Zachary Barber the Denial of Self-Determination: an Analysis of Expansionist Ideologies

The Denial of Self-Determination: An Analysis of Expansionist Ideologies Zachary Barber Honors College at Lone Star College Abstract Carving up the “Chinese Melon” United States’ Protectorate System Internal Conflict During the 1960’s Cuba Philippines This study examines the political and military tactics utilized by the United After participating in numerous wars throughout the nineteenth century, American propaganda during the Spanish- In 1898, the Philippines declared its The United States criticized European imperialists, while they were, States and its European allies to impose political, economic, and social China was left weakened and ripe for foreign imperialism. Through wars, American War created a moral imperative to independence, though technically it ironically, practicing those same methods of control through their oppression hegemony on developing countries during the Expansionist Era. A historical such as the Opium Wars and the Sino-Japanese War, many European nations fight Spain for Cuba’s “freedom.” was still under Spanish control. of colored people within their own borders. analysis of European colonialism – as it relates to the rhetoric of the Berlin gained commercial privileges and territory throughout China by creating Conference and the division of China into European spheres of influence – spheres of influence. In April 1898, America added the Teller Following the conclusion of the Amendment to the declaration of war with Spanish-American War, Spain ceded Following the passing of the Fifteenth Amendment in 1870, a large influx of reveals the system by which the United States and European countries African Americans began to vote, drastically changing the balance of the Under the guise of the Open-Door Policy, the U.S. attempted to gain access Spain, which stated that the United States the Philippines to the U.S. While the determined whether or not an emerging nation was fit for self-governance. An U.S. political system. Knowing full well that most voting African Americans to China by calling for “free trade.” However, the U.S. was motivated by would not establish permanent control over Filipino people praised the U.S. and examination of U.S. propaganda aligned with expansionist ideologies and Cuba. The United States claimed it was not expected the same treatment as Cuba, were once enslaved and denied rights to education, the predominately white trading with the European footholds throughout China, rather than the historical documents, such as Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points speech and practicing imperialism, like the Spanish the U.S. effectively denied the political regime countered any threat by including precautionary measures Chinese government itself. the Covenant of the League of Nations, further demonstrates the concurrent before them in Cuba, and would only aid Philippines independence as it was such as poll taxes and literacy tests to limit African Americans from voting. denial of the fundamental human right of self-determination as a result of Cuba until fit for self-governance. still under Spanish rule at the time. United States and European intervention within developing countries. The As a result of growing European influence in China in 1900, a group of study identifies not only the various hegemonic policies and methods of Chinese nationalists, the Righteous and Harmonious Fist Society, fought back However, in 1903, the Platt Amendment Outraged that the U.S. denied their Under Jim Crow Laws, African Americans were condemned to inferior control imposed on foreign countries, but the internal implications of these the foreign influencers. Europeans labeled them rebels because of their was added to the Cuban Constitution. This independence, the Filipino people facilities and endured unequal treatment under the law. During the Civil policies within the United States. By examining the history of the United unwillingness to assimilate to western ideals, but the nationalists felt they amendment gave the U.S. the ability to declared war on America. For three Rights movement, outraged African Americans demanded fair and equal States' imposed denial of self-determination on developing countries, one can were liberating China of the invading Europeans. In this situation, the ruling intervene in Cuban affairs and total control years after their declaration of treatment. Under these circumstances, the U.S. government continuously better understand the underlying contradictions in policy demonstrated by the Chinese government became a subsidiary to the European powers residing in over Cuba’s debt, effectively controlling independence, the Filipino people denied equal rights to their own citizens based solely on ethnicity. Despite Cuba’s foreign and domestic policies; thus, continued to fight for their right to United States' advocacy of democracy and independence around the globe. China. the United States’ continuous advocacy of democracy around the globe, diminishing any true power Cuba had to govern themselves, free from foreign underlying contradictions in policies effectively display the United States’ govern itself. control. hypocritical denial of the same rights it sought to promote. Defining Self-Determination For the purpose of this project, self-determination will be defined as the process by which a country determines its own form of government. Self- determination can be further broken down into its core function, self- governance, and it can also be applied to cultural and social identity. Methodology The Annexation of Hawaii This project utilizes causal analysis to identify the concurrent denial of self-determination associated with expansionist ideologies fueled by American missionaries first settled in Hawaii at the start of the nineteenth Conclusion Imperialistic models of control. century and quickly gained influence and wealth. With their increasing Shift in Thinking: Wilson’s Ideals influence and power, American residents forced King Kalākaua to pass the By analyzing historical instances of imperialism, we can better understand Following the end of World War I in 1918, President Woodrow Wilson delivered his Bayonet Constitution in 1887, which served to strip most of the monarchy’s the hegemonic policies imposed on developing countries. While some famous Fourteen Points speech, in which he called for the self-determination of power and imposed income and property requirements for voting, which nations instilled this denial through violent means, others maintained control The Scramble for Africa newly emerged countries following the collapse of the Ottoman Empire. President through limiting access to certain goods and services. Nations were not effectively excluded all Asians. With the passing of this American-led Wilson believed that, in order to prevent another global conflict of this magnitude, constitution, Native Hawaiians no longer had any say in their own deemed “unfit” for self-governance, but rather their resources deemed “fit” German Philosopher, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, wrote a speech on there needed to be a centralized location where world leaders could gather and voice government. their concerns. Thus the League of Nations was established in 1919. to be utilized by the superpowers of the time for their own benefit. civilizations titled The Philosophy of History. According to Hegel, the Naturally, participating in imperialism or advocating against it leaves native African tribes were “savages” because they did not believe in a King Kalākaua died in 1891, but to keep Hawaiian tradition, his sister The creation of the League of Nations signified the expansion of self-determination countries blind to the inherent denial of this universal right within their own Supreme Being. Hegel’s statement reflects notions of racial superiority Lili‘uokalani took the throne. Her goal was to restore the monarchy’s power rights for years to come. In the Covenant of the League of Nations, Article 22 states borders. that later influenced European imperialism in Africa. and grant native Hawaiians their right to vote. Upon hearing of the establishment of the Mandates system, most likely influenced by the United References Lili‘uokalani’s plan to restore power to the natives, the American residents States protectorate system. Article 22 of the Covenant of the League of Nations is important because it set the precedent for establishing these “tutors” that would aid Following Hegel’s speech in 1884, German Chancellor, Otto von hatched a plan to overthrow the Queen and ready Hawaii to be annexed by Hooker, Richard. “Boxer Rebellion” Imperialism, Accessed April 6, 2014, the country until it was “fit” to rule itself. Likewise, we see this attention to self-rule Bismarck, convened a conference of fourteen member states to discuss the United States. Fearing for her life, Queen Lili‘uokalani reluctantly http://bradleyhardin.com/worldhistory/imperialism/boxer_brief_overview.htm. in the United Nations, the League of Nations’ successor. the political partitioning of the African continent. Without the consent of abdicated her throne and, in 1898, Hawaii was officially annexed by the Jarosz, Lucy. “Constructing the Dark Continent: Metaphor as Geographic Representation of African tribal leaders, these fourteen member states drew up boundaries United States. Limiting the power of the Hawaiian government by excluding Article 15 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, drafted in the Charter for Africa” Geografiska Annaler, Series B, Human Geography 74, no. 2 (1992)pp.105-115, Accessed December

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