Inn C?2Oi Bso LA CULTURE DE L'amarante, LÉGUME-FEUILLES TROPICAL

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Inn C?2Oi Bso LA CULTURE DE L'amarante, LÉGUME-FEUILLES TROPICAL inn c?2oi bso LA CULTURE DE L'AMARANTE, LÉGUME-FEUILLES TROPICAL AVEC RÉFÉRENCE SPÉCIALEAU SUD-DAHOMEY G. J. H. GRUBBEN Nai »v/v\ lOOHDsaoo;lAvaoaaN v \ -ana SïïaHxoiiffn 635.495(668.2) G. J. H. GRUBBEN LA CULTURE DE L'AMARANTE, LÉGUME-FEUILLES TROPICAL AVEC RÉFÉRENCE SPÉCIALE AU SUD-DAHOMEY (met een samenvatting in het Nederlands) (with a detailed summary in English) PROEFSCHRIFT TER VERKRIJGING VAN DE GRAAD VAN DOCTOR IN DE LANDBOUWWETENSCHAPPEN OP GEZAG VAN DE RECTOR MAGNIFICUS DR. IR. J. P. H. VAN DER WANT, HOOGLERAAR IN DE VIROLOGIE, IN HET OPENBAAR TE VERDEDIGEN OP WOENSDAG 11 JUNI 1975 DES NAMIDDAGS TE VIER UUR IN DE AULA VAN DE LANDBOUWHOGESCHOOL TE WAGENINGEN H. VEENMAN & ZONEN B.V. - WAGENINGEN - 1975 'Blitum vilissima est olerum herba, ubique fere per totum mundum dispersa, & nota, sed diversa, ratione regionum. In Europa omnium contemptissima est inter olera, nullumque ipsi concederem in hoc Herbario locum, nisi contrario in India Orientali primaria, acpraecipu a esset olerum herba'. 'Blitum is een Jan-hagel onder de moeskruiden, en schier bekend over de ge- heele weerelt, dog na de landschappen wat verschillend. In Europa isse het allerveragtste onder de moeskruiden, en ik zoude hem geen plaats in dit Kruidboek vergunt hebben, indien het niet ter contrarie in Oost-Indiën het principaalste, en een Capitein wasva n de moeskruiden.' uit G. E. RUMPHIUS, 1741. Het Amboinsch Kruydboek VIII: 231-236. (Blitum = Amaranthus spp.) Cette thèse est aussi publiée dans la revue 'Mededelingen Landbouwhogeschool Wageningen 75-6 (1975) (Communications de l'Institut National Agronomique, Wageningen, Pays-Bas) STELLINGEN I Tropische bladgroenten kunnen een belangrijke bijdrage leveren aan het even­ wichtig maken van de voeding in de tropen. Vlezige groenten (tomaat, ui, komkommer, sperziebonen, okra, champignons etc.) zijn in dit opzicht minder belangrijk. DIT PROEFSCHRIFT II Omdat composteren ind etrope n tot groteverlieze naa n koolstof enstiksto f kan leiden en daarbij erg arbeidsintensief is, verdient het aanbeveling stadsvuil direct in de grond te brengen. DIT PROEFSCHRIFT III De ontdekking van de C-4 fotosynthese cyclus heeft geleid tot een beter begrip van de ecologische behoeften van de tropische gewassen. DIT PROEFSCHRIFT IV Anders dan in Nederland, zijn in de tropen rioolslib en stadsvuil geen gevaar voor de volksgezondheid en bijzonder geschikt voor bemesting van voedings­ gewassen. V De ervaringen met de voormalige NEDERF-projecten hebben aangetoond, dat een programma voor voedingsverbetering door middel van familietuintjes alleen dan kan slagen, alshe tgekoppel d isaa n deontwikkelin gva n decommer ­ ciële tuinbouw. VI Het invoeren van soja als voedingsgewas in West-Afrika is zinloos, omdat het zou neerkomen opee nvervangin g van de cowpea. VII Studies van botanisch-teeltkundige aard behoeven een deugdelijke taxonomie om de resultaten zinvol te doen zijn. VIII De oprichtingte rplaats eva nkweek -e nvermeerderingsbedrijve nvoo r tropische groenten, liefst op particuliere basis, is van essentieel belang. IX De ontwikkeling van rijstrassen met tolerantie voor fysiologische ziekten biedt meerperspectie fvoo rd eklein eboe rda nd ebestrijdin g doormidde lva n cultuur- maatregelen. X De methode toegepast door CRESTA, om de voedingsbalans van de Daho- mese bevolking te baseren op de aanname, dat de voedingswaarde van het hoofdvoedsel (gefermenteerde maispap) gelijk is aan die van het ongefermen- teerde produkt, kan tot eenverkeerd e planning van de voedsellandbouw in dit land voeren. CRESTA, M., 1967. Un. Nat. Dev.Progr .A T2377 ,FAO ,Rome . XI In vruchtwisselingsschema's voor permanente land- en tuinbouw in de tropen houdt men onvoldoende rekening met wortelknobbelaaltjes (Meloidogyne spp.). XII Met de opleiding van paramedisch personeel bewijst men aan ontwikkelings­ landen doorgaans eenbeter ediens tda n met hetschenke n vanee nziekenhuis . XIII Het produceren van de subtropische groenten tomaat en komkommer in stookkasseni n dewinte ri see nnie t acceptabele verspilling van energie. XIV Futurologische sciencefiction literatuur iszee reducatief . XV Deturfwinnin g ind ePee ldien tterston d verboden teworden . XVI Ontwikkelingswerkers met irreële ideeën over alternatieve landbouwmetho­ den vormen geen gevaar voor de voedselproduktie in de Derde Wereld, om­ dat ze daar toch geen gehoor vinden. Proefschrift G. J. H. Grubben Wageningen, 11 juni 1975 TABLE DES MATIERES 1. INTRODUCTION GÉNÉRALE 1 1.1. Plan d'ensemble 1 1.2. Facteurs limitant la culture de l'amarante 2 1.3. Matériel végétal 2 1.4. Méthodes expérimentales 3 1.5. Présentation des résultats 3 2. CULTURE DE L'AMARANTE AU SUD-DAHOMEY 6 2.1. Milieu 6 2.1.1. Climat 6 2.1.2. Géographie et végétation 8 2.1.3. Aspects démographiques 9 2.1.4. Aspects économiques 10 2.2. Différents types de production légumière 10 2.2.1. Cueillette 10 2.2.2. Jardinage familial 11 2.2.3. Culture mixte, en champs de légumes avec les cultures vivrières 13 2.2.4. Culture commerciale extensive de plein champ 13 2.2.5. Maraîchers des bas-fonds 14 2.2.6. Maraîchers des villes 14 2.3. Méthodes culturales de l'amarante 16 2.3.1. Généralités 16 2.3.2. Semis 16 2.3.3. Préparation du terrain et repiquage 17 2.3.4. Entretien et récolte . 19 2.4. Commercialisation '. " 20 2.5. Remarques sur le programme des expérimentations 22 3. CONSOMMATION ET VALEUR NUTRITIVE 24 3.1. Introduction 24 3.2. Composition en éléments nutritifs 25 3.2.1. Généralités 25 3.2.2. Teneur en eau 25 3.2.3. Calories, lipides, carbohydrates, fibres 27 3.2.4. Protéines 27 3.2.5. Sels minéraux 28 3.2.6. Vitamines 29 3.3. Remarques sur la valeur nutritive des graines 29 3.4. Acide oxalique et autres matières nocives 30 3.5. Pertes dues à la préparation 32 3.6. Consommation de l'amarante au Dahomey 33 3.6.1. Niveau de consommation et habitudes alimentaires 33 3.6.2. Préparation des sauces 34 3.7. Conclusions 37 4. CONSIDÉRATIONS BOTANIQUES ET GÉOGRAPHIQUES 38 4.1. Introduction 38 4.2. Taxonomie 39 4.3. Quelques aspects de l'anatomie 43 4.4. Distribution géographique 43 4.5. Utilisation 44 4.5.1. Légumes-feuilles 44 4.5.2. Céréales 46 4.5.3. Plantes médicinales 52 4.5.4. Plantes ornementales 53 4.5.5. Autres utilisations 53 4.6. Méthodesculturale s del'amarante , légume-feuilles, dansle spay sdiver s . 54 4.7. Discussion et conclusions 56 5. ANALYSE DE LA CROISSANCE 57 5.1. Introduction 57 5.2. Premier essai: croissance de six espèces de légumes-feuilles 57 5.2.1. Protocole expérimental 57 5.2.2. Résultats 59 5.2.2.1. Caractéristiques des plantes individuelles 59 5.2.2.2. Rendements en récoltant par arrachage 62 5.2.2.3. Rendements en récoltant par coupes successives 63 5.2.3. Discussion et conclusions 63 5.3. Deuxième essai: croissance d'Amaranthuse t de Celosia 65 5.3.1. Protocole expérimental 65 5.3.2. Résultats 67 5.3.2.1. La hauteur 67 5.3.2.2. La teneur en matière sèche 67 5.3.2.3. La production de matière sèche dans la culture sans coupes 68 5.3.2.4. La production de matière sèche dans la culture avec trois coupes .... 68 5.3.2.5. Les rendements 68 5.3.2.6. La superficie des feuilles 71 5.3.3. Discussion et conclusions 73 6. INFLUENCES ÉCOLOGIQUES 75 6.1. Introduction 75 6.1.1. Remarques sur la photosynthèse 75 6.1.2. Influence de l'intensité de la lumière 77 6.1.3. Influence de la durée de l'illumination 77 6.1.4. Influence de la température 77 6.1.5. Besoins en eau 78 6.1.6. Rôle de la potasse 79 6.2. Essai de photosynthèse; influence de la température et de la lumière ... 79 6.2.1. Protocole expérimental 79 6.2.2. Croissance en serre 80 6.2.3. Résultats des mesures de la photosynthèse aux feuilles 80 6.2.3.1. Effet de l'intensité de la lumière 81 6.2.3.2. Effet dela température ;la transpiration ; larésistanc epou r H20 et C02 . 82 6.2.3.3. Influence de la potasse 84 6.2.4. Étude der nervures des feuilles 85 6.2.5. Discussion et conclusions 86 6.3. Observations sur le photoperiodisme 87 6.3.1. La réaction photopériodique en serre à Wageningen 87 6.3.2. Discussion et conclusions 88 6.4. Influence de l'ombrage 89 6.4.1. Introduction .89 6.4.2. Essai no. 1: influenc e de l'ombrage sur la production de Celosiae n saison sèche et en saison pluvieuse 90 6.4.2.1. Protocole expérimental .90 6.4.2.2. Conditions climatologiques, irrigation, température du sol 91 6.4.2.3. Résultats 91 6.4.3. Essai no. 2: influence de l'ombrage sur le port de Celosia 92 6.4.3.1. Protocole expérimental 92 6.4.3.2. Résultats 92 6.4.3.3. Observations sur les feuilles 94 6.4.4. Essai no. 3: la production de l'amarante sous ombrage des palmiers ... 94 6.4.5. Discussion et conclusions 95 6.5. Essai de transpiration 96 6.5.1. Protocole expérimental 96 6.5.2. Résultats 97 6.5.3. Discussion 99 6.6. Floraison précoce 99 6.6.1. Introduction 99 6.6.2. Essai concernant la manifestation de la floraison 100 6.6.2.1. Protocole expérimental 100 6.6.2.2. Résultats 100 6.6.3. Discussion 100 6.7. Conclusions pratiques 101 ÉCARTEMENT ET MÉTHODE CULTURALE 103 7.1. Introduction 103 7.2. L'écartement pour la récolte par arrachage 103 7.2.1. Analyse de la récolte chez les producteurs 103 7.2.2.
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