolLii--:_01;0 a... .0, alp 2 .,.. ob. . 4 3 4 ypswritdqand . 0 8 ThaiDOIN ill/We 0 0 . 2 ...... Comm L V ...... a .....e 2 2 .._ 4,., Pima and administrativelaw... .. e ., 6 o t . e. AseowItiasniz.. 00 6,000 .0 0 0 3 , Scienceet kinanea...... -00 4141be ...... 2 4 11 0060000fte...s. O .. O.... _ . .... 3 oak* 4 14: end practise.. %ea. 4 4 6 Physicaleducation....o 2 2 2 2 i Proniftaradm: (Dementia 2 ..... , phy eittleZeasiceicr ..... ee 2 I 2 3 2 2 2 ammo own. A006601111011 lrstsa TWAILV0.000000.00....004,0000 32 as 32 31 22 13 34 11016...... '"."..0000.14011Tr P 41111111011 MGM' 011t TITLEIIXAMINATINONS Before the degteeortitle isconferred for completionof thework . t. of the professional cycle,the candidatamustengage successfullyin 1 It.r:, practical work,duringaperiod ofat least 6 months,inaState, % muni- ; ,. 'Ai r''..i ki . , -.1'. cipal, business, . ., banking, .1i, or - . ., dal 4 =al. 1.i v . . ettablishmtat ..4- approved . .. . -,- ...... , . by the .,. , .... i ..? 4 i Directive Boardand Mustprepare aUAWa deOngwitht national. 1 a ?At .. ' . '". .. ,.....s problem relatedto. his specialization .'" PM 1 field. Candidates 's for'.. :.- the , . title of ...- -*:4 ,- 4 .-...' . parliamentary stanograpliev,for oample,. sre , . nguiredto tabs down ', . $4 aspeechat the rate of 120 liords alninuttilandto pfsaatest ofmental . ;, ty sad biiefiatmsterialafor thistivitbthngtake' fromeh. At .1 '1 ." , 6 ' -`. ; . _ . !.? $ ' -1 vi .- 610#.4 *-f: *;;;.!. 7 -tefn koi! / f 4 e!. "p ; -ate-J.1,4:42;1-S-` AC. 444 -.4 , VOCATIONALEDUCATION 51 Recordsof theNationalCeopgress. The 4ätactica1examinationfor the title of stenographyteacherrequirestheteichingof3 classesin different commercialsubjects offeredin theschool.Titlesconferredon completionof theprofessional.cyclpJim regardedasequivalentto the bachelor'sdegree ofsecondaryeducationaridpermitentranceto the EconomicsFacultyiftheUniversity.'4 Privateschools ofbulinessand publicadmiaistrationare'required to confolim a to the iegulationsestablishedfor publicschools..Each privafe institlition,asin thecaseof theprivateacademicsecondary schools,has itsworkguidedand'supervisedbyaneighboritigpublic schoolin whichthe privateschoolstudentsmust registerandto which theymustreport annuallyfor finalor promotional examinatioliitif they desireofficially validcertificates,diplomas,ortitles:Individuals who'preferto study businesssubjectsunder the 'directionof inde- pendent privateteachersmay similArly havetheir workofficially recognizedthroughexaminationinaStateschool, andmay receive officially validdiplomas andtitles. 4. IMIPMENSCLASSES IN11111WINSISIMITATIN Both theregular academicseocindaryschoolsand thebusiness schoolsmayprovideeveningclasses instenography,typewriting, English,accounting, andothersubjects forthe benefitof dayworkers whoareunableto attend school duriftthe day.Theeveniogcourse 'covers 2yearsof instructionand requiresfor admissioncompletionof ,the6-year elementaryschool. Nodiplomasortitlesareéonferredfor qe thistype of learning.

NM=OF 111101111111S11141110LSAND: [DINTS Owingto therecencyof theorganization ofbusinesseducationby the NationalMinistry(1942-48), statisticswere not available.A number of sChoolshave been founded,however,and sectionsof businesseducation havebeen createdinsomeof thecolegios.Thegreat volume ofthititype of training is inastate of transition,oforganiza- . .. tionorreorganixatkin.Thenei4andimportance ófbusinesseduca- tion isbeingincreasingly repognizedby thepepple, byemployers, and by theGovernment, and thereisstrong indicationthat economicsup- port for it will beforthcoming ina measure comparableto that envigaged fortechnicaleducation.

, a, . NATINALZOO !k; 11/INITSICAL , 1111111TCATISN . : .4 :.... . Priorto 1986, instruction iii _physical. , 4.)ducation.- . wasthework ...0 , . .

foreign tewhers,, particularl* ..from. Sweden, Spain,'. Germany,. . North Amerii*, andChile. After1986, hoWever,intensivecoursesforau) training etnative personnelwere provided in thejuan.Montalvo Noma School,the Mejla(Olegio, sadthe State A Central Technical

0.4

f. k 52: EDUCATION INECUADOR

School. Thecomplete trainingconsistedof 2yearsofstti'dy,80 toJt 35 hoursaweek. The regardin whichthistype of educationis held maybeseenin the fact thateach coleyioin the Republichasatitled physical educationteacheronits staffandseveral of thelargefschools haveas many asfive stich teachers.Generally,3 hoursaweek isrequired in thissubject forsecondaryschoolstudent's.Theelementary, svhools provideahalf hour &Lily,butordinarilythereart no special physical education teacheisat the elementarylevel,éxcept in the verylarge schools. Eachprovincehasasupervisofofphysicaleduca- tion forelementary schooli andeachruralzone, one for the rural .schools. t- 4 116111ECTIVES In December1943, by presidentialdecree,aNationalSchoolof Physical Edticatiopwascreated. Thisnewschool,which in1044-45 hadanenrollment of48 students,has thefollowingobjectives:(1) Toprepareteachers ofphysicaleducatim;(2)topreparereserve officersfor the armedforces,sports coiches,teachersofrhythwic gymnastics anddancing, 'and otherspecialists;(8)to conductinves- tfgationsVI the field of'physicaleducitionandto ,ixperimentwith methods 9fteaching the subjectinEcuadot;(4)to stimulateand popularize knowledgeand practicesin physiCaleducation;and (5) to providesopportunity torphysiciansandotherprofessionalswho maydesireto specialize in relatedfields. ItiltUISILMIENTSFORADMIN EDO o: The school offersa3-yearcanna. Entranceto the first oisgeneral backgrouqdyearis grantedto students whohavecompletedthe4-year general culturecycle of thesecofidaryodegioorthenormalPachool; to third-class teachers with8 yeais ofexperienceandgoodrating;and to teachers whosetitleswereobtainedin ruralnormalschools,busi- nessschool's,orother educationalinstitutionsrecognizedby the State. Entranceto the secondorsplecializationyearis grante0to students 'whofinishthe first year's work;to those holdingthe.baccalaureats ,degree ofsecondaryeducitionillanyfield;to studentsof medicine, andto nontitled teachersofpl;ysiclaleducationinseavdary,profes-, sional,orother similarschoolswith4or moreyearsofexperience. To the thirdorprofessionalimprovementyear, graduates ofthesec- ..ondyearand titledsecondaryedticationteachetsareadmittol.Fur- requirements foradmissionare:Moralandphysicalqualities compatible with thedemandsof physicaleducation;manifestintevat in and aptitude fot thistype of training;,and successfulperformance inther.eptrance, medical, andastituaeexamipations. Practicallyallstud, dents receive scholarshipt I tb' theTariousnationalministriesand departments,municipalitieg,or industrial r;rianizations.. j

. r: fir -4 1 - tie% . IL . ' ii; '1."' '.4? 6 . . . '4 40-. *... r . .. I ' . t ;* $: '. 1 .*:.4V,'i*,: .. *. o.,; it J 4 '''''' .4 7, :..- 4, 1 . .sa' ". eiZo' - -=

VOCATIONALEDUCATION 53 PLANSFSTUDISS .0 Theregular8-yearcourse ofstudiesleadsto thetitleofphysical eaucationteacher(profesor deeducaciónffrica)orofteacher ofa specificaspect of thefield. Forcoaches(entrenadores)andmassagists (nlasajistas),theregularworkof thefirstyearis sp. followedbya ecialized22 hoursaweek secoridyearinfootball, general basketball,or athletic&A2-yearcourse of 23hoursaweek to train girls isalsoprovided asteachers ofrhythmicgymnasticsand fesorude dancink(pro- gimnasiaritmicaydanzas). Tableer of studies presents theplan for regularphysicaleducationteachers. Tablo of soriall otadfleslathe' comaSchoolofPhysical Mama's,' . -

Hoursa weekpot year @ablest

/b. UI

AO1 4 a Anatomy in-,;_autiffta education-- .... 3 3 Piggyyogand &&&&& O 4 . . MiRoryDkolgt 4,-IMMIIMOMMILOnnn seeee...... nft. O. 3 -4 Biologyoat " 0..4w... IN Biochemistry .. 3 andat_i 11..4...... 2 retintaliktklaalagrigialiebilliaend 2 Nftsatiltylesi)... 2 _41r241 t a. r 000.4.0004,0 .. - _ 4 e ft A or lb 3 ph.1. .. 2 . . 1 4 C4: 1014--A17 , tilt- 4 41. . 0 and . . 4.400,q0-1040 2 . . apaIntiosel physical.edocatiOnt...... :111_1111/. :4: . 1. 2 .. .. . o 3 2 3 wdard andJosattiehm..00e.e.00.OOOOOO ,ti end111144101111010114,1Matrftee 2 V201 0000 o 1 . nnnwftemo Tait* tt,..._,A6 ,, .2 ...... 41410ono no _ 41,116 11--! e nes and a...4 4 0: 414b1P.04 .111es. -1 aft Oymneetiessad schoolgame&...... 2 OrnamstiolandFreeport base...... 4 Sports 4UAW., 40 l Es. 2 OP. 0 4 A du" 2 2 a. a woo ..... arIllo01141. - A..... 4 3 Belt _ 000000 .1 Scout work. ... SS40.4, ihrhumins. 1 Ik Gift ID 00000 WC, 1 00 Milkerytraining . for Eitio) ..... 4 3 Yoreign11 !, 4.= 3 3 musk ft 14110. 041 1 UMW" ft11114 0110 1 2

itallala It 4 00 00000 404040 t av as 7 -TT trnto Generaly Plan de !studiosde la .A _ ZeaselsNetioseide Zdorecitan 24.4 -IMhos.Quit% Toners FW Mules&69 Ottawa deIdusnoidnMaim.1944.p. 44. i TIIIER1111191CIAL11011001.11 NATINAL110110011.Olf-jig=ARTS Ecuador maintainsa Natiofial*hootof FineArts(EscuelaNaci- onal deBellas Artes)in Quito,whichin1948 hadan enrollment of 61students-165men andeßwomen. This schoolhas thesame admin- istrativeset-upasthe colegiot!.Coursesare providedindrawing, painting,sculpture,modeling,artanatomy, history s. ofazt,lithor

. .- : A : Gor " j f';` 1V1,71.:y - 54 EDUCATION INECUADOR e 4 raphy, and-other graphicarts.Twenty-twot.acherg,the majority withoutateaching title, handle theinstruction. s. aihma..8W MUSIC Three C9nservatoriesof Music rissde liffisies),similarly administeiwed,ftrealso maintainedin Quito,Guayaquil,and Cuenca. Coursesareprovided inmost of thecustomary music school offerings, includingbrass, reed,and stringed instruments,harmony, composition, voice, and the like.Elocutionis also taught.The1943 enrollment in the timeinstitutions totaled771 students,of whom278 were menand 493,women Since 1944, increasing attentionandsupportare accordedto theseschools.Ecuador has alwaystakengreat pride in her artists and musicians, and isdetermined that ectuc'itturritt..these fieldsshall receive the emphasisit deserves. Newbuildings,in thethorough renovation "of the oldones, areplanned,aswellas moreadequatepro- vision ofnecessaryequipment andmaterialsand salaryincOases for the instructional personnel. - MILITARYAND NAVALSCIIIOW V The Ministry of NationalDefense(Ministeriode. DefensaNaci- .41 onal) maintains andcontrols theEloy AlfaroMilitarySchool,the Infantry and CAvalry,Aviation,and NavalSchools,aspecial, infan- tryc9urse,and the WarAcademy.Dataconcerningadministration, organization,coursesof study,examinations,grading,titles;anden- rollments in these institutioniiwere notavailable.

. (_L,12

.a .

. wb-..-2-",. . k. .,:t. 3 ,a; ,t .'".. lt, 01 ...... ' r A .' ... fe -.' :. 1 .. . ,. . i a * .. t ' . . I: 1.:'.1 N.. * , .. .. ,, Nk I,.-¿ 4bS, 1 .. "'' . "... ., ,...... : ., 4 i,. , .. tr' , .-.,,,,,.t. 4 .., r.r,... ,...A.,:., '-17)41 .$.tk*. 4,:aii. -ir ',.¡,._,....,, '''''M---"--''''.---2- -,... .--,:=. 4 1/4._-,,,41.0i1..."6:17,...}.:,::"\.';1:?3''.:''''''''-'...' .CHAPTERV Teachers,

v MUMS=AND CLASSIFICATINFECUADOR'S'TRACILKIpli ()CORDING TOTHEMOSTRECENTcomplete 4astatistics zik.available,' Ecuadorhad6,429teachersin itsschoolsin1942. Ofthese,4,489 werein Stateschòols,694 inmuniciiAlschools, 1,246 in and privateschools.Theymere dawdledits follows:1,316 with degreesortitles froth uriviinormalschools;113,certificatesortitles from rural n'ormalschools 491, Inixalaureatesofsecondaryeducation; 70,first-class elementaryAlduns;81, secondcrass;2,838, thirdclass; 272, othertitles;and 1,248,withouttitles."Othertitles"includes lawyers;doctors; pharmacilits;engineers; diploriiaedgraduatesof thetechnicalschools; andspecialteachersin the'fieldsofmusic,art, holieconomics,minor industries,foreignlanguage,physicaleducii- tion, s d manualarts. latein1944,teacherswithouttitles 6 monthsto take were given examinationsunderthedirectionof theMinistry ,to permit themto continueteaching. 4*. In the elementaryschoolsin1944, itsrecordedin theMinistry Public Educatioii,2 of thereNveree8,198teachers:.2,528 State,365munici- ml, and305 private. Of thetotalnumber45percelit,or1,439teachers, Wildthe titleof Normalista(graduatesofnormalichoolswhohad fulfilled the'extra requirementsand passedtheextra to foithetitle)., examinations Eighteenpercent heldnotitlewh o ;ver.In additionto theseteachers, 3,112elementaryschoolt rswithvarious tit:legwere in teachingin urbanandruralnormal,continuation,agricultural, secpntlary,andother,schoolsof theRepublic,mak- ingagrandtotal of i,810. Figuresrelating to the igaffsof thedifferentty.pes ofschools weienot available, but in-.1944 in1943a therewere 59 teachersin therural normalsaitiols,100 intheurbanwrmalschools 416 in the (colegiosnormal.), academicsecondaryschools(colegios),45 in the schools,32 in the technical continuationschools(complenwntarias),75 inthe schoolsof finearts', and38 in thepedagogicalinstitutes(p.68). I. 41341111111111CATINSANDSALAMI= Ingeneral, teachersmust beof highmoralcharacter,holdthe fessionaltide corresiionding pro-- to thepositionheld,be free ofwmmuni. s Steadiesy Illecala261).Miniaterkidsadaeactliko eida:111412.p. SWAM. Mlles.Quito,Tallow'6eMaas- 1 *Specialremit preparedbyti;echief etthe IlesehanitaryScheel December104d. *IratimllakayShocaiatda.Op. dt.pUS-411S. Is.,

es .4 . v 56_ . EDUCATIONiNWUADORr

cable disease,and havenophysicaldisabilitydettlmentalto effective workasteacher.Recognizingthe deplorableprofessional andeco- nomicconditions ofthe nation'steachers, thenewGovernment in 1944 decreed thesumof 3,000,000sumsfor salaryincreaRts and pub lic-schoolconstruction andequipment. Salariesof !files than400%mores were tobe increasedby 26percent; salaries from400to 64K)surces,by 15percent;and thoseabove 600, by10percent_ The provisionsof this decreewere tobe effectiveasof August1 of thatyear.Itwasinunedi- atelyseen,however,that thisaction did.not provideasatisfactory solutiol!tothe problembecauseof the "greatinequalitiesinremunera- tion andranisowithoutregardto preparation forteaching. Redarbiti. cation of thecountry'steachingpersonnelwas neetry toovercome this situation. Confiequently,workwasbegunon a newlaw governing the teachers' salaryscale (Leyde Esc/dal-tinySueldos del Magisterio Nacional), whichwasadopteA inDecember1944. tinder thenewlawEcuador'sfowlersaregroupedaccordingto the degreesortitle's held,asfollows: (a)Third-dassteachers;(b) second-classteacher;(e) rural normalschool graduateamid find,- v teacher; (d)teacher withthe baccalaureate ofsecondary (Audition; I (e) urban normal fichoolgraduateorInchelor ofeducationalscience; and (f) sec9ndaryschoolteacher,atitle conferredby theuniversities. the higher institutesof education,orthe Ministryof PublicEducation. Special tides suchuteacher 6fmusic,art,orphysicaleducation fitted intoarosevariouscategories in thelight of theamount and level of the trainingrequiredtoobtainthem. Thoseacquired through examination in theMinistry of lAbororin privateinstitutionsatNe regardedasequivalentto third-class teacher; thoseconferred bylower vocational schools(emir profesionalesytknicas),to second-class tear ;andthose grantedlij the- schookeoffineartsorby the second cycle orofficial(public) tèeicalschools,to the LAcralaureate ofsec-

. ondary educatimi.Titles acquiredin foreigninstitutipnsareevalu- ated by theMinister of PublicEducation,uponthe advice of-the Technical . Committee of theMinistry. . Thenew t. scale andsalary scheduleprovides for thefollowingcate- , gories ofteachers: 400 . r

litCategory.lieeond-lassacher8 withup to 4 years ofserviceand third-class teacherswithup 8years of service, 300surrey a month. '2d category..leirst-classteachers andrural normalschool graduateswith up to 4 years of service,second-classteachers with44to 8years of service, and third-classteachers with8 to 12 ran; of service, 330pacres, . -3d oategory.Bachelors(teachers withthebaccalaureate ofsecondary education) in fieldsother than educationalscience witbupto 4¡earsof service, ruralnoI,. school graduatesand first-classteacherwith 4tq 8 ran, :tid.desteaeherawItb8toI2yearaqfavks,and third-ciassteacherirwith12or more years kof service,84Ismere& 4 Ley deraciaaftiay suckles delmiliforisNacionaL (Wt..Nov. 141, 104141. '4- .. . / .41

.4. I . . A I- ; 1. s. 1- e

_ f' 4'. :44 I . '`'.V-'!.;,--;-411.. ?" t-t t' A ' -.74 ' TRACHERS /57 jtk calegorr.----Urbann schoolgraduatesor bachelorsin sciencewithup to 4 educational years otservice.b*che)orIn,other fieldswith 4tp 8. years, ruralnormal schoolgraduatesandfirst-clan teacherswith 8to 12 years, andsecond-clas, teacherswith 12to 16years, 400sucrea. . StA cote9or7.--8econdaryschoolteacherswithup to 4years of service, normalschoolgraduates or bachelorseteducationwith4 to 8year* adocati9nbachelors non- with 8to 12pars, ruralnormalschoolgraduatem and first-damteacher,'with12.to.16 yearal.andsecOnd-clanteacherswith16 nr mom years,410sucrea.4 6th catepory.--Secondaryschool teactlinswith4 to 8years of servim urbannormal school graduatesorbachelbrain educationwith 8to 12yearar sioneducationbackblors with 12to 16years, and ruralnormal salmigrad- uates and tIrst-ciass iteaciexswith 16 10 20years, 483 . 7th stierelts category.--Secoadaryschoolteacherswith8 to 12years of service, urbannormalschoolgraduates or bachelors Ineducationwith 12to 16Atirs, nonedueattonbachelorswith 16to 20years, andrural ate. and normalschoolgrmlo- ilrot-claas teileherawith 20or moreyears, 535sucrea. 8thmtegor:.--8ece,N4aryschool(whom,with 12 urban to 16yearsciftkhr.vii.via, normal siitoolgriaduatesor bachelors Ineducation witli years, and tioneducation Idto 20 bachelorswith 20or moreyears, OM Dffi sucrea catepory.--Seconokryschoolteacherswith 16to 20years of service and urbannormal schoot.graduatesorbeetle!**ineducationwith 20to 24years, t100*nerve. forkaa/epory.--Seemidary. schoolteachers with20or°moreyears ofeery- lee awlurbannormal school graduatesor baitelorsin educationwith 24 or moreyears. LTAsnerelt. Elementaryschool teacherswho holdnotitleare not incliidellin the:newscale but arepaidaminimumsalaryof250mere*amonth. Toacherswhose salarieswguldhave beenreducedby theprovisions of thisnew law, receive th&formersalaryuntil byserviceor acquisi- tion ofahighertitle theycomeintoa category which 4 carriesgreater remuneration. 'YSCMOOL 111110:11111111. _ PIREPARAIIIIN- Forthe preparationofteachers forits elementaryschools,including kindergartens, Ecuadorhu4 normalschools(colegiosnormales), or8 academic secondaryschoolswhich offerspecializationinpedagogy in additionto theirregularuniversitypreparation,and 7rural schools normal (escudosnormalesrurales).Article214 oftheOrganic Law of Public Educationof1938reorganizedthe oldurbannormal in the form schools of ookgiosofsecopdaryeducation,withageneral cycle of culture 4yearsfollowedbyaspecializationcycleof 2years. Admin- istration, organization,admissionrequirements,staffqualifications, examinations, and otherphases ofeducational activityareallprac- ticaOyidenticil withthose of theregularacademicsecondaryschool orcoUgio..... The colegionomad,however,providesonlyteftchertrainingin its second or specializationeye*apd imposesaheavierstudent loadthan 58 EDUCATION INECUADOR . regulations providefor the traditionalcolegio.Whereas the latter requiresan avérageof 29 hoursaweek, thenormal schoolprogrim calls for32 hours in each ofthe 6yearsof itscourse.In the firstcycle, additional workis requiredin Spanish,penmanihip, music,.art and manual training,orhome economics,and 1 houraweek is &votedto

"orientation in education"in the fóurthyear. I Table 7gives theplan of studiesof thesecondorteacher-educationcycleln thenormal schools andthe adagios whichprovide forthis specialization'.

.10 TablÒ7Plan et studiesforspecialisationI dueational mimeos2 666 . _ . Hourssweekper . schoolyear Subject . $ VI 0 , V . . li s go... s...... 4.10111.61 4 4 -- ftanish literature , - ...... t 3 2 RI..ryand geography ofEcuador ...... 2 2 Pb ',iphy _ .....:-.. , 2 2 ., i lan'faire(Englishor French) . _ ...,_ 2 u9 psychology- ...... 6 6 Ai, . 6 . 6 6 I. . . I 3 PrinciplesIdnei of education:. 3 norschwas. .. _ ..... 3 .... _ History of education...... _ 2 School h ...... 1 Organisation, law, ando , ti . ethics ...ft...., 2 OM;:4 . methodsa à ...... 3 Methods 1 . , i of teaching a.m. Si 660m11111.40 ... a. 2 - - -7-- Methods ofteachingmatbeinaties'______...... 2 -..... Methodsof Weltingthe eoebl sciences __. 2 ll6e. Methodsofteeehing the natural a..besi and physicalsolences..... 2 4. _ Methods ()Marling .... muleandart...... ,.,...... _ 1 Methods ofteaebbg thei i s .andmanualarts...... -f 1. 6 a 6 6 I 6 -.). ; ..,.; Osv OP MOO*aIsatidat and bdustrial art&...... 1 1 WIWI Maki eduedion. memo ...... 11161/111116 _ .._... retamataellsimamidmmimmel . a mywmprimpupss...... ,...... ---...... a.. I 1 prostise UFO d . Isaehing..00:.. ff ...... % 6 10 41$14,166/264066.11. 44 4S...... 32 32 ,...... m.....,.._ linglemnie leppoialy Plan de listodkn de los Colegtos Mammies.Mlnisteriode IliducacitePOWS. Quito. Tabus Grailsis .doliftman,. p. 79-60,

3 111111111NNINI , SutiectmAter is presented in teacher-klucationclasses inmidi the mkunimanwrasin the aculemiccolegios.Textbooksare scarce, *and *Nits themselvesthe instructorsareobligedtp resortto thelecture,' 43tidim,' and recitationpiocedures, with considerab. phasison ::tagand'memaly workonthepart of the stude Thissitu.; o atkateven mre apparent in the education sectioniof the.regulat colegios, wince, followingtradition,studentswhoarepreparingthem- selves fot universitystudy in biology,matliematicaand physics,or hy and socialsciences . regard theirteachertraining*sphool. asteeassomewhatinferior inintellectualpotentiality.On theother I' hand, normal sclioortiOchersfrequentlymakeserious effortsto incorporge modernprinciplesand pradficesin their'instructional s . .5 . ;.. te .111, .1 .fr r . !. 46 ...: , . ' ' . .. i, . t. 5 , " I. I ,' ,.1. ., .,,- *". . .06 ..-.' ' 11f--_ :* ..'01 . , g!t . -... 5 -i.',..-;..--.-:. .6 t...S..''; 41Si ..-4,-.n.4. .*; t - ' , .Lk/14, f' 1,.--:, "4".,::'-,i '....---. 1..-4-...:.;:ii ',.:-'..fr .' ....:" i ft , r. 4 0 -- ,-..-1:. 7 ..t, l'...... i....? (.:0' 4...Vft.n,...0itre., Xi...1,,-14,6-A' c r--,t,t )*".:!'iy...I 'sr -'...-..-:--I'ff.40-.i. " 4.)1'; it ...?...:x,,311,1:9":.4f) )6j;,,,,Zt ,:' : l'iv .t. 'f... ift ytli.,Ig;I:-,:i 7't : t 7' ... q , vz.stktNA.nt1.4.- ff.'4 ',.t.. tfl?...914,rt¡i4 C...!.....-wi! 1 , ,41 V rk ijil: ...., t.:¡. 4' . _ .1j: r 1 ti0.."1, Al.. ".1'10'..<";. 't; gr.14 1 _..-rig,..A..Angt..41-...AM.,'-'1.4.4,45.-'02.144a ...:44:14&..,1'try; 1: 44 0, .. .74JOIC- ' ' 24 4.'.}74 1,4'4 V ;---. MIAVO414.1 5;t24- P p- .

A TEACHERS ,4'( 59 activitie& Classdiscussionanddebates,groupactivities,library assignments,individualreports, andstudentquestions allreceive increasing attention.Much ofthe student'swork isofapracticalhature, involving initiativeandoriginalityaswellas individual interestand aptitude. All studentsmust learnto plan theirteachingand maketheirown teaching materialsanddevices;and inthespecialmethodscourses theyarerequiredto relate boththeoryandpracticeto the òfficially established programs for the variousgrades oftheele(Mentaryschool. Theteacher'srole inthisrespect is thatof guidettaIl friendly visor; super- but thestudent isheldresponsiblefor his effectiveness, whichis checked in practice'teaching.Learningthustakesplacé throughactually doingthethings-thatwill haveto be doneonthe real job inlateryears. DIPLOMASANDTITLE As in the caseof theacademicJsecondaryschool,uponsuceessful completion of thefirstorgeneralculturecycle,thestudentreceives acertificiteor diplomaofsecondaryschoolstudies(diplomade estudios secun,clariosNhichpermitsentranceto eithez thesecond cycleor toaprofessionalortechnicalschool.Whenthe studenthas passedthe final examinationsof thesecondye.arof -thespecialization cycle, he requests the DirectiveBoard of,theschoolto declarehim ready (apto) fortheexaminationsfor thetitle ofteacher-bachelorof educationalsciences(profesor-bachillerencienciabde laeducación), accompanyingtherequest with hisdiplomaofsecondary the studies and certificates ofmatriculationandpromotioncorrespondingto the 2yearsof second-cyclework.Thèaverage grade attainedduringthe -37(ar periodiscomputedfromthesecertificateson ascaleranging from50to 100 points(p. 86)and thetenth part is taken . tive of as representa- the student'sachievement,forfurtheraveragingwiththe ,gradesearned in the titleexaminations;whichareassignedon ascale of.6to 10 points(p.3(). Thetitle *4 examinationsconsistof thefollowing:(1)Practiceteach- ing, includingthepreparationof writtenlessonplans andthe teaching ofa45-milaute class ineach ofthe three2-year divisionsof thtelemen- tary school; (2)awrittenexaminationofapproximately2 hours in onesubjecteach ofthefirst and the secondcycle drawnby-lot by the student; and(i)anoraltest ofat least 60minutesdealingwith g!,,an aspectof each of thefollowing:Pedagogas cationalprycholÒgy, ichoolorganizationandm I fient, fore:.4i b language,andthe cri- tiqui ofthepracticeteachi performedby thestudent.It different examiningboard haschargeof administeringmidgradingeach df these threetests, which are eliminatory intheordergiven A.mini- mumgrade of6 is requiredin each , of thethree,parts oftheexamink-

I " 4"1( 60 EDUCATIONINECUADOR tion.All threemarksmade byasuccessfulcandidatearethenaver- agedin with thecycle grade-describediniheprecedingparagraph. Thetitle examinatiorisare administered'during thelastmonthof the schoolyear and thefirstmonth ofthesucceedingyear.Onlytwo opportunities topassthemareallowed.FollOwingthepassingof the oralexamination, the titleofteacher-bachelorofeducationalsciences isonferrcid, theMinistryof PublicEducationand theProvincial Supeiviocirof Educationarenotified,and ihenew teacher'snameis enteréd NatiónalTeachersRegister $ as .4, availableforemployment. NORMAkkpiffOOLTRACKERS Teachers . hil.the.normalschoolsorin°theeducationsectionsofaca- demiC secondaiyschools_Nhichprovideteachertrainingmust hold the titleof secondarysch9o1teacher(profebordeeducaci6n daria)or secun- ofteacher-bachelorofeducationalsciences.In the opiethey latter must 'have hadaminimumof5yearsofsuccessfulteaching experienceat the elementary level,andteachers inannexedorassoci- atedpractice schoolshavepreferenceinappointments:made.Other requirementsare thesame asforregularsecondary-schoolteachers. Corresponding to theinternalsupervisorsof thecolegio(p.29),and withthesameduties, ariltheteacher-supervisorsof thenormalschool, who musihold thebachelor'sdegreeortitle. RURALNORMALSCHOOLS In. 1935, inanswer to the needforteachersespeciallytrOnedfor ipstructing children inruralareas,the firstruralnormalschoolwas founded in Uyumbichoin theProvinceofPichincha.Fivemore were established in1936, andby1938 thenumberhad risento 11. A decree in 1041,however,calledfor thegradualclosingof all butthe -school,onthegroundthat thenumberwas excessive and adequatematikrialsandequipmentwerelacking.5The inthis money saved way was to be investedinmateriálsandequipmentforthe continuation and thearts and tradesschools.By1944,4 of therural normal schools hadceasedto functionentirely,6were providingonly thelast2 of their original4yearsofinstruction,andonly theUyum- bichoschoolcontinuedin fulloperation. UyumbichoRuralNormalSchooL----Efficientlyorganized relatively and in soundeconomiccondition,thenormal,schoolat Uyumbicho is doingafine job ofteachertraining fortheEcuadorianuplands. Thisschool,withan enrollment of133 students,including. 15 girls, proVidesa 1-year preparatorycourse and 4yearsof normalschool instructionabovethe 4-year rural'schooloffering.Academicsubjects suchashistoi:y, geography,language,mathematics,elementarysci- 4 *Wong)a la Naridn.MinisieriodeEduiacidargbilca. Illducacida,1942,p. 42. _ \ Quito, Taller..Gracesdi

r TEACHERS

ences,and civicliaretaught;but theprincipalemphasis isplacedon such portionsof thesematerialsas are deemed practicalfor the needs of therural andlargely Indianpopulationsin whichthe school's graduateswill teach.From the dafeof its foundingthis schoolhas servedas alaboratoryfor the studyof the needsof the ruraluplands population, ofthepsychopedagogicalpotentialitiesof Indianand mestizo youth,of thedevelopmentofaneffectivecurriculumand of procedures for theimplementatiónof theschool'sprogram. The students,all of whommust beat least 14yearsofage,receive dormitory facilities1tn4 board,anannual outfit c'dclothing, andgra- tuitous instruction.Ea-chstuderit isallottedasmall parcelof land tp work individually,and variousgroupscultivate theremainder of the school's64hectaies(about 178 acres)*inmoreextensivetracts. Manual trainingis providedinagood-sizedcarpenter shop,aweaving shop, anda moreorless makeshiftmachine shop.Furniture,school equipment, andagriculturalimplementsaremade andrepaired;a good grade ofhats, baskets,woolenmaterials, andotherwovenarticles areproduced;newbuildingsareconstructedand oldoneskept in' conditionallby thestudents,under the directIonandguidattce of the teachers.The ,. agriculturalproducts of theinstitutionare con- sumed inthe schoolorsoldatmodertiteprices inthe immediate community. Ten monthsof classand practicafwork constitutethe schoolyear. A rural schoolin the tòwnofUyumbichoand anotherin Macuchi, both offeringthe full6 grades ofelementaryinstruction,provide the normalschool withmanystudentsand alsomeet the needsfor practiceteaching.Sincemanyof the studentscomefrom ruralschools which provideonly4yearsof instruction,a preparatory section is maintainedto insure thepossession ofdurxtecessary background for the regular teachereducation offered. , The studentsin this schoolareTndian andmestizos,and *ruction in the Quechuatongue isaregularpart of the school'sprogram.All students livetogether underregulationswhichprovideeq*.ritits, privileges, andduties. Theprincipal(direCtot),who participated in theorganizationand establishmentof theschoolin1935, has selectedastaff ofteachers whoaresensitiveto the Indián'sproblems and trulyinterested intheir solution;* as a consequence,cooperation, ,.s friendship, andaffectioncharacteiketherelationshipsbetieenteach- ersand studentsaswellas among the students themselves. . The title òiRuralNormal . , SchoolGraduate(Normalista /4ral).---Uponcompletionof the4-yearcourse ataruralnormal sAoolstudents whopassall theirfinalexaminationsarerequiredto takeadegreeortitleexamination similaito that administeredin the urban normaleologio.In the ruralnormal schoolexam*stion,how4

E . . . . . , r t . *r. . i I . . r NMI"; , T.'.. 1....f;;e l ."4: 4' '; . ; 16 Z:101 /a' 4)fi, Zoliva. -te' , 22 de. -:0 Y4 re-:*t-2.. 4.. ";. /uiLetL:Cath I c ..17r` 77-4

62 EDUCATIONISIDCUADOE

s 4 eTei;, major emphasis is laidonpracticalteachingsituations inwhich the problemsof tle Indianrural populationare 1 studied an4for which workableeducationalprogramsareevolvedbytieexaminees.The ofal andpracticalOecfionet ofthetestareregardedasof much mo're significance,than the writtenexercises.Success in thisexamination entitles the6andidateto the diplomaof ruralnormal schoolgraduate ortitledrural schoolteacher, andgives him,rankingat the levelof the secondcategory in theteachersregister(Escalafón).Upto October1944, theRural NormalSchool ofUyumbichohaçiconferred this titleupon 85of itsgraduates.Statisticsconcerninggraduates of theotherrural normalschoolswere not 'available. e

SECONDARYSCHOOLTRACELESS Regularsecondaryschoolteachersareappiinted1:4,_ theMinister of PublicEducationupon nomination of therespectiveschool , . principal.Appointmentsare temporary for the firstyearof service,dur, ing whichtime. thework ofthenewstaff membei,is stperiiiiedby.1 the regionalsupervisorsand thedirectiveboard 6fthe selciol.Teach- ellof firstcyclecourses liust be either.tegulltrlftitledsecondary school teachers(Profesor6sde educaciónseetnidaris).orholders'of thebaccalaureatedegree. Vor the specializationglev theyare re-.. quiredto holdauniversitydegreeorthekofessierhaltitlewhich correspondsto the fieldin whichtheyteach.In additionto the regular teacherstlierearesubstitutes(profesoresfaccidentales),who must have thesamequalificationsastheregulars.Thesesubstitute , teachersareappointed bythe principalonthe niminationor pro- posal -of the repair teacher.Foreignersmay'bécontractedasregu- lar teachersfor periodsrangingfrom 1year upward andare subject to thesanie requirementsas Ecuadorians. . Secondary 'school teachersareexpectedtocooperatefullyinthe maintenanceof goodorderand discipline;to attendpunctually their to all regular duties iiiconnectionwith classes,examinations,and other school activities; to conduct their inseructionin accordancewithofficial plans, programs,and regulations;to giveprepared lectuieswhehcalled uponby the principal;andto take advantageofevery opportuhity in theirinstructionto keep alivethe loveand devotionof thepupils fortAeircountry. The minimumload ofweeklyclassworkhas been establishedas12 hours;the miximpm,16.Teahérsare not permitted toengage in paidtutoring,eitherof pupil'sin theschoolorof.those whomaywishto preptire theálselvesto enter the.sC.hool. . 7 Al1942, the met recent yeirfor whichevenpartial%statisticswarp .avai1able,-901secondaryschool teachingpositions,of which585 'Weis in the SUMschools,weretiled by06 teacher& Manya this*With.sw ers,althoughpossessorsofadetriiiikofsà khici;hadnoiegidteat&

... . . ' : . .- : .., t : t;.t....`-,...,,,.., i., , : .ti'lvellii-..'f./'i- .f".1 .. ..;-: -.., -.;-let! ...... ;ii- ").'f.7' \ -::;' :;:1-.:?ti;:'.ii.,::,::-..,s3 . t'..:'"' ".$'1 ";:.* -.Zg :*J.-'c i. . . .i.. ,,-- 1 1,e-t,/';.,''" 1.4._ % ...'°' V.T,- s '1 '+, " -- !4.2i 11-1r ''.% (reii.' V V 4' 1 illikti .480 2.10*-9-.4,1;1 /11_41.1" -*:ii PI .:#1ftjYa4k2L.14-1 4 . 'If TEACH= 63 J ing license.Very fewheld thetitle of"secondaryschoolteacher" conferredin .the higherinstitutesof educationand letters(p. 68). Ina groupof11 largesecondaryschools,the combinedstaffs,totaling" 586 positionswith.overlappings, were madeup ufollows:1843,-or 25perdent,nortnalistas orelementaryschool teachers;1k7,pr24 percent,bagtilleresorholderssof thesecondaryschoolbaccalaureate; 56,or10 percent, professionalmen,mostly lawyers;55, "or10percent, holdersofaspecial titlein physicaleducation,manualarts, needle- work,music, orotherfield48,or8percpnt, holdersof thelegalsec- ondaryschoolteacher'stitle;19,or8percent,licemiadosorlicentiates of the university;and 108, or20percent,notitleordegreewhAttever., Ingeneral, thesefiguresandpercentagesare representativepf the situationin allsecondaryschoolsin Ecuador.

°PREP a Teachers.forthenation'ssecondary schools. are prepared in . 2 higher institutesofeducationandletters.Oneof theseinstitutions is in Guayaquil,whereuntil1942 it function'ediithe buildingof the ViceigeRocafuerteColegio,ftovklingthe first2yeap of the legally prescribed4-yearcoursefor thehigherinstitutes.In 1942 the institutemoved intorentedquarters of itsownandby executive decreewas!winedthe JogLuisTamayoHigherrnstituteof Edu- cationandLetters.By1944 its offeringhaddevelopedinto thefull 44-yearcourse., 1, ', s. a .4 1111SIMIINTIT,L1TBp IMOVCATINAND=WEIRS.1? QUIT (INSTITUT$1111121101111IOWPIIMAGOGIA: b T UMWDX

QUITO) . l'his schoolisaninstitutionof highereducationwhich,by legisla- tive decree in1989, replacedthe oldFacultyof Echtcationand Letters of the CentralUniversity.According . to itsown regulations,'itpre- pare secondary schoolteachers,promotes theintensificationand broadeningof studiesrelatedto teachertraining,and ingeneral fos- ters the extension ofciilture inthe Republip.For theaccomplish- ment of these ob:jdives,,the higherinstituteprovidesspecialization work in the foliowiigmajor fields:Philosophy,historyandgeo- gra0y,languageand litersure,exact scietices,and biologicalsciences. As circumstance; warrant, broad fieldsniftybe subdividedand new one*may :`*; . be added.. ..i. i ,. 4 . . qr :' , nev-g-Underthe Ministry ,. v 1 of Public ..`. .P1 e :. Education, 7 .. a in- .: . ''',ir :''' -.1 1 1 X f , _4_0, .,,-.,,,-.,.. 'tuts ,.,..., ... 7 r...1 ...... of rAucatoi *adtersof Q*.uto At' - -" linenof Professors,ind Administrative -ViceRector.The aeneralOouncilof Pro- tu Io,ds, ridaj401 Lettii-de Quito.Depattaa;nto Pdbllci.Qtgt.Tailors.Ostia* de .. Ildscatiiint1940 ./..,..i.,.,-.. , . , .. .. , -- .., .,. , , ; .. . ., I. 7.* ..°- -i. . :.. " i 4oIs,f.,4-;-*". -%...,% ,. 0, , ;., " . ,'".1,41t,,,,k141.v 4 ..'' ,6--(e,,:of,_ -0- , -14 PC,' I r 't ..;[.: : 14,./14, 1:sit) Ai 44401 -Aoki!1 .4.#.:,14,-,11.4 '--'''-'4`17 A441 g:iY 3,,w1( c.. ..4b '. . ,11 .. -..k ' t ,. -'-" .

e 64 EDUCATION IN WITADOS

fetpsorq,composed ofall the'principaland associateprofessorswith the Rectoror'theVice Rectoruchairman,dealswithgeneral WWn! istrativeand internal issuesbroughtto its attenfionby theRector. The Administrative&gird, made'up of thiRector,the ViceReam*, and 8 principalprofessorsdesignatedanntiallybrathe-generalcoim cil,correspondsto the Directive Boardof the individualFacultyin the University(p. 76);but beinginacomparativelyindependent institution,it performsmanyadditionalfunctions.It formulates . and reformsthe platof studies.It is résponsiblefor-thetitleexam- illationsand thegranting ofthe digreeortitle.It organisesspecial courses,lectures, a,p.d other culturaloffering's. ..Itprepares the Insti- tute's annualbudgetand checkson'generaleip,ditures. recom- e It mends theappointmentsofnewteathersto the Ministerof Public Education andalso theremovalortrinsferof instructionalandid- ministrativepersonnel connected withthe Institute.hAnd,in justi- fiableinstances, kgrantsup to60-day leavesto teachersorother wise Fr' ployees. - . ThVectorof theHigher Instituteof Education aidLettersmust. beanative Ecuadorian,at least 30yearsofage; must holdauniver- sityor asecondaryschool title,must have hadat least 4yearsof teachak ing experienceinauniversityorabcondaryoolegiol andmust .bea t. recognized authorityin his chosenfield.The Rectoris responsible for thOlmoothrunning of theinititvtionin regardto both adminis- trativOidinsiructionalupe4s. Heseesthat alllawsand.other regilabonsarecarriedout.. He convokesthe GeneralCoundl- of.Pro. femora foritsmeetings; appolgteand preiddes.overthe eiaminine boards;submitsallreporistoiheMinisterof Education;.and signs all general inventories of the establishment.' 7 . ..._

'"k Prolessorse,-Teachitig P in the HigherIfistituteis caniedonby prin.:, cipalorfullprofessors (principales), 't! associateprofessors,.(i7,Li._ ;it_ :.,. dos),and tempora4.professors(interinos o'accidentales).Eat* de: partmentalstaffmeets during.,the first eb . 15 days of die ochoolyear.find designatesoneof its /Amberto be principat torthatyear.. , .._ . Tin ditties of this. officer , conespo4dto those of . , . adepartment.. head in theAmitrita canaillegeoruniversity.Aciate professors a r ... _ teach the eubjecticAnd: . , ,..-. materials which,inagreement with theprincipal).r.o1:).:1,-117 J.. .. the /Wei of the Instituteassigns to them. Tern ! .I . *Amos.acloiv:u.- .",contracted"teacherswhosequalifiCationsand dutiésvary -with the contrftda they hold. Principalprofeseors t. :, _ ftre,... .,;requirdtoioid " . .40.1.1,7% ft.*" r- .-- versi1 : . orhigher institutetitle,to *we'i, have. Ia", i Ilp. o ;1.4 0 LID" i .,,;,,,,::.: Of 0. :-.. -4, , -Le' % 4 _j -.N.. A .- ence. aecondary !4 ,IC -..' 0; u'-'11%! in educatio#ortheum #10 i' # _ .1 ..#' ._' ... - -4-1. .:..- v. rz:.,',....".i...r: ,...:71.:.,... t _.v.i. $8*flÁUthOTit7hItbßfieldi -.., -;.Z._:, ''',-. 4.'4 illi;n, If :r ; i; ' %...-a" .'", 4--.'''-..1:-..--t, -::-.1. -.- .;, . t .f*"..%-"..t n: . .... hold for the astiociatep Oxcept . I t.

.t::t' :', * i...... , PV.ta f whAc4 is jenertity...... :____.. . only.2 at!tzt, i,,.....,:,;1..:... .-,... ." i. ,i ma s 1 '- *id P *,,,.: ' , : .. ..., .¡ a --La ft aa. $ ...... V... a 1. '*Ot - . . ../ '" : "*'.' 4 ItL.. ' .1 ..-ts , -; I .1..t , , . t. . -0.: :;'. ," P'I, 4 :. ' 3 .411 '* ..*V. -.!f,6 e t ei". 'r 4.4,pritrirr ,;:(1,:i%:;:-..;. t( i;;( j :t t`.- t tr: ;it ,0 , , .. tr. ¡De . tc 11-. - . , 116 r .!, r; .4.0? ;./ . 4 , ir k ztt 6 L;A41..7,i't'"*"1:"!:. .4.0.44.4I.I 1141..L I - 1r.. .4J**C),412;4 j:* rAt...:#,Pdr -714 ¡.1444 Awfir 4; Ale' 17.,V;:tY:"#.--"-eb _ p ,Py P' r AliOt 414 4k ''11,444." '11 -444 r r. e ft CoLN . )., 4t. 14. 211ACHRREI .; f 65 Ministerof Baucation inthecanofmenwho havereceivedofficial awardsfortheirconttibutionsto sèlentific advincement. Theteaching staff oflheHigherInitituteof EducationandLetter's in "toconsists bf 21 professors,asfollows:10 withthe titleofsee- ondaryschool teacher,5 lawyers,2 physicians,2 chemists,1 engineer, and1- doctor. of mathematics.Severalchitin,including ps.loography thoseof and mineralogy,areoccupfedby honoraryprofessors (profesores atifthonorein),whoserve-the institfitewithoutremunera- dim.All the 'othersteachan average of 8 hoursaweek each,and in 1944 receivedidenticalmonthlysalariesof52$ t sucres. . Admissionand feeseToenter the HigherInstituteof Education and Lettersthe candidatemust beat least 20yearsof 'V. title of age, hold the baghelor,and havecompletedorbeenexemptedfromtom. pulsorymilitaryservice.. Teachersof elementaryschoolorkinder- s garten, actually s. in servici,must showat least2yearsofsuccessful %experience.Matriculation is bytheyearaildmay not be inmore thanonedepartment orfield ofspecialization.The followingfees arecharged :Forregistration,20sucresa year;forexamihations,30 sucres; and for thedegreeortitle,50sums. Anextra fee of sucres 10 is chargedfot late tees' and foreach subjectin whibh a repeat examinationisnecessary. . School ¡miffand dagem-InQuito,the schoolyear opehsixtween thea 1st and the15th ofOctoberand closesbetweenthe20thand 30th " of June. In Guayaquil,opening,and closingdatesare1stto 15th ot Apriland20th to 80th ofDeed/abet,respectively.Vacationsand holidaysarethoseofficiallyestablishedby theMinistryof Public Education forall thenation's schoCtis.Duringthe first-fortnight of theacademicyearthe .administrative boardof therespectivein-- stituiionieterminesthe dailyscheduleof classesto be followed. Morning,afternoon,and eveningclassesareheld,according Plan to needs. ofistudifseThe41rearcourseof studies incluaesafewsub- jade ineducation, psychology,foreign language;andhygiatlewhich , at*required_ofall students;regardlessofspecialization. the studies Otheiwise of the iidividualstudentarecloselyconfinedto the- (Itmajorfield.Table8 givestilt;plan ofstudiesforall departinents,.

asadoptedin1948.7 adr] a. The Higher l , Institutev. of Education , , and Lettersof Quito from . time_. . to time often . ,..._ fo, free .. . courses, andi lectureseries ..- for the ...._. , . diffusion of.. culturi; .::1. 0 . The vati3Os ie. i:I ,, -...ri rt .:-"ii."... 4. ''''''.- ... 4 : .4. I j...1 .1.- f 1- ""' ' .,.. ,...:- ,..... ,-toprepare anddeliver ..1, ..,_. bio*vres:aaIMooúraes dealingwith t1eirrespectiveareasof interest whensodirectedIythe Rcto.Thee'activitiestitractlinch ion. In atteno antd. internationalfolklorewas coursefpr teticherswas

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66 EDUCATION IN CtTADOR .

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, I i I i e s a s i e« i s ô o s s i i s g i , I I s i s s O i i s s s i s e I a s i , s i i s s i o i s o s s s i i s S i u ii. s i s o s i i i i s s i s s s ; s sosa. i s s s s a i i s e s.s , i i i i i I S S i I s i e i e i o s O S I i i s i . s 0 i I I a s s i.e _e i s s s sii _i a o i o s s -- i s o s i i _. s s e i e s s e i e s * e e j b o , e e s , S . s I i S i i i s i s S a S i a i s a s i s t s s i s e o s i i a t i s i s i s s i i s s i i s s s e S s i s s e e s i i O i s s s i s i a i s s s e e s a e s a s s g s i s s , i e s s , s i s i , s s s_ e s s i i e s i s i - i s_s., s g iie s i e i s S e s i_s_iS i s , s , b i S i -s 4 e s s s i b s s s i t e s s s s i s i i s s s , i e s I e s i s s s i e i s i s a s a s s i s i , a i I i 5 5 S i i s s s s i s s s s s . i i O sus a i s s i s i s s s e a s s s s s s e S s s s i i e . s a i e . 5 s i Ii i i s s s i s S a s i i - , i s i,. . , e I s s i s a i i_, i , s s s i è i e e s e s s s s s i s e s s s i s s s s i s s i ,« i s s e s s . s s e s i I i s s i a i s s i a s s e s s i i s e - i S i s s . , i s s i i i I 5 i S S s s i s s i s s s , s i s e s I I S s i , i s i s i s s s s s s s s s i s i s t s s s s s s i __, ___i e s s i a s s ss i s i s s s i s s 5 s 5 i s e i s i . i s s e i k j s , i i i t i I q e i $ s i s i s i s s , i s s i s s e i_i a s e i s s 5 s s t i i s i g s s i i s i i i s i i $ s i t s i s s i s s s s i e s s s i s i a a s p i s i i , I i 5 a s i i i s s i 5 $ s 5 5 5 i s s a 5 i S e i e e s t i i s s s e s a s i e t i s s s g i - e s e s s i s s a , i s e e i e r i I - I , s s s s s s s s s T e s 5 1 S i, i s a s 5 s i s ,. i s i o s a e i s t s i s s s I s s e . i I i 5 s s s s s , a p s a , i s e C S s s s i s i s s s S s i i i i s e e e t s i s s s i e t i s s s a a s , i i i i s i i t i e I t , , i I 5 5 s i s s s i i s i 5 i s e s i a e i S - s s e i - e s i s , a s s t e e s i i a s s e s s g , s e s a S S i i t « t s , s i I s i s i s i s i s s s «s C s a i i i i s i s i s. S $ O s i e e , q 5 s a i i i , s i s q si, i i s . , . . i i a i s a , , I s t , a e s i s s i a e s s i , s - 5 i i I a i t I 4 s e 1! i a i i t e , i I e t s e s e i a s e 4 S e s e , e a i i s i i ø i « i s S C I i 5 i e e a s s t s e e i i , i s s i i e i e i s s e i i I s e s s - e a s i i i s a a s i s e s i a i e i i s i i sss s i,, . . i a e s i i s s s s s a i s s s s s i i i , s i . s s e e , t _, s a t , s 5 _ s a_s e 4 e e i , e aiS , s_i . e s e s s i i s !__' i e s s t s ì ,, t I, s .6 i s s i . . s e s e i e e i s I 5 , i a s i s s s , i I i S e e i e , s iiI 4 i i 5 C e , i i s i s e C S s s e C a i a i s i e i i i S 5 O a s e i e i e t i i s s e a i t e s e 5 e i I i s a s : i ._ t S i e t i s s a e t s s s : s a i i u- , s i i s C s s i i 5 5 i s i s i s s i e s i ti s e is t i i i s i i i i s i i s s i sØ s o t e s i s s i s a s s e s i s i s i I s a I i i a i i , I C 4 I s e i s 5 4 . s s i 5 s i i$ i 5 5 i i .1. e s s i i i i e e - - i i a i s i i i s 5 L i s i s s e s s iso t i I s e s s e e s i . s s s s i e t s s s h s , i 5 i s s , , i s i s s i s I I s e e s s i e s a i a s s s e i I 5 C s s i i s i s s L t t i s 5 5 5 s o t i a s i SS a s i s e s... s i 5 s e ai TL:! i s s e e s s s i C i 5.5 5 5 t_t s e a se i i i t ç i e s a 5 ,; s s s i a $ s i s i i a 5 t 5 $ ir_. ø e i e S s e e e $ a s a e ê i s i a e i a e e i t s i i o o i s i , e i s s e o e i i i s i' s a s , e s e 5 i S s s t s i i aso s s i i s s i i s e s e e a i ,.i s s'i i i s s I i O e i i i C e s i i 5 I s a s s 5 ii s i i ai - SI iiii_ _e i a s t t s s f ! e s i i i s i i i t i _, s i i t i s__ s s i i i s s s s i i s i i i i e s e e e s i s e- E i i 5 i i i s t I 5 S s s I e e o s i i e i i e s I a s S s e i. s a s i e s i s s . e I iia i: C 5 5 s S i e i i i s s-e e i sii, il I. , e s e i _. s i s i i s i s a i i . I i i ais , a a o s. , i s i ii o ,j , s s s a e i e s s e . .A ' ,'ii e i s . s i . e--. p s s i a a s i i a a s s s a i i,, e s t o.I a i e a s 5 i S i s , s s i i s s s t ii s i i i e s i e i a e e S s a i 4 s t i i s i s e e O _ e i i e ei i i i s isisO ---. e i 6 s i s a iii e s s e e i s , a e a e a i s e s s i e a s e i s i i e a s øa I i C a I 5 , s i i s S s i i i i i s s ê s s i i e a i e s i e s s i e s i i s i s . i St S s e s s t s a s i s.i s s i.-, i i s i i S a i _I s a_ a i i i i s s i 5 s i i s S s i 0 s a a.. - h. i ao_o a a s t e _i i s i i i j s i i e s s i i i ø e i i s i i i s I i i e s s j.' i i I 0 e i i t e s o s s s s e s s s - s a s s i i e e i s s s e s s a s e e s i s i i a si i e s s e S S i s s a s s s s b s.$ S i a e a i i i I i s a s s i i s s i e s e s s ii a e e s e e e i i i s i i s s a ç Sii

s s i i a i e s i s i i s i i e s i.a t i S s s i s s s s e :::::::::::J i t I , s e- i i i a S i 4 a .5 i i e a i i i I i I s e i i s s P 5 i t i i i a s i i s s s i s e 5 i i i I s a i s I is - - s s-i- i e s s s S s s s ' i s S s g s a i 1.-I , , s I i s e i s s è S i i s J¡ s o S i s e i i i iØ s e i S i s s s i j S i i i s 5 s s i o i s u a S e s s s i e i s s s i s i s s i s s i e a a I a s i S i s i s e I s i i s s a e a i sse i e e i i i i , s i e s e t I e i s i s s i i s s s s s e s 4 i s i_a a i- s i i s se i_S .1 e s i :.. s ii s i 5 e i 5 i a__i 6 4 e s e i i i s s 5 e I i o s a s s s s s s s s s s s e a i i i i i s. a i O I S S i i i ii .1 s s s i , o s e t i s s o o e S i i a i i i i i O e iiii e a a i I S a s i s s ti . ai e e - i s i s s i s a s--- j_ - ê s i i S s e e _____g_ - II i i a I i S ii 5 I 5 l S s 4 i I a ø I a «IsN e i e a s i i ii s s i s s IiO s s t i i s . , i , , ti st s ass sa s s i I e s i i s s S as ô i a a i fboss i s i i s S iI i s s i s S S I i s s a a o s i g a a o s s i i i i ii s - a_ l_s s i s s s i a e i o a s i i_ e a s s I lila O i s a t i isa _si e e iid5 a 5 Òi Ì5i a e i i t i ii 1 i i e i i s a i s i s a --j _, S t ç a s s i ii ib i s a s i a s s si i s s i i s 4 i , I; s a s s i i , e i e i a s a s i i i , I i i s e s i s s s o i i s O s i S i S 5 a s i O S S i S 4 i S t S Iif a . s s s a , i 5 1 i 5 iii ii,,, i a a i s s !ii i i s a I pi sa i s s e i i s.,. b ii s s s s e sa i ii, i S is5 II t s i. s i.e i. I e asisas,1, s s Sis,-, , s ii s ai .. . , , i osi: t It A si 1111e 1J1 tfs.*!jjfj;jj! i ¡1 11 i. i 'i flj i' ffJ I. .. 'JIi' ¡'...1 I, ) T

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68 EDUCATION a IN NCUADOR

attendedby46. teachersin service.The instructionwasgimi by North Americanspecialistsin thefieldsof languageteachingand phonetist.Twentymembersof thestudentgroupheld wholarships granted by the1 of theCoordinatorof Inter-AmericanAffairs. Forthe bettermentof theInstitute's offeringin teachertraining-in general, theoNning in1945 ofasecondarycols*for practiceteaching purposesyeasplanne4.:1 Examinations,grafiingand titles.--Trimonthly,finalpromotional, and degreeortitle examinationsareadministeredasin thecolgios. Trimonthlyand promotional° examinationsaregrade4onthe0 to20 scale, with10astile 'minimumfor piEming. , . Theyear-gradeis the total of all averages of stilledgrades,i, whichcombinetrimonthlyand promotional examinationscores, and iseiprewk14asfollows:40 to 50, fair (regular) . ;51 to60, good( buena);61to 70,very good (muy buena),and 71to $0, excellent (N)bresaliente . . Uponsuccefulterminationof the t, fa4-yearcourt*,ar student, thmughthe Rector,submitsathesis outlinetoatribunalof three professors, _The chairmanof thetribunalis delegatedby thedepart- ment of the student's majorfield.A period-ofat least3 monthsis requiredafter thethesisoutlineis acc*pti4d, beforethe thesisproper may1)4 presentedto another tribunalappohltetiby the Rector.This tribunalconsists òf . the RectororVice Rector,two profftaillasof the major fiOd o.fstudy,oneprofelsoiofeducation,and one'profemorof the foreign languvetakenby thestudent.Acpeptanceof thefinished /4 thesis isfollowedbyanoral examinationofat letLt11/2 hours duration. in .7 Both thethesisand theoral examinationareradedon the1 to 20 wale. Uponsuccssin theexaminationthe Institutecon- ferson e the studeptthe titleof Secondary r U., SchoolTeacher(Profesorde EctucaciónSecundaria)in hisfieldof specialization. ..*.Enrollmint , and -graduates.InDecember1944 theHigherInst4- t ute of Educationand Lettersin Quitohadinenrollment students. of119 Of thistotal,34weremajoring #. , inp sky;21, in history and geography;23, in language I. and literature;17, inmead sciences; and 24,in biologicalsciences. .Fifty-threéof timestudentswere enrolled inthe firstynx. Prior z to 1944, themajority,ofgraduatesof theHigherInstitute notprepare did theirthesesand taketheoral examinationsrequired fór the degree ortitle.From1989to 1944thetotalnumberof degrees otnferredwas only 27.Asstated earlierin 01 t report (p.68), ily 48out ofatotal of - 586 teacheriinsecons colegio. lictuOly_ held thetitle ofsecondaryschoolteacher 141943. Atthe *sent time, however,as areoults0thepassingof tnew 14 ..f.'.., la* govaniug- _ms It'':. . , r. , teachers'ranksand salaries 1-,1,:,..1. . and other evidenteiof the nationafgoy7 ilf.-43, e...... ertiment'sinterestin publiceducation, 4, theIiitturehaschanged . *adtp !s_ 'I. -7_ _ r ,s - ; 4, 4, ,,3 ' :PI" "Vt... : . .1 \tI's l' , % 1.tn- ; -. 4.1. las . (...,._t-:.....:,,'...,--_ -. ,., I - . - -.., , . ' t *- . . .. . e. . ..'i'... , "2.4 1,,,_. _.,,. i- -..,.-i, . 4:i % `.7.., 4 - - r 4 - _vt : 1 .. Fli .l , - ,.. 1 ,. - r.-.'". r . , 11. "'...-.." ..,, .4,-...... ,:. kilc..3..r.9, -0 ;Z'4.'...-r.. t ; - *, - V(.;, 11 1,.. ,.1 > Op el ; .46 # ...... ,..,..,..4111,-.;_..,,,.., LkLI: , ;141f 10t .274:-,-,4 __ Is OF. r .11 1 ' '71

1111AMEREI vit 69 _ oily. Mostof the1944 graduateshave chosentofulfitithe final requirementsfor the skondaryschooltitle, andmanyformer students _ ,havepresentedoutlinesof theseswith theink_ntionof improvingtheir

statusonthe NationalTeachersRegister.° _ School Nan/0-41eHigherInstituteof Educationand Lettersof Quitoowupiesalargetwo-story building con-structedaround&patio in the fashioncharacteristicofèclucationa1architecturein Latin America. Openingonto the wideinsideporch-corridorthat faca3 the patioonall sidesare12 large, well-equippedand well-illuminated clwf-roonts,3 laboritories,thelibrary,animmenseentertainment !talon, andthe administrativeoffices. About50 kudentsdailyconsult the library,whiccoRtains,!ipproximately5,000 volumesand isopen ; from 8a. m. to1mtnd from8 to 7p. m.The biologv,botany,and chemigtrylaboratoriesarebarelysatisfactorilyeltlipped,but it is hoped thatthi rcumstance willbe improvedas soonaspurchases broadcanbe negotiated. lasethe Institutelacksaphysicslab- oratory,most of the practicalwork in thatfieldis carriedonin the University.

TEAMENICAL 4,* AND PIROFESSIVALSCIMOWLIIRMINEMIS Teachers in theteAmicAl,professional,industrial,buidness,and otherspecial schools arelegallyrequiredto hold titlescorrespanding ) 'to the positionheldand the educationallevelof the instructionpro- vide4.Actually,however,larwelybKauseof thegreat lack of quali- fied individualsmuffingfrom theold inegititableteirlerrank and salary law,and be'causeof the lowegeem in whichnonacademicpur- suits havebeen held,manyof the teachersin theftschoolshavenot been obligedto fulfill thelegalrequirements.Nor hastime been anyincentiveto invest theirtime andmeagermoneyin mitimprove- ment. With thecoming intoixwerof thenewPeople'sGovernment , Alb and the adoptionlate in1944ofa mall equitablesalarywale for teachers, great enthusiasmhas developedfor theattainmentof officially recognized..., titleand the highersalariftwhichgowith them. Cli In all Ulm).. schools,teachers i of theregularacademicsubjectsusually hold thetitle ofelementaryschoolteacher,(normalistx)orof bachelor (bachiller)inone of thespecializgionfiil.:of thesecondarycolegio; lk

butmanylawyers,. 7 phvmacists,choraies,_.,_,. . untanta,andevenphy- triciins arealso efigagefi,.. in thiswork.Subjectsdealingwith theoretical- materialsaretaught ordimtillybymenandwomen.., who have graduated., from ,.... technical..._ orindustaial. . . -* iambwiththe titleof expert (perito) . - , orspecial teaeher;,:(maestri)orprofesor e . especial)ina .liarticular craft . 9rtrade,...suchas:mechanics(mecinica), 4.: . .. graphicarts sOPtifila Moriproared tor the authorby theNeeretaryet the HigherInetitmteot EdueitkuiaM Lettersof Quito:December1044.

1, . ' : . , , . t *.t . 4 ' 0 .!-rv;, 1:1 ; *- 4" 4 - A . ' . $. P. t* 44" T11.21.4 rp ,4V ,I.:1¡4*-1. je : er-C' 4i 4A 1 -2-' 7: _ .,2%. ""e Ct 46`.4' e 70 EDUCATION IN ECUADOR (artes grtificas), dressmaking(modkerfa), embroidery(bortiado), housekeeping (labores),andnumerousothers. Manyof the teachers of these craftsortrades, however, andmostof the shop heads(mite- stros de taller), holdnoofficial title.Directorsorprincipals ofthe 6-technical knd othertypesof schools in thevocational fieldarealmost ----Th without exception, 'normalschool gmdbates withthe title ofricnvs t An outstanding exceptiohwasthe dirwtor of QuitosState rai Technical School, who heldnotitle whatever;in thiscra 243,in born- priance with the law, thesubdireztor held thetitle. Under thenewlaw governing rankand salazt of teachersin Fioador (p. 56), all theseteachers will beallowedto continue in their present positions and theirsA1arie4i willnotbelreduced. Filer p. pointnTenta, however,must be made in accordance with thenewlaw sprovision whichserves as anadditionalstimulustoale attainment of the legal qttalifivationsfor tekchipg positions. TRAM=IMPROVEMENT In 1936, whenmorethan half of thenationselementary who()) teachers' heldnoofficially /*cognizedtitleorteavhing license,asu-' premedecree provided thatindividualsactually engagedin teaching could. acquire the titleof third-grade teacher(preceptor, determs sTado) by showingonthe supervisor'sreportfiled with t.6Ministry a3-year'average rating ofat least "good and by passinganexaktina- tion prepared .under thedirection of theNational Ministrj.This privilegewasgranted aliketoieacherswho hadonly elementaryeducation andotothose vivh6 .bald cornpletaanynumber ofyearsof the secondary cvgegio--tgeexperiencerequirement beingwaived inthe camof perions who hadcompleted the firstcycle of secondaryschool- ing.Preparation for theseexaminations,which lastedamaximum of 90 minutes anddeliltwith questionsin Spanish,arithmetic,geometry, geography, history, naturalscience, anckcivicsTamountedtoanindi- vidualized form of teacherimproveinent. School Centers for EducationalStudy,commonly knownasEduce- tionil Centers (Celli. Pedagógicm),have functionedin Quitoand other parts of thecountry since the middle20's.Thew organizations hadastheir objeptivesthe development ofprofessional bondsamong 'teachers, the improvementof the individualteacher's educationalback- }ground, and the generaladvancement ofeducation.Meetingswere held fortnightly in the pursuitof these objectives.In -149361the Gov*. ornmentgaveofficial sanctionto thesegroupsof the nation'steachers,- and the Ministry of Public EducittiohissuedaResolution" governing , . , . . , MarlottiPiceo de¡IlionyCarlos Aill6uTamers. OrganisteldayPrietiets IDocoleres. Quito, Taller.. deEduestidn, 1939, p.417. *Regiment* de Organized.%y nalitit.1 ¡lades%deContrasPedagNacee de laRepública. Quite,Juilosill ds left . 1 k

411

I. j.1,,Si ,ft- Q1,1 Atk-zit- t.

TEACHERS 71 theirorganization and funciioning.The aimswereexpndas follows: (1) stimulatein-serviceimprovementof ruralteacheN; (2) unify effort(8) determine thetype of educationmo4A needed by the respectivemelons ofthecountry, accordingto existing conditions; (study thefindings ofeducationalexperimentation;(5) laterco- operationamongteachers; and(6)encourage group activitiesamong the pupils. AO CURSES I1N %CHEM IMPROV1ILMENT - a*specialcomps are provided by theMiniry inthe capital andin the variousprkovinoes fortheimprovement ofteachers. Some of these(tiering.;aredesignedto help the rural schoolteacher; some,the urban elementaryteacher;some,the special.teacher; and4u some,the secondary scliw1(eolegio) teacher.Mogt ofthemareheld in vacation timeand plannedso as togive' thesuccessfulteacher-student the officialtitletoriwpondingto the ixxiition he holds.Ip the great majority ofcasestheGovernmentnational,proviricial,or mu- nittipalprovides freetuition andalso defraysthe studenteexplores during thecourse. NATIONALTRACKERS'ugn I NSINBICAT ONACIONALRE FiDECAIPORES J. ~ Bysupremedeal* pf April13, 1938,answeringapetitionto the MinistrycifPublicEducation forthe compulsoryunionization of Ecuador's tearber4---aresolutionto this effect having been.taken in Teachers' Conferencesin 1935 andin 1937theNationalTeachers' Unionwasorganized.The decree4aims of this bodyarethe Nilow. ing:(1) To work` for thesolidarity and defense ofthe nation'steachers; . (2) to strive for theimptovement ofthe child, theschool, andthe teacher; (3)to intensify the nation'sculturalvrbgresk; (4)to Orea modern orientationto Ecuadoranculture; (5)tounifyeffort, stimu- late initiative, developtbe feeling of responsibilityand ofòonsciousft- . nessof kind;(6)to raise the economic levelof the memb'ers,through the establishment ofcoopérativeundertakings,amongothermeans; and t44tomaifititiinthe systematictraining of themembershipas a fundamental basis of Oucationilactivity. Membership in theNational Teachers'Union includes allelementary and special teachersof the Republicactually in theservice of theState orof the municipalities,and thoseteachers of privateinstitutionswho 4 maydesire toloin;all professionalsemployed insecondaryorother type's ofschooli,in theMinistriesof Education,Social Welfare,or othir 3i Government agencies;_. and all retired'teacherswhomay desire membership. , . A National ExecutiveCommitteecompwedofarepresentative of eaoh provinszialbranch, has itsheadquarters inQuito. Ineach provin- e . Ii

A , 1 . 4, . . 4 - A 1 ";tt,.st " 11,it . T-4q :, 4 , } 7Pt, ,4, %4. 444' Vo h, 4. . . . ' f* r . i.rts141Y 4; I 0 44,4-(%..1 '7»,tr r 4 - V "Pr r%rt .104 rz' ",1Aft..-4'rt»` t.

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1'1 .72 EDUCATION INECUADOR

1 capitalthere isaprovincialcommittee madeupoftwo represenfa- -,Hvesfrom eichcantonal branch.Eachcanton hasacommittee, whose .. membershipis determined bythe teachersof thetaitón.Allrepro- . sentativesmust be bona fidemembers of theUnion. *Supportfor theorganizationcoraesfrom members4ipfees, 'State findmunicipal funds,and institutionaland privatedonations.The sumof 35,000sucres was originally allotted fromthe nátionalemer- It gencyfundto put theNational-Teachers'NUniono4 aworking buis: Assoon asthecouiltryrefignsetianormal afterthe politicalup-

; heaval whichended in May1944, theNatioñal Teachers' f Union helda congressthatwasattended .bymembersfrom theremotetornersof the Republic.New edudationalorganization,curricula,andproce- dureswereoutlinedand studied, andthe groundworkforasweephig reform in-thenation's schoolswascarefully laid,Since this'-congress,4t fnwhich the teachers 9 clearly showedtheir determinationto labor for. thAiadvance,ment oftheircountry, the NationalTeachers'Union Eas been workingunremittinglyand successfullyto bring their . careful

planning . to actual realization.0 .

4S -.41, " CuaderuosPedag6gicos.Publicael6n,de la Sociedadde Profesores Pedag6gicos, Grupo Caadenes Ndmero24.. Quito, Noviembrede 1944.* Notaseditor:14es. 1 .11

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CHAPTERVI. Higher Education ON, '3

IGHER EDUCATIQNinhcuadoiispovidedby theCentral HUniversity ofQuitd,the.UniversitiesofCuencaand quil, the Guaya- UniversitySchool-ofLoja,and thetwo HigherInstitutes ofEducation and LetteisinQuitoandGuayaquil.Otherinstitu- tions _ofhighereducationniay be created'bylawasthe need tòr themarises.In regardtótechnicalfunctionsandad,ministration theuniversitiarelegally,autonomous.Article6 of 'the Higher Law of Education;however,piohibitstheuseof4enameof the institutionsinconFurtiopwith politiCalpropagand Economic autononiy isplannedtocomesgraduallc throughenabling -3 legislation and appropriations.;In themeantime,the State approPriations included for fifevariousinstitutiwsofkighereducationin the 'nationalbudget.Allotherincomederivesfrom -wkich student fees, are identical inall institutiois;fromtheyent'of. property;from uniLersity sources suchas industrialfacilities;and throuiliton- tributions,donations; and bequests.Withoutthespecificauthoriza- tion oftheMinisterof PublicEducation,the higher universitiesand °the instituteltofeducationmay not sell,exchange,or mortgage theifpropertied.All balancesonlandat theclose oftheacademic yearare II addedto the generilendowment4oftherespective Table9 institution. PresentilxpendituresotEcuadorianupiversitiesduring 194392 themostrecent yea\Tforwhich accuiatkfigureswereavailable. . Tableam-UalyersItyexpenditure.ha1943

c . , . " , Salaries and Laboia- . . , . InatI$utIon4 admhaistra- . . tories and'Buildings Other . .. . . Total , . tiOn- .- libraries° . . . . . 1 . a . _ 1...... *.L...... 1 . I . ty, . . . . , $ It -- 4 'I. , e 8 ...... i...... , . , ...... -4,. -- ...... 4 . '' v . , I . Rums bal Central Sutra Swiss Sums Sucre. TiniversityoiQuito:._ _ 1;337,483. 00 67,514. 50 University of -14, 115. 89457,888. 92 1, 876, 982.71 Cuenca...T...1f_ *. 481, 085.39 6, 116. 15 75, 893. 82 Universityof Guayaquil 280, 979.02 .,.843, 474.38 .724,834. 71 184 089. -, Loja Law 8etto0 74 121, 20.. 19, 932, 222.66 1 . : .73, 185.W 4, 023. 76 23, 862.50MI 187.48 234,268. . . 4 ., .. 1 dp ., ...... Total ...... * 70 . iv . 2, 81;08. i.82,744.14:: ...... 43, 672.01 V .. . 993,..: .: .3Q . 3, nonsp . %. " IINIMINNINV * ...... 2.....:-...... ;-....:-. ....romonnowsidomommourims. . , peyes 0 r. , . Orginiess deEdutei6nPrinter*flekttaptlity Superior de It- Repablicadel . I, E Olt%TaUer$4eEducaelön,19411, P (Ley tOr iiducaciOn . Superb;con tntrod I reformal dfede1938hies19424, . O. . . . : . , gir .4 4. . *Informs 'elContioladorOtnetalde la Maeldn p. ptiblica present* atBr.. Presidentede laRe- lahonorableAsam»leaConstituent.,Julib de 194118, ., ! * a Junio de1944tQuito, .% WailsOrikiluos' dolMialster.Tio de . *.- MeOsomia,,.,p. 61. . . P. 1 . , a., , ... t '24 , -` .1.4k4,;.1-....'-?tiV..1 -. a . 4..Er ...I . ::.". ., f . . Ir !;,, i P "' t.4 .1-\ , J..- ...... '`..:47'7;,f:.1.-4 V, .. 78 $ . . t' a %. 1,1 !1.4 '" .. ._- .;.r: --11,t 1: 't ,-%** ' , »:.= , : 1. 1 y , ;$:*"-'' I. . . ' : P1,,11.; .7. . . :a- ,t,ta.`1,'%,, ;.' ? t I j ( itQh.:.-; . 1. k "t . 'fillg7111 .;.- *VC '= 411 ti,!V, . "tI .t"IYA P1)!t ,:t . r 'O. I t ;44.'4:6"; 4. I' ;211. ); . 4-.101kia4F .tio !jQ V.: 4 I. N."`641. V.iCyrt" 7

74 EDUCATION INECUADOR

Accordingto the OrganicLaw of HigherEducation theuniver- sitieshave uniformrequirementsin regardto internal regulations, plans ofstudy, andminimumindividualcourse content. Whennec- essaryoradvisable,theymust establish technicaland adniinistrative - ties withthe higherinstittitesandamongtheir'ownvariousschools for themost effectiveutilizationof professors,laboratories,and other educationalfacilities involvedin the highereducatiofiprogram. OBJECTIVESOF HIGHEREDUCATION Ecuador'suniversitiesand institutesof highereducationaimat nationalprogressthroughtileenrichment ofculture ingeneral, through thedemocratizationof universityteachings, andthrough the collaborationof Stateand privateinstitutionsin thestudy ofthe o country'ssogial andeconomicproblms, andthe coordinationof these two systems inthe orientationofanationalconsciousnessdivorced fromparty politics. Throughscientificstudy andinvestigation,they work forthe advancementofinternationalresearch, forthe development of the nation'snaturalresources,and fot.thebiologicalconserva- tion ofhuman andnaturalresourcesof theRepublic. Tothese ends theyengagein thetraining ofprofessionalworkersand thelegal protectionof ihe variousprofessions.

ADMINISTRATION ,o Under théprovisions of the:1938 OrganicLaw ofHigherEduca- tion, whichwasinprocessofrevisionat the 'time thisstudywas made(1944 ) ,4 the highest a authority inuniversityeducationis the Minister of VublicEducation.The Mihisteris authorizedto ratify thestatutes of ail institutionsof higherlearning,toapprove, all budgets, andto cièçree thereorganizationorthe closureofanyinstitu- tionnot functioningaccordingto law. Hegives legalitytopro--.. 16sorialappointments.Xither orr personallyorthrougha representative, he isamember of Archuniversitycouncil,with pCwer : to make the finaldecision inquestionsconcerninguniversitypolicy. . strmitonUNIVERSITYCOUNCIL(CisNSEJOSUPERIOR UNIVERSITARIO) 4 Aniongthe 'firstact% ofatommittee,whichwasconvened in1944 A for thereforni ofthe Lawof HigherEducation,wasthe creationol'a superioUniversity Cogncil,whichhailasits mainobjectivethe coordination ófthosegspectig ofuniversity,activitythatare common to all of Ecuador'sinstitutionsof higherlearning.Thedegrée it,of . autimomyand thes . 'attributesof theindividualinstitutions, -;, =11PRESkeimosilzaware i

1 J 1 .' a Op..cit.i Art.20. I .1 . 4Thenew Political Constitutionof 1945madetheviolverititiesautonomous.Bum& step011 its. adoption workwas begunon aifiwOrgaipicLaw of Higher 10*stionfo. . . . . r, I , ,0 4 * t-t)%. o .; : . . . , , 2. . . . I 4 1 . A -t 4:; .. r t:). - . . .?-4L$41.

V. . , . 'Ow .1' ).- "- . t f irPt

HIGHEREDUCATION ts. 75 as determinedby theirrespectiveenvironmentsand offerings,how.. ever, are not to beinterfered withinany way. TIES RECTOR

. Ineachuniversitytheadministrativehead andlegalrepresentative is the rector, whomust beanative.Ecuadoran,at least 35yearsof Ik eage; andthe *holderofauniversitytitle,Electedby majorityvote of theUniversityAssembly,therector performspracticallythe sime :4+ functioìlsashiscounterpart, theuntversity presideneinthe United 4a.tes. Hedirectsandsupervisesthevariousactivities ofthe university and isresponsiblefor thefulfillmentof thelaWs andregula- tions'aPpertainingthereto.litOditionto hisnumerousother duties andobligations,he isrequired bylawto 'teachauniversity subject. . 'Atthe *seof theacademicyearhesubmitsadetailedreport of uni- versityactivityto the Ministerof PublicEducation. .

°UNIVERSITY_ COUNCIL(CONSEJOUNIVERSITARIO) The UniversityCouncil,characteristicof LatinAmericaninstitu- tionsof, higher lea*rning,.igcompps.edof therector, thevicerector, . the deansof thefaculties,theMinister ofEducation,a, profes:sor elected by the UiliversityAssembly,andonenativestudentfrom each faculty electedfromamong themembersof the last'2yearsof 4tudy. NV 'nthe provisionsof theLawof HigherEducation,thisbody :/* a43ithestatutes bywhich theuniversityconcernedis governed, ; t,áplroves the' regulationsAndstudyplansproposedfor thedifferent faculties ancbschools,establishesgeneral rulesin conneCtionwith .in- tern-al admihistrationandinstruction,*andauthorizesthecreaticinor thesuppressionofcourseofferingsandevenof facultièsand other dependenciesof the _ institution.Itnominatesnew members of the staff, removes*unsatisfactorYtitichers,giants leaves'andscholarships, regulates, studentaridtorofessorexchangewithintherespective.university*and withotherinstitutions,a.p.dgenerallypromotes the ad- vancopentOfculture andscien4ethroughoutthe Republic.It.,regu- .1,tes :therevilidatiop offoreignstudy aod,at the proposalof the . facultyconcerned, confers'the titleof:NotibrHonori8Causaupon deservingnativeprforeignscholars.Finally, itpreparestheannual 3 . budgetand authorizesillexp6nditures, 4 - , t , -^. UNIVERSITYASSEMBLY (ASA3JMILEA*1;111VERSITARIA) Ile.òonibine4 ,. ..% facultiesofawiiversityformits,UniversityAssem- bly, whighfortietransactionof business ,requires. *theattendanee *of I twothirdsof allmembers.Thisbody,correspondingto the Pktioin Claud/Igo 'someotherLatinAmericanlmiyersities;electsthefeciorand vice.rector and determinesthecr,erse of actionto be pursuedin' the eventot.theirresignations. Italsodeals with a e matters whichseriouily sifeetthe Untterel Itstomaipps _ arecalledmany ;'4 .".- -%4 t.' :;;f17 .., .f 4.7 . , I I., .1 41VAkeirct.4 froy.a.7777- 00, V

.., . iiii-:. 4 EDUCATIOWIN ECUADOR ,. . .1 8 daysin advanceby the UniversityCouncil,whichstatestheotject of themeetizig. . P FACULTY COUNCIL(JUNTADE FACULTAD),DutzenvEReAlt r (CONSEJO 111kRECTIVEDIC-FACULTAD) AMP.MEAN . Eachfatuityis governed 'byaFaculty, CouncafabirectiveBoard, andadeap. TheFaculty Cotincilis composedof the hon6rary,princi-, pal, and associfte professors andanumber 'of,Ecuadoiianstudents equal to one-thirdthe numberof professorsin thefaculty.?Thedean serves aschairmai. Amongthe duties of,the FacultyCouncilare the election ofthe deanand, of theassistant dean,the electionof the professors andthe studentfor membershiponthe DirectiveBoard, the formulatiohof internalregulations(Reglainentointerno) for thegovernment of the facqltyand of proposalsto ,the.University' . , Council of miasuresconduciveto the improvement.:of the univeisity

. or . the faculty . . concerned. z.. -.' **. .- ..- .., . Consisting of thedea4,asChairman, theassistantdean,twopro- fessors, andoneof the studentsonthe FacultyCouficil,the Direcfive... . Board formulatesthe gtudy plans . and dailyprograms; regulates , extracourseskid university'extensionwork;approviesormodifies the courseoutlines submittedby the profissorsat the beginningof the academicyear;örganizes the ; practical activitiesand thevarious seminar offerings;determines the qualificationsand dutiesóftheasso-r, ciaté professors;memostheexagtinaioncommitties;and handlesall requests With refeitncetoenrollinent,examinations,degreei,and titilts.The'Vniversity.Council ratifiesall regulationsproposed by

the Faculty INrectiveBoard. e .. , .. 7 The dean is the administrativehead andtipreprpsentativeof the: faculty concerned,an's required bylaw to be a' principalproftssor 'actuallyteaching in theUniversity. Heis elected bya . majorityvote of the Faculty Counal fora2-year periodand'iseligibleto reelection. % The dean isamember ofthe UniversityCouhcii andcalls andpresides .., oyerthe meptiNot otthe FacultyCouncil and ,,,,-..;,.. , .. th Directive.B9ar.d. r.` P f , .,,.. It is the, duty of the deanto_see . tllat allre¡ulatigns, 't .%. . . statutes, alid Isis . . 1 :...,. . i arefollowed*find e that theteitcling,.astwellasthe plansandprograms %. . of study ofi-'e , : . faculty, conformto university law. ,... . He directsthe ,, . ..t. publications Of.. the faculty, . ..,F...... ,..N. . - ,., checks exRenflitures,reports monthly, 61:1,- ,\ to the rectoroti the'progressof, facultyactivities, we-,:N. ... andservesasdirector . . . -iI. . : . .1:i.. P. of the school in which heteaches.. 1.1.,..;:;. .

1. 01 i5k-i 0 .. I : 1 1 " ,- I I. . I .,- w: ... J. . . ''' 'W 1- I ' s% w'....!I4:...... 1 wr- % r . . t- O.& w . .". I r Ili:- ". it **1840as. I, - I , . . ;' InEcugtdorisuffiversiti) arelive pf teachers:honowy,

e -i 9 , : ;:7) I ass9eiatei ! and teniporaryo KPti) r proktiore*Ai 7

6. m04 . .4 with outittanding- . r ,r- " ,. ,.tmtations - . t,w :k .in ad .\ f1.grother flak* f. v t. . e 110 : -.% A. . . f . 't,. I. . - _ 46. It...07;77..;:-".- HIGHEREDUCATIONI 77

r who\at the propalosof the facultyconcernedhave been näilinatid by thé Univé C9uncil. Mitehonoraryprofessorsgenerally1ec4. ture Without compensationother ;,thanthe prestigeattachedto universityteaching. .. ;' 4. Principal,tissociate,andtemporary professdrsarealso appointed by theUnivorsityCouncil,froma panel ofnfipies,submittedby the . rtspedivq FaCulty.Theseappointmentsarefor 4'yearsandmay be extended..14 beincludedin the panelof principaLprofessors, thecandidatemust, holdaprofessionaltitle accpiiredat least 2years . Wore,slid show ciniipetenCe 1313his fieldthrough wyitienworksor studies andteaching expetriencein the unive"rsity.To beincludedin thepaiNkforassociatepr9fessors thesamerequirementsobtain,except thatthe titlemayhave bee4acquired'only 1yearbefoie.Temporary professorsareenyloyedfor. part-timeinstructionin special fields,and; asin thecaseof professorstof free-courses,theirqualifications vaiy a:cciordingto thenatue and1éni0 cif thecourse tobetaught. 14any Case, thenecessary classiodm, laboratory,and:otherfAcilities Rifeplaced at their serelcefor thedlirationotthecourie.e. Only withthe approvilof theUniversity Counçilmayanother publicoffice beheld siplultaneously;wit4 . auniversityprofessorship. . In au&cases,the UniversityCoinícildeterrOnesthe salaryto be paid'', for teaching--othe maximum-being50percent of theregulaiuniyersity011 salary. Attheréaluest ofthe Ministerof Public Educatioil, tilerector 'of theuniversity,.orthe DirectiveBoard ofaFaculty,principal, associate,andtemporary professors-maybe removedfromtheirposts by the Univergit wicil for a ... . substintiated. deficiencies.After eich5y -of teachingservice theuniversityprofessorenjoys the .. ,legarigat tO notporethana yearof foreignstudy, auringwhich time .theinstitutionpays vat least theregular .:sa4,ryand 50percent . of the , tra elingcosts.. . . , Profpssiorial , men,74awyers, .. r i physitians, engineers,and thelike...-. :: whchdOsireto becoineassoc.e.prgfessorsin thpunitiersity,mot mil,. e'.mit their applications'to the respectivefaculty,setting forth 'their I. desire;andenclosingthe "clocpmentairsillich substantiaté, their pikini. to v co.mpdence.Acceptableapplicantsare . then includedin thepanel . preparedf9r filliivthevitca..nc$F... The 4 . Oatmajori ,t:jr,,otEcuador's, A. unhrérsity iirofaiiknifare profesOonalmen who devSeonly%asmall proportionof their . . time to teaching,. but: who biiiigtô:thefr , classes therealities§.o.f iliir ,. . . . 4ay. experi.ft... , t , . . !, . .. I i : a . , . .4* , i, I 4C-, ph e , . 0 iNEVI AN\DAY . 7#*.b - . e v . In thehikhlaiids,, askewbegiti in 'Octoberlind continue,yith the 1fgally . ed 461idttys eiceptixi,.untilJuly.InGuayaq ,the cowl*-IliA *Ian uresand ,, rato 1-. at other i sl 4. I. ...ow' .-r!I".

.., %, ..1 ... .

sk ;;. pI.i. .. ' ... ', , ' , .4 . -1! E.'. ,..,4...... ,,,,....0i.,4...,,..,..i.,;:A . `, '16 .....lik....I.... ,rw )111.1 . -A It f - t ri' .. i 'i '''' .4.-,41-. J ../<;,-,-..,-,i. il, ,;,,--.,,... 1 i., e- f%ON A , 110.1L' s;11-4.f,44 6 I.

s. A . 'AO 78 4 EDUCATIONIN ECOADOR I .practicalactivitiesexte`ndfrom 7a. m.to 6or7p. Some special lictures,meetings, andentertainmentsareheld in thelater evening. .!a ta. LUIRARY AND L4111011AtenirFACILITIES t , Eachinstitution of higherlearning hasa qa, fair-kzedcentralormain A library of technical,historical, andliterary volumes,.supplemented by faculty andschool lihraries. ThOentralUniversity -of Quitohas the most extensive collection,numbering wellover50,00 volumes.In addition, studentsin the capitalcity have thefacilities 'ofthe National Library, withmorethan119,000 volumeil. Thelaboratories,ingeneral,are a:1uate to the needs; but thereareinstancesin which thereisa1 k ofessentialapparatus, due partlyto insufficientfunds, partlyto wartime conditions,and partlyto the lack ofemphasison

thisphaseoMitrtiction., *4?

, ' ENTRANCE REQVIkEMENTS For atission to university study inEcuadbr,the applicantfilust .* beatle'ast18yearsof'age,holddiedegree cit bachelorfromasecond- aryschool, havecompletedorbeexempt from compulsorymilitary sftvice, andpass an/entrance examination of scholastic aptitfide. Graduates-of normitschools,with the titleof norni42iataorelemen-. tarystchool teabh/er,may enterthe universityfor8114leadingto the it title afsecondary schoolteacher (profesorde enseñanzasecundiria ynormal). In January1945, theHiglerInstitute ofEducation 4nd?" Letters, whichformerly had beipaimiyorsityfacilityand lafera o university school,wasagain brQughtunder the-directionof the' okisiCentralUniversity.. of Quito,with theexclusive aimof preparing .teachingpersonnel forthe academicsecondary 'schoolsof thecoutary. At thesametime the possibilityof liermittingnormal'schoolgraduates to matriculitein all ..universityfaultieswasunderfavorable consideration'.Studentsgraduated bysecondary co?egioa 'Withthe

O title of business expert's(peritos comerciales)aregrantedadmission to uiiiversity Facultiesof Economic 8cieùces.withoutthe bachelor's degree. PREPARATORYCOURSES I , - Asaguarantee 9f better-preparedstudents andat thissametimeto provideasnrother iransitionfrom secondarytounivérsitystitdy, the University Counciiot theCentrilUniversityauthorizedthe establishment of1-yeat,preparatorycomases . in.Ahevariouq.schools of theuniversity.Admission IV thesecourfiesjsoithesamebasisas Ithat establishedfor the*versifypioper,lhe' .4 students who failto . 7 passthe entranciexas itioibeingrequiredto take thep , . " 6. r 4. course.Starting with byear104546 th theentrance . 't .f- 141 . rs:; . ...I-4' ; r" tronand the I V 1 - . . preparatory couxsei - r oir willIx " 1.1. . , . . h. .Of A: I t. ' - - I :4 :,,..',,r. i , ' r : ' ; " : .t.9 . , . ,'reli,! '1.P)..: ; 1:4 ..1.; Sl ;.;1 P' ',Y" 4.'1. (.° 1 '1/4 .,4%r,., r"..1,--. "t.Lt., tr. I;f i ; . 1.,;:f 4 ; *II ,-- -_- er-yk 4' ' t . -.-,.._, 444 .rt; ' 1/4 t4, 1 : / .!Z N. _rt40/rr: /A '-', .t?..; ?f, L. i--;4.,";..44.!1 .4' letis,t8 " /174., 4#.1'!"¡; i'- i'r :i: Vti i: iA'46,--`.. ft ¡elk 1 t7.`r Vt*Pt_ 31,1- t?e: 464 = " O 11 .4 -- t . t 7 . " :` I+ : 3

HIGHEREDITATION I 79 ADMISSIONOFFOREIGNiSTITINES . Students from countries withwhichEcuaatlorhasriegotiatedrecipro- 1. cal agreemetts 11 in regardto examinatjonsand degibes,arerequiredto proceedasfollowsto obtainadmissiontoItn Ecuadorian (» Apply university: to the deanof theappropriatefaculty,giving fullname, age,,place of birth,nationality,fullnamesof motherand father,and f\acult)iorscho91to whichadmissionis desired;(2) enclosewith the a. applicationall diplomasand ptherdociimentsshowingPreviouseduca- -,tion, birth ce*ficate,andalegalpassport;and (3)*sent evidericé fo the effect thaestestudiespursued,.exarninationstaken,and degrees ortitles held fire equivalentto those rquirednormallyföradmissioh tos the Ecuadorian universiiy.Examinatfons.must bepassedin all subjects includedintheEcuadorianrequirementsbutnot studiedpie- viously bythe foreignstudent. AA. Students fromnonagreementcountrieswho?.engage in university, study in Ecuadoraregiantedadmissiononthe wreciprocitybasis,and inthi absenceof precedent;theyareriquii4c1to comply*iththe lationi fegu- establitheciforEcuadorians.AnEcuadorihnstudentwho . obfitinedhis baccalaureateofsecondaryedticationinaforeigncountry is requiredto subniitpracticallythesame sort of documentationas a foreignstudent.,a it twits V* ', A registrailionfee andanexaminationfee,each of30sucre, charged are annually.Lateregistration,costi 50sucres, andrepeat,or speciarexaminations,15sucresforeach-subject ofstudy.The laixtra- tory fee is . 30sucrés,except forchemistry,!Nth is45.Thereis also a10-sucre physical ffiducafionfee.Other feesare :Forthe titleof licentiate,100sucres;for thedoctorateoreligineering 7177 for degree;300;-and obstetricianand forAtenographer-typist,50.Transferstudents from other universitiespay afee of50sucres.Foreignstudents'fee aréthree times those Ymi4byEcuadorians.TheUniversityCouncil of the'respective institutionme exemptastildentinfur;ancjalneed fro*payment idallor agy.part of the regular universi67,fees. .4 SCHOLARS .- 6. 111 I 4. ., . '1 -E., TheStateaniniilly .,01. grantsanumberofscholarships,*viral/bigivith Pep 'the demand;indotherconditions, - . for . universitysfudy intheRepublic ..orabroad. , 'Candidates_ . ..för, these. grants, mustbeexcellentstudents , -- . ,". whose é- economic. .ditOs. would.. -9therwia,% prpvent theif '. -repin ' -' .,`...... ; gad- i í .r.,. /rafted- f ,-," . 0 co 't on., a .,;,.' tire kton'of sr16., t- 1 f'lat, e: the holds ietitive a. 'exambiatiims,. 14m18s1on I. toirhich*uireitlhetr-Z .. ,) 3a. bitealuteateof ndity . . . edhcation, t e. . .41 . P f ; A. VIO t. - w- V t L-A' ,el -1k I/M;(1 I 14- F. *.Central, . 1310v. ,40 la w, Quito.Iawreots4. , , t' # t . .. 'fAkt ..4 7 . , A :it . A . .-, °I ',`1. e.! flt t., . 1 l ! fy,-,!e4 fr. I: . . _I , 'r141 .1" ' e . . '.4",AI:."-,fa,4:;. t4.' 4* "'!2;1,1:!'.7:1144`'41f4 t:;'4.èTqij*.,f.f:4*''.:1" b' r ;, r " %it:4 1 T44:v;?;::0;\ 1A.4 0.4.4i`,,m111-',,-6,1,1,4 ,;,;. q : .,14:*.Vi 0,7 4-4414441";111:141.istt( kYt'i.iir Ne..,?,_;- ii41;.. y. ..,_, .: ,a,.4 I.. ; .-ei--i-xsy,re:. f"i.-_-,..ei .11-----,, :fr--.Ti 1.21Ae 4.it1,i. 'AA t- _ _-! A. t... . .a.t. t--Altfetrit '-? ', ;.».- .t 11` ,._ ,4j.N.;. _.;4 11414, "t1--. V A - 1-tit fki 1.444;qb1;4.4.441 ? e 4 - ..::--413¡I faiti . r ler ' -c".k .) . ;'-4 4-i r 7-4It;'Alp ,C)' " er.) p. r. 4.14 . fr.

Ow.

4 80 EDUCATION 1N ECUADOR ,

submission of the student's scholasticrecord, variousnotarizedproofs of his economicstatus,birth and 'medicalcertificates,andastatement of the numberof brothers and, sisters who iredependeintupon the .sainefather,. niether,orlegal'guardianasthe applicant.A scholar- ., ship holder is requiredto postabondwhichis forfeited if hefails th agiven year's work, dropsout of the university,orrefuses, intheevent that his servicesareneeded,toengagein Governmentemployment, until theamount of thescholarsal.p has srepaid.For schol ips inaforeigncountry,anadditional etaminationis adminikeredin the spoken and writtenlangwe of thecountry to which thestudents. wishes togo. 42 . C. ENROLLMENTS AMIDGRADUATES In 1942, themost tecentyearfor whichcomplete statisticswereavail- &Wets the; four universities of theRepublicenrolledatotal of1,885 students. The Central University of Quito.had874; the 'University . fe : 1 0 590; the University of Cuenca, -..--A: 847; andthe Law School `11-i1; t. ",' 1 ..... e Of the total enrollment,210were women and 1,675were

men.Theifr,&,1,1( 4'.....Vir s: . , 1P ...,,-;..- totaled 225professors..There , A , .-. ,., . wereinat t+s, ,tP"se g :t :I4 ;?-;1;4.--officersand, employeee-a 04/ 1e for ail& ,.. tvoilw.-.4 -:. 10.6 students. nroII en P;°..k11 the Central 'Universityof Quitoin 4 1943-44were° 1;1430* 'buted is follows: Law, . ,., 408; medicine,426; scieace, 826.Therewere1,0Vmenland 118women;1,056wereliar .. ,.., , . tionals and 104, foie'so. z 1" k- Duringthe6years :!'i:,,, 1987 to 1942, inclusive,the fburEcuador- ian wiversitiesgraduatedtotal of 524 students,400 of whomtook their degrees in lawormedicine.Tvto %hundred .. and twenty-sixweie lawyers; 174, physicians; 48, aentists;.27, cfrilengineers;16, agriPi. cultural engineers;81,pharmacisis,and 7, obstetricnurses. a.

,CENTRALUNIVERSITYgr(VITO -h The Central Universityof Quito hásaFacultyofLaw .and

O Scrdpce (Facultad de .,JurisprildenciayCiencias.-Sociales),with . Schools of Law and of Economics;a Faculty of Medicine(Facultad de Ciencias "Médicas), withSchools of,. Medicineand Surgery,of Dentifitiry,and of Nursing, .andin Institute ofAnatomy;tin&aFac- . tilt? of Math; f!stipal,hysiça.1,,. and Bia1ogkalacience.0(Facultadfie .t. Ciencias UatèmiticastMaim, ., .Y.Bic16gicas); with *SPhoois of Engi- I. poking, of Aribitecturetof ChemiOry .and .PhanNicy, 4. ,and of . ". 46- . , ciltui APproximitely4000-04.6043,Ivoie 049404in ,these. ,-gi ;. .T.I.N.4. :faculties,awing year1946. thi ..:. With the reituil...p$ . ...let i ,..:: t ,4 ' ' the Mg*moor. ,, .

. tute of- Educatiog and Itters in lN4die-ormer4 Vacu1t7t;t.Phil imrion.A... g 1 o . pMistadlitimyBKalsOn.Minister,* liKiies;16's\%1Ablica. 4 Quito, .Orfkopade . . 8 k , 4 adueadift, 11142.p..Sat. . ., , . I. a . . .**;. .4, s r. a. . : , . 6 .. v- .11 HIGHERiDUCATION 81

11, ophyandLetters(or of Educationand TAtters)isexpectedto be reestablished. In 1948, thefirst Schoolof JournalisminEcuadorwasestablishedat the 'University.In1944, it had44 studentsin thepreparatoryMC- tion and18 in the first,yearof theregular8-yearcoarse. f Aside 'fromthe regularacademicactivity, theCentral Universi4of Quito ismakingasingularciptribution Cothe leation's Progresse-t through itsextension work,whichwas inuguaratei,rn i. 1940. A to thistype'of instructionis .grantedfree'to anlyonewhootitsires Forany coursefor whichthereare asmanyas20 Applicantsa pro- fessQr is providedby theuniversity.Registrationfor1945totaled 510 studentsin the followingsubjects:Spanishbikkkeeping,com- mercialcorrevondence,mechanicaldrawing,practicalelectricity, electrotivhnics,nursitig andfirst aid,Frefich,English,construction materials,combustionengines,jourvalism,andstenography.There are no entrancerequirementsother thancompletionofelementaryedu- cation,except in thecase.of journalism,for, vihichthebaccalaureatm ofsecondary t.) education isnecessary. 4 7 AB,4 result ofa'strongdemand,aSchool dfMiiiorIpdustriesWa opened earlyin 1945.Actual practibalworkand laboratoryobserva%, tionsareemphasized' inthe instructionprovidedin thisnewschool, which givesinstruction in12 differentminorindustries.Consultav 004service is alsooffered forindustriesandtrades.

. 4- ¡LANSOF STUDY h . X 6 1 , * Thecourse pro*. zions of eaChfaculty and.school ay theuniversities aresuch thatastudent ofoneinstitutionmaytransferto another without lossof credit.Electivesarefew.'Practicalactivitiesin 10- oratories andelsewherearebeing'increasinglyemphasize all universitystudy. . ,_ _ In the School i . ,. . of Architetture9f theCentralUniversity 6fQuito, for example, th5-year planof studies.°is statedin problemsandex- ercises,rather :a in hoursa'week.Thus,the numberof exercises fox:each of the varioussubjects of thesfirstyear are:Refresherworks in elementaryand higheralgebra, 29;planegeometry and trigonom: etry, 20; differential calculus,15;planeanalyticgeometry,15; , geometticidand wash Iswing;100;ornamentildrawingandwater color, 5;descriptivegeoznetry).80;.andtranslationsiFt French . orEng- , .. lish,15. ,. . . .. e s Throughoutthenext 8yearsthispracticeoontinues,as'shownby the tollowinksubjeda and . _ . number of°wales:Sec-, ond year-4ntegra1calculus,80%; analyticgeometry (solid),20; =the-, rib_ ti..4:...1pfiysics,20;chemistryTör - engmeer008 tia*inga , peispective, 1 . $ 1 . _fin,* doestudio. de14 NsemIsdi'Arguiteeigra. , 0 is Paeultimi4. Climbs VantaldadcentraL Quite, do la N..t.,Lt-4, Novlialge deele,IX . 4' . c. .* T.1,1 . I i.-` . I 1.. ri STY' rx 1,.0 . , 4-0 -,. 'r 1 :a' ...... 141=. A 1 -6 --sly,:t..% J.; uks 82 ii:DUCATIONI ECUADOR shadingand washing, 26;ornamental plastids,15; and French oi English,15.Thiidyear-m-rationalmechanics,'15;strength ofmaterials,30; graphical Lades,20; topographyandtopographical drawing, 12;elements ofarclitectur,,80; history ofart., 10. Fourthyear-- industrialorapplied inechanics,20; reinforcedconcrete,16;architecture II and HI, 6; urbanizationand city planning,10; civilconstrue- dons, 20. In thelastorfifthyearthe mirkof the studentconsistslargely of projects andreports: Architecture IV(public buildings);8 pfojects; civilconstruction (heating,ventilation,sanitaryinstallations,room arrangement, etc.),8 projects; urbanlegislatiön(labor laws,municipal ordinances, etc.),2reports; and constructioneconomics,4 reports. The School of Nursingof theMedical Facultyalsomakes definite and specific provisionfor practicidactivities!In the firstyearof the 3-yearcourse, anatomy, physics;. chemistry,and deontologyareeach studied 1touraweek andnursing principlesaidSpanish,each 2 hours. In tkitlition,the student makesdaily visitsto patients in thó hospital in which the school islocated, attendsand bathesdesignaNd patients, administersmedicine, andcarriesout the orders ofthe physi: clan.Second-Srear studentsstudyphysiology,clinicalwork, theia- peutics and pharmacy,and kinesitherapy1 houraweiek eachand hygiene and sanitationand nursiftg p;inciples,2 hours.In thisyear the practical activitiesconsist ofhospitalvisits, solutionof problems requiringproftssional initiative,collectionand preparitionofmate- rials for the clinicallaboratory,Feparationof diets,and praciicein massaging. In the thirdyear,clinicalsurgery, cont4gious diseases,.\ pediatrics, dietetics,and bacteriologyandparasitologyareeách studied1 houraweek and principlesofnursifig,2 houins.Pr: ctical o activities include preParationofpatientifor operations,gingthe ob. Anesthetic, a§fiistance during tile 4 operation,postope : adaily written reportto the physician, andbetweentimes, the.careof child

patients. . . , The plans of study of theSchoolsof Medicine,Engineering,Chem- istry and Pharmacy,Agriculture,Law, and EConomics,respectively, in the Central Universityof Quito whichsets thepattern for the other universities of theRepublic,tire giver.' in the&Bowingtables: Eacuela de Enfermeras:Reglamentog (Wier"),ReglatnentoMenlo,y Plan de 'Claudio'. Universidad 'Central.Quito, Imprentade laUniversidad,1942.pp 9-10.

-4 I .fo

4 A a - - o

- o ,OILEREDUCATION 83 Table 100.41Plaim I diss far SaeMasaiofMadleine,Facultyoil 2Ge_IILInt 1411_ linty

Hourra 'weekper year Subject Irrms atory V VI 1 - Ww11 4 6 7 Mal I 11 Iliedkalph ...... -. 1 0 i 'i Iosn* 4 II ea a -e Botany._ I ...... 4 ...... Generalandtkocriptiveanatomy I - (dissection) ...... e - - - - Organicchemistry 3 8 Normal ..... 3 . . histologY e ...... e B ...... I II I",.- ...... ill ... 11161 tiaj ..._...... 3 IN ... e.o.m... Et _ B 3 prortAcs... 0 ... e ow -t e 13 B 4. . _ m- Ph oft ...... e T ....& l . j*!1-.` . anatomy . I. e a. Ern 6.e e V e. a internal , ... I . a a External e .. . e. e wee Anatomy %It __ 3 histology o al 3 tbeialf Phb .. 0.0 - 4 OPh grbZwo r,oin4suit E t rbir teitrp- 4. 4 Lii ID r. 3 11. tie clinkandsemiology.. OPWOr '14 ... a 9 () .. pew e medicinK .. O. 0 ese a. 0 I i . pediatric& 2 e e - Paydliatrioand neurologroal _ 3 0.6 ID v 4 Electroradiologyand CB physiotherapy. we . e MedicalV . No 2 V . e.. Surpcalclinic) a 46 6 .6 1Mli a a.. e Endocrinology,4ietetics,and nutii: 3 a tion e . o '1 Sydies* 4.. lb se. O and phth .. a a ,DelI.,tekj'yand syph 2 y 4. a Legalmad a., a.tr 40.5 and deonotology . ...efts.. .merW 3 Gyne 0. dclinkc 0.400 1.0.0 Ural'land 46400 alp venceologkalclinic .I 3 Ob..,.. e clinic W 0 M ..... _ ..... m. a ; a Tropicalmedicine - fr ..... a Children'ssurgicalclinic. .. .. 0 5 0 2 ..m a' e 2 \ -

1 ,. itt4 . 0 4

a a

. o o I.

4 e 11

. 1

e e air

A el. O e . 4, . I r: I "SIT- t 'r EDUCATIONIN ICCUADOR Table I11.-EmPlaa 44 audiosfor the gebeelel litagisseerliag, Fseilty of Mathematical,rairdeid, anal131,1eglealtielimeee

- _

Rowsaweptper year

h` .Sub** Prepar- In IV V VI 01.011100. .71 9991attwy I 4 s s $

_ Arithmrtie IF a. I, ip . e Trigonometry .. .. eft. .... to, . ... (loompetry.. .:...... e 5 A kvtbrs...... ,...... )) . 0 hysics...... 3 . .ID . 1 ...... e Chemistry_. twee...... 9 4 4. . 0

Ensush_ _ ....._ .. e "4.04.000 9VD 0 e 2 2 .. ... PL

FIrtieh ...... 2 2 2 .. a e . .. . anale genmoiry ...... men ill.... oalcuhis...... 3 ...... Petrography . ...._ ...... sr sik.e....eso, . 3 . _ .0 0 ..... - 9.. 9.9 9-- 3 2 . °D:Vrthlegeometry... a...... 1 2 ::: Menhankal drawing._ 9 a. I 2 I ... InteimW cakulus...... _...... a ._ . . ... Said analytkgeometry...... l . . . 3 . .. Rational mechanks...... a,40,...... 2 ...... Industrial rt*mI**J'7 Isx...I.4(2 3 ... . Strength ofmatte .... _ . .. evr i CC* Graphical 'Wks_ ...... Sew 0.0 2 e. ... Tov ph . ... I ID 1 0 4 ... Astronomy and spherical trigonometry ...... Il .... . _. A rehiteteture. J.. I.,...... 4 2 2 Electrotechnics. 000ftoo...... 4 4 yd ...... 9 . . vAlim .... 2 .... co - ZITniiiii. .. . . Mr.. 00 3 0 0 0 s S. . otodasy...... Q.* 0" 3 .... Masoary...... _gr .. .1. M.O. 0 2

Therry of stmtures...._ 6. ID ...... 3 R*bways___..... -----allsa ...... ::: 4 Industrial etoThomics 0 ...... *0%y a Sanitarymelt, . .0 ... 0.0 COW 041 10 Wee Stone and mere% . . bridges.. 0.* we 60400 Wood and metalstructures.. . _ _ 6.0 a. 0.0 Iledustrial mechanicsandtheruxodyn.amias mo0 .. ... ------..-..141 . 190.110 AMINIII*11****111*

0 a

11,

11, .

e dl

RA1

% t.%

S.% ME_ - voas$1- -ava Wia. ---._

111GrignIIDUCATION 85 Tabli1114-41Pliukalabatis.tor dieSedlieel(A aubey, Vaamity Clieadhary'aiadMara Matitturniadeal.Pyd.aL,aadMott Sekwawei

001 . . ) . A Bomaa weekper year .

1 11 III Iv Iiir o...... ,...... _...... _..... I

I 1 . I 3 4 II 6 I. lit-...... 1 o it %. .chemberr.taeory .! 0.0 OOOOOO ...... 4% I. tive, bmiraitio ...... , .4.di analytical011 s.,1 . , ...... 4 .... . _ . miltative,ittcomaio- ...... La trial abetnistry s ...... 12 ...... 1 . .. t botagy. .4 ...... lop a.. . OOOftoW . 3 4 41... 4.1mmo V. GOMM" balen7Y9 44 I e ... 3 It, . " I- ...... -.IWO ...PIP Physics to ., iir and ...... 0 , i I ... . 2 .... 14 ...... 0.0.04 alb liedto obatubtryand pharcasey...... 2 .._ ... Omani°-. o ...... 41.6mwe .44-4. 1474 740 7 11.4 3 2 .. .. itlailotsmnbtry.... _ . - ...... ii,, ,.1. t,irunelytkieichemistry ... 2 . .. _ ...... a :stony1110PI 12 2 .. . _ . tO PharlIM7 - . 2 Bain"'LS t 4 SAO ...... ,... e 7_.C al - 4. Ai. 00.0. 11 0 .. 0 &arrayamnia7$44-- . --_-- mo.s. . - .44,4,1. 2 I* I t prett27- t - w 2 ... Theoryof =ea ...... 000 .. 1 ...... _ ...... 3 tobtiliwlsolumearologl-- ...... 4 ...... 4 ...... PlegilladMil ...... 114... 0.6.10 . 041. li.we. "" e i 004. , ...... --...... a...... 0w4s 747 110 1" 4110i aea 39( ors0 chemistry...... 4...... P- ...... 2 .... voluntary...... *400. 1 orl.. 114000061011Craftofte*.M*10000OW ar ay...... a. .044a Iowa. el.., 3 (Wank Wade...... - v ...... e44...... Ofte. .. ext .*.. . . W. orea 2 el ...... Mae& e0404 Tolliall4a4Mlegt1aboadis1t1ry....,...... way C 2 [Intone ...... 2 ...... V a ...... , ... 2 Legal medicineand I,ito$y ...... , ...... 2 Plum*... v. 1 0.1. ... 3 2 ...... - s _ 41/

"ri

41,

I I

-11 ob. ta q

s 1 a

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86 EDUCATION IN ECUADOR 0 Table13.-i-Plal*Rof studies fr theSelma(Agrieulture,Facultyof . Matitematieal, Physical, andRio 1.0.0 Sciences

.44

1 floursa week per year ft'. , Subject 4 In Iv V

The-Prac-The-Prac-The-Prac-The- The-Prac- ,ory Lice ory Lice ory tice ory clot ory tice s' 3 4 7 IS 11

AM.

Agricultural botany__ 2 2 a e

Agnicintural zoology.. 2 2 k Chemistry applied to agriculture 3 * Geology., .. 2 Algebra and geometry. 4 o 411 % Dra 2 2 - b 3 imil-e-tWaai_-_ 2 1 ..1 .. Climatoogy and agricultural geography.. _ 2 a.- - 'Anatomy and exterior - . of domestic animals_ ... MPAlb 411 2 No . .M Organic chemistry_ .. _ a N. 3 . a General agriculture andPI hortionftwe (temper-v ..

ate) .... 3 1 01, Agriculturalmicrobi- -

OlogY---.."------3 Or

roPograPhy------3 - r 40 . Drainage-- 2 . Farming motors _ . 2 Qualitative analytical 2 MI. chemistry ... Edaphology ...... 0 2. 2 2 Special agriculture

_ _ ... ,11. OD (temperate).... 4 1 AD

.1 la IND M.., e Fruit treee 2 2 2 Agricultural entomol- ogY 2 2 2 Plant pathology ... _ V 2 2 2 hygiene aud

bOding 2 11, Quantitativechemis- j4¡ try. 2 -

Oehology (wine mak- p. ing)- 2 - _ 2

Irrigation. .... 2 - _ 1M

. Forestry__.... ---- - 3 _ Zootechnici_ .... 2 1 2

TropicalagriWaiagriculture_.. IMI 2 Plant pathology (tropical)_,._ t- 2 ,? Dairying 2 2 .= 1. a Plant technology______4, 2 1 Viticulture (winegrow 4.

...... __ alb.1. 2 Aingevikre...... _ .. 2 Farm buildings . 2 Legal techniquesap- praissments and val- 44 MD. uations...... _ 411 .1"» 2 Tropical sootechnics_ _ _ _ 3 Agrarian law andeta% ...... nondes..------2 ...-"esorommonimininummolommodelmw I These courses are taught during the first 3 months of the.year.The rest of the time the studenlive andmime in Practical agricultural pursuits under the direction of the school staffon oneof the farms # d . br the University. V

4 4

.... . 4 .86 L. '44,- . ...V.;:.k:, t.-.. 4" . . ?. ..7.. - !;..t ':ii.V!!... '' 0.se. rd. st --:',,,..., ....-11' _,_2i1(1°.!::;,;4 .4.4.i..%/:.. ,.1,___,tiVt.:7.:frii;:1;; 1

is HIGHEREDUCATION' 1 87 1 Table14.Plaaof stain'sfor-theLawSchool,,FacultyofLaw, SocialandScoiomleScleaeies

Hours&a weekper year Subject II IV V VI ..MINE.. .m 1 2 ...... 3, 6 6 7 Civilcode we (persons) _ .. Roman law 3 a, 01. e. (historypersons) 1 Politicaleconomy . PoliticalKielce and 3 civil law 2 Science of finance . e

3 adla d Administrativelaw 0- ow- Civilcode (things) ...... e 2 a a 2 Roman law(things)_ a 4..0, cee Sociology e t e goo. 2 Statistics 2 waw. .... 1, a... et.. - .. Civilcode (wills ., 1- and testaments)...ft...... - a Romanlaw (willsandtestaments) 2 . . .Public 1 ,UPOI internationallaw. . Privateinternationallaw . 2 a ft. Penal scienceandcriminciogy 'WO w ee . 3 ...... OP History of law._ . 2 2 Logal cho 11.. 2 2 m a 4; Civil 4 (ob s) de' ...... 2 a Roman law(ob ns) e a 3 eO Labor 1ebbition-4.-4 ..... a e Territoriallaw 3 a Diplomatic 3 and consularlaw_ Mr 1*- ... 1;0 . O. Commercialand mininglaw _ 2 Penal code 3 Civil prooedures .. 3 Civilprocedures(code) a a 0 2 e o. Penalprocedures. a 3 Court penalprocedures . e ...... 'M.. - MD a Legalmedicine.. _ . _

400` Table 15.Plauof studiesfor theSelmaofIleommales,Faealty Law,ffal,andReanimateSciences f -0-

. Hoursa week peryear Subject , I 11 III * a I ____I 3 6 Civil law .... 2 1' General bookkeeping 2 it 2 English _:._ . _. ._ a a a a ...... 2 2 2 statiaics.... _ _ _ . .._...... , Economicgeograptlyand history 2 ...... 2 2 ...... Mathematia_. _ .... :...... -..:...... Economictheory...... _ ... .: .. .. . 2 .3t 3 .. . : . $ 2 Finance... _ . . . ______...... _-____ 2 ...... CUrrency and ... _.__ _ 2 credit : .. , Practicalecono nia. aaeve 3 i a ' . Accounting ...... 2 ...... _...... ____ 2 Administratlyb law:...__ .. ...,...... History ofEgradorianeconomks. ID ID a .. ____ ...... 3 Commercialhiw...... _ . Fiscal law L ..__ e 10 2 Seminarontiatincalproblems 2 2 2 1 .. surnissOF ¡INSTRUCTION As indicated throughoutthis chaPter,especiallyirz thestudyplans ovithedifferent univorsityschools,instructionat the highereducation level isbecoTing increasingly4 practical.Theprofessprs 'providethe

- .1 : ta r ." _ i , , . y ":.704 J.- 4"14.2.1:: 88 EDUCATION INECUADOR

theoreticalbackgroundof theirsubjects intheirlecturesand)accordingto manyof tile students,they employillustratistematerialsin the ledure room with growingregularity.Much iiItheteaching, however, takesthe form oflaboratoryand otherout-of-classactivities, in whichthe studentsdo thethings theyhear aboutin the lectures.' However, inthis'and .othercountries,memorywork isstilla common requirement inmanysubjects aridin certainparts of all subjects. EXAMINATIONSAND GRADING In general,trimonthlygrades; basedonclassattendance,practical exercises,studentinvestigations,reports, and oralorwrittentests,are givento students in alluniversityschools.At theend oftheacademic year,during thelast month,written, oral,and practicalexaminations of thecomprehensivetypeareadministeredin eachsubject,at the discretion ofthe professor.In bothcasesgradesarecalculatedonthe basis ofa1 tolò_scale,6 being commonlyregardedaspassing.'The examiningboards for thefinalexaminationscomprisethreemembers,11 oneof whomis the principalprofessorof thesubject.Thetotal of the trimonthlykrades andThe finalexaminationgradeareentered separatelyonthe certificatecovering theyear's work.The totalof both kinds of gradesconstitutes theyeargrade andis interpretedasfollows: 40 points, excellent(sobresaliente);85-89,verygood (nuybuena); 30-34, good (bien);2843, fair(regular);below28, failed(repro- . bado). Depending,uponthe specific iegulationsof thedifferent faculties inthe differentunitersities,studentswho failinagivensub- jectmaybe required,eitherarepeat.that subjector to repeat the entire year's work.Ordinarily,however, the oppoitpnityof takinganother examination isgranted. Twoconsecutive failutesinasubjectgenerally result indiestudent's beingdropped fromthe facultyrolls. ; Degree exaininationsarerequired ofall-applicantsfordegrees, after thesuccessful completionof thecomprehensiveexamination's of the finalyear's work.In thiscasft,theexaminingboardusually consists of fiveprofe#sors.The examinationsireacombination-of oral, written,and practicaltests, havingto do 'largely,butnotex- clusivély,with thestudent's thesis,and lastinganhourtoanhour and a half. each. Eachsection of theexaminationis gradedonthe1to 10 scale,aminimum of6 points beingrequired ineachcuefor passing. a BIBESORMUM .Ecuadorianuniversitiesareautlorizedby lawto conferdegrees ortitles açcordingto the faculties they.maintaip.Requfrranentsfor anygivep degreeareidea! ical in allinstitutionswhichmayconferit. The followingtitles tire' bonferred,- by ulty, withthe numberof rareof universitystudy requiredheach =1 a ! a

_ I 10 t.,4-"» ND . e , ; :0 .` if it *. 4P I 72,,-!s . * . I. ':*- ;, z ;, A r..'; . , *.1' - .{ Y4111% eigt»LirjT i-744 -1;11, ft.taiLI:44ft#14 _ .40

HIGHEREDUCATION 89 FacilityetMedical Selene..(FacethaddeClenchesMleas) Titles: t Physician-Surgeon s (Médico-Ctrujano)r---7years inthe Miidical 40 School. Deiitist (Odonttflogo)-5years in theDentalSchool. e Specialistin Surgery, Urology,or other,field(DoctorEspecialista en Cirugia,Urologistu otro'ramodeciencia .Surgeon mddica)Physlcian- degree,plus atleast 2years ofspecialized monograph experience,a dealingwiththe fieldofspecialization,anda written, oral, andpracticalexamination. Midwife(Obstetris)--4years in theSchoolof cal Obstetrics,a practi- examinationin theMaternityHospitalanda theoretical examinationip the 4*' MedicalSchool. . Practitioneramidwde(Obstetrizprictica)---sameas for midwife, butwithoutthetheoreticalexamination. Nurse(Enfermera)-8, years in theSchoolofNursinganda IMI theoretical-practical examination.Thebachelor'sdegreeisnot requirédforadmissionto theSchoolef Nursing. Fsealtyof Lawand&petalSamosas dosesyiiuelasMeasles) (FaealltaddeJsrieproes, Alties: Licentiate (Licenciado)--successfulcompletionofallcourses and examinationsin the O publicsciences(cienciaspúblicas),plusan oraldegreeexamination% . Doctor of Jurisprudence(Doctoren Jurisprudencia)-6years of mom% study intbe Escuela deDerecho,atetitleorLioestoiado,a thesis, anda 2-hour oralexamination. IAwye; (Abogado)---thedegree ofDoctorenJitrisprs4atoits any law schoolof the from Republiqanda special applicitioninwrit- -ing tothe Deanof theFaculty ofLaw. Economist (Economista)-4years of universitystudyin theSchool ofEconomicsand thetitleexamination. Facultyof Matheuratieal,Plieriesd,sadItiolloglealSelene.. (Fsealtsdde Clewá 'Intensities',Rialtos,yItiolireas) Titles: .19

. Engineer (Ingeniero)--6years of universitystudyin theEngineer- ing School,finda degreeexaminption. AgriculturalEngineer(Agr6nmo)-4yealis ofuniversity in the School study ofAgricultureand thedegreeexamination. ;Architect (Arquitecto)--4years'ofuniversitystudyin the -School ofArchitectureand ethedegreeexamination. PharmiceuticalMonist(Qu1mico-Farmacéut1co).--5years of versit$study in uni- the SchoolofChemistryandPharmacyand the. ckgrieexamination. . _ TramEV JURNALMION(P11.111AISTA) of

Therecentlyestablishid . School ofJournalitun(p. 81),whichao- cordingto 1944 plansinay become , a part of therestoredFacultyof r PhilosophyandLettersin theCentralUniversityof4uitois / author- 4 ised 0 by lawto =hr.thetitle of . _ , Periodistaupon its graduatei. . , Leyde adseadia ,. .Superkee111$6.Atat ,. e iL " .4 4; t /, . 4 - . V: 1 'r. 4 . , v.-,.1i. _fi , t .V.-11,.e-t-7 r . . : ')*1 4-4 p1; '44: 414- b.' 1" . : 4.1 ,ze' -J.*-04 sti-- r4.= tra -91-tti I, = = 01_11:N- 1 3 Alet_ `.4 4 si.-1 -44= , ; 90 EDUCATION IN ECUADOft

Accordingtoanitem in thenewspaper Ei UniversalofGuayaquil, May 17, 1945,*asimilar SchoolofJournalismwasplannedto function in thenewlyestablished.Facultyof PhilosophyandLettersof the - University ofGuayaquil Thesumof50,000Simshadalreadybeen appropriatedfor thenewsdiool andenthusiasmamong prospective studentswashigh.

FACULTIESIN, OTHERUNIVERSITIES e. In1944 thè threeuniversities ofQuito,Guayaquil,and Cuencaeach hadFaculties ofMedicinef Law,andSciences. TheSchoolof Chem- istry 'and%Pharmacyin theUniVersityof Guayaquilhidbei raised to facultystatus byadicree in.1942.TheUniyersity Co.uncii(Juntit UniN4rsitaria)in Lojamaintained onlyaLaw School.In 1945,a Faculty ofScienceswasadded inthis latter institutionandFaculties of PhilociophyandLetters, in theUniversitiesof QuitoandGuayaquil.

a HIGHEREDUCATIONINECUADORTODAY A generalpicture ofthe Universityof Quito,written byanEcua- dorian historianon1943 but stillvalid, isfairlyrepresentativeof thestate and spirit ofhigher educationthroughoutthe Republic, ,Thewritersays: Althoughpoliticalactivity hasin thepast convulsedthe lifeof the University inan academicway, the actualpresent1.;moving ina channel of serenity andorganization. Theatmosphere oftoday is#moreconducive (o learning.The number ofsgraduates isincreasing...butthe fact is that theculturalatmosphere hasbecomemore intense and'its manifesta- tions Eiregrowing dailyin!limber.Today theCentralUniversityis the home of allkinds ofeducative expression,nota cenacle for initiates.Its doorsare always op4tand itsteachingscompetent forthe discovery-of knowledge, theanalysis ofscienceor the strengtheningot allfieldsof learning.All socialstrataenter its hallstheminoritiesrepresentingan aria- ttocracy of culture,as wellasthegreatmanes who desireto improvetheir intellects. The Sectionof CulturalExtensionhas helpedtoProducethis growth afconfidenceonthePartof thecommon people whoformerly eyed the institution suspiciouslyfroma distance. Today,the factoryworker, the craftsman inoveralls, the wickinggirl,move through thecorridorsof the University to thtvariousclassroomswhere,without allylegaldegree requirements nor burdensome registratfonfees, gratuitousinstructionis provided inshortcourses.

IGermaniaMoncayo de Monge.IAUniveraidadde Quito:Su Trayeetoria In Analogs de en Trea Siglos. la UsittereidadCentral delEcuador,Tomo LXXI,Nos. DIciembre de1948,pp. 198-874. 319-320,Julio-N.

e a

C 41 e ".;*"

i'FAA k BIBLIOGRAPHY 44* -

01461K14108PRDA0601008.%6Pub1icacidon de laSociedaddeProfesoresGrupo PedagVeos,No. 24.Quito,Noviembre1944. Informeque el Controlador Generalde laNaciónpresentaal Senor de laRepúblicay a la Honorable Preaidente AgambieaConstituyente.Quito, GráficosdelMinisteriode Talleres Economia,Juliode1943a Junto de'1944. JARAMILIAG.,JUAN S.LaEducaciónPrimariaen el Imprentade Ecuador.Ambato, Ir EducaciónPrimaria,1940. LAnzA,Gramm.In NuevaEra, Vol. VII,Nos. 22-130:Quito,1940. LARAKA,XULIO C.Problemasdela EducaciónEcuatoriana.Quito, Tialleres , OrtificosdeEdueación.1989. Ley de Eacalafs5ny SueldosdelMagisterioNacional. de 1944. Quito,18 deNoviembre MINIMIZE() D EDUCACIÓNRCTRLICA. CongresoNacional y Normal. deEducaciónPrimaria Quito,Imprenta"Kaleda,"1930. Ct Estadisticay Enca1af6n.Quito,Talleres GrificosdeEflubt;c15n,1942. Informea la Nación.Quito,Talleres GráficosdeEducaci6n,1942. Informea la Nación.Quito, Tahleres GrafleopdeEducaci6n,1943. LeyesOrgtinicas - deEducaci6nPrimaria,Secundariay Superior RepilblidadelEcuador.Quito, de la TallerenvGrtificosdeEducación,1943. PlandeOrganización s. y de BstudiosdelasEscuelasde Admitilatración. uIW, Comercioy TalleresGráficosdeEducaci6n,1943. Plan dOrganIacI6ny Trabajoy ReglAmentode Pkan deEstudios Jordineside Infantes.' y Programs=para Escuelasprimaritis.Lrbanas Quito,TalleresGrAficosde y Rurales. , Educación,1948. - PlanGeneral°de EducaciónFisk&Nacional.Quito, deEducación,1987. 4 TalleresGráficos ReglamentodelInstituteSuperiorde Q Pedakogiay LetrasdeQuito. TalleresprificosdeEducación.1940. Reglamentodel MinisteriodeEducación.Quito,Talleres Educaci6n,1942. Gramsde Reglamnto General deBecas.Quito,TalleresGráficos 1941. o deEducación, ReglamentoGeneraly Plan deEstudiosde la caciöil Fisica. EscuelaNacionalde Edu- Quito,Male) Ortiikosde Educaciöta,1944. ReglamentoQenenly Plan de . Estudiosde losColegiosNormalea.Quito, TalleresGrificosdeEducación,1948. . Simian=im Punta&SOCIALT T1LLBAJO. Informa la Naci6n, 1941.Quito, TalleresGritleosdeEducacidn,1941. Informea lafiaellin,JuntoJuliode 1944. 1944. tinito,ImprentaNacional,

91 :4

.. .+ '11 I - . , - , - 3, .._ ,:,. 1 .`"»..,::¡.g-i4j1;t-:V.1 . .,1,...,...!..w.'::?I L .. . ,.' .. .' ".4., 1. ,.-1.4,-;.1. , . A:14,44, ..2...: L. t Vi .., ; ,4# t_2:akit i *.,C .+. -' . ...:i- .pozti:fe4744. '.:1A 'tat:71' ..: * : ....;47 44AY VAil+,4il.ri.;:A.:4-* 6P:''!421" . -,27_tift',A7LN .--i 4`j_-'*_..,.._,-. '11,,,,,V2-,%26t-A7. -*. ; 92 EDUCATION INECUADOR -

-x MolicAyotle Moms, GERM A.NIX LaUniversidadde Quito:au Trayectoriaen tree Siglos.In AnalesdC kJ Universidad Centinl,delEcuador,Tomo IAXXI: 193-374, Julio-Dielembre'de1948. MURGUETTIO,MIEN i] 3 EducacióndelE._ frituIndfgena.Publicación Ministerio del de Prev18i6nSocial.Quito,Imprentadel MinisteriodeGobierm, t., 1944. t' 11. 03 /WA V., ALEJ Lopoco quence queda delOrienteell todaviaa mixima prometiA de la prosivridad. hRerislaW laOvid,.NacionaldePeriodiAttu, Atio I, No.2, Noviembrede 1944.Quito. PRIX)DK AILL6N,MARICITÀ,"I/ AMONTAMAyo, CAR1408.OrganizacillnyPrAc- fleas E.volartis..Quito, Talleres Lie GrMicosde Dinettelán, 1939. Plan 4eEstudiosde la INcuela deArquitgAura de InFacultaddedencittsde laUniveraidadCA?ntral.Quito,Noviembrede 1043, Primiciasdel OonsultorioPedag6g1codel Guayas.Guayaquil,Imprimtay Pa- HemsMunicipales,1940. Reglamento de Or-ganizaci6ny FuncionandentodeCentro;Ilefirteigicode la Repúbliea.Quito,Julio 81de Mitt República del Ecuador.ReglamentoGeneral: Plan deEstudios de Educación y Prograi Seeundaria.Quito, TalleresOrtificasde EdueficIón.1338. UniversidadCerfraI. ;.;.4 fraltatutosde InUniversidadCentral.Quito,Imprenta de laUniversidadCentral,1938. - Reglamentos de Met-cionesFlistudiantiles.Quito, ImPrentade la sidadCentral, 1a38. Univer- ReglamentodeExoneración del Paw)deDereclumUniversitarios.Quito, Imprentade laUniversidadCentral, 193 Reglamentode la 106 Beech%Preparatoriade laUniversidadOentral.(lotto, Imprentade laUniversidadCentral, 1934. iL Reglamento GeneraldelInatituto deAnatomist.Quito,Imprentade la UniveraidadOestral,1944. Reglamento General,ReglamentoIntern°,y Plan de Eztudosde La Es- cuela deEnfermeras.Wit», Imprentade laUnivevidadCentral,1942. ) Reglamentopara la ConeesiÓn de Beeasen lasUnftereldadesds laRe- . penes'. Quito,Imprenta delaUniversidadCentral,1984. Tratados Internacio6aleseon el Ecuador.Quito,Imprentade la -versidadCentral, ne2... Uni- o

. t'4 I - f.;,; , .74 *..f :*' . " . , . !k. ": _r-Vs; , . . Li. --Y ;WV I . vg,!:$4,* Z . ig_.; _ eitema. 11-E.- 41. . 4\ZZ, %.r_ , :,:fj.:4.1:. iitT