Le Devenir De L'art D'église

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Le Devenir De L'art D'église RICHARD GAUTHIER LE DEVENIR DE L’ART D’ÉGLISE DES PAROISSES CATHOLIQUES DU QUÉBEC ARCHITECTURE, ARTS, PRATIQUES, PATRIMOINE (1965-2002) Thèse présentée à la Faculté des études supérieures de l'Université Laval dans le cadre du programme de doctorat interuniversitaire en histoire de l’art pour l’obtention du grade de Philosophiæ Doctor (Ph. D.) FACULTÉ DES LETTRES UNIVERSITÉ LAVAL QUÉBEC SEPTEMBRE 2004 © Richard Gauthier, 2004 Résumé La présente thèse doctorale fait état du problème que soulèvent l’art d’église et ses mutations actuelles dans les paroisses catholiques du Québec. Ayant connu ses heures de gloire, cette tradition artistique mute et il est maintenant difficile d’en cerner la dynamique. Une approche méthodique s’avère donc pertinente pour situer le problème dans une juste perspective, en apprécier la nature et la pérennité et suggérer des balises aptes à en guider la solution. Tout d’abord, par l’histoire des comités d’art sacré des diocèses catholiques de Québec et de Montréal, qui sont les témoins privilégiés de l’évolution des conceptions de l’art d’église de leurs paroisses depuis le concile Vatican II, par la recension de pratiques nouvelles dans quelques-unes de ces églises et par un inventaire des constructions et des réaménagements partiels d’églises paroissiales dans les trois diocèses les plus populeux, l’on se fait une idée assez juste de la situation actuelle de l’art d’église des paroisses catholiques du Québec. Par la suite, en évaluant les chances de son acculturation, selon un outillage théorique approprié, et en retenant des leçons de l’histoire presque bimillénaire de l’art d’église, le rapport entre cette tradition artistique et ses mutations actuelles au Québec apparaît moins problématique. Malgré la baisse marquée des commandes ecclésiastiques dans les années qui ont suivi le concile, ce type d’art d’église perdure dans la sphère publique, en corrélation avec l’intérêt de nombreux citoyens envers ce patrimoine. Ainsi, cette tradition artistique se poursuit d’une manière inédite, sujette à évoluer. Abstract In this doctoral thesis we examine the problem of the transformations taking place in church art in the Catholic parishes in Quebec. After enjoying a lengthy heyday, this artistic tradition is now in a state of mutation not always easy to grasp. We need to take a methodical approach when placing the problem in its proper perspective, attempting to comprehend its nature and timelessness, and proposing suitable guidelines for finding a solution. Firstly, we can arrive at a reasonably accurate notion of the current state of church art in the Catholic parishes in Québec through a careful examination of the history of the sacred art committees in the Catholic dioceses of Québec, Montréal and Saint-Jean- Longueuil, which were on the front lines of the evolution of church art in their parishes after the Second Vatican Council, by examining the new observances in a few of these churches, and by taking an inventory of new constructions and partial transformations of parish churches in the most heavily populated dioceses. Secondly, using an appropriate theoretical system, in order to assess the possibility for this art to integrate elements of living culture and keeping in mind what we have learned from almost two millenia of church art, we can conclude that the relationship between this artistic tradition and its present evolution in Québec is less problematic than it appears. In spite of the conspicious drop in orders for religious art objects in the years following the Council, church art survives in the public domain thanks to the interest in this area of our heritage on the part of many citizens. Consequently, this artistic tradition survives in an original way, and will continue to evolve. Avant-propos La présente thèse doctorale résulte de réflexions personnelles faites lors de mon mandat à titre de membre puis de président du comité d’art sacré du diocèse catholique de Saint- Jean-Longueuil. À l’époque, dans la première moitié des années 1990, j’étais perplexe devant mes difficultés à faire correspondre des pratiques à des paramètres théoriques adaptés à la réalité rencontrée. Ainsi, après mes études de premier cycle en théologie et en histoire de l’art et après l’acquisition d’une maîtrise en théologie-pastorale, ma rédaction d’un mémoire de maîtrise en études des arts était une occasion appropriée pour consacrer du temps à la résolution de ces difficultés. En effet, mon sujet a porté sur les pratiques d’intervention des comités d’art sacré des diocèses catholiques de Québec, Montréal et de Saint-Jean-Longueuil. Toutefois, les limites d’un mémoire de maîtrise ne pouvaient me satisfaire et, dès l’obtention du diplôme, j’ai sollicité le privilège d’accéder au programme inter-universitaire du doctorat en histoire de l’art. Je remercie donc cordialement mon directeur de thèse, l’historien de l’art Claude Bergeron, d’avoir bien voulu accepter la direction de mon projet doctoral. Aussi, je remercie le théologien Jean Richard d’avoir accepté la codirection et l’historien de l’art Marc Grignon d’avoir accepté d’être membre du comité de thèse. Le professionnalisme, dont ont fait preuve ces trois professeurs tout au long de mon parcours de doctorant à l’Université Laval, m’a été d’une grande aide. Je remercie également l’historien de l’art Luc Noppen et l’abbé Claude Turmel, du diocèse de Montréal, d’avoir accepté de siéger sur le jury lors de ma soutenance. Je remercie pour leur collaboration la Fondation du patrimoine religieux du Québec, les comités d’art sacré des diocèses de Québec, Montréal et Saint-Jean-Longueuil, leurs archivistes respectifs ainsi que des conseils de fabriques de ces diocèses. D’autres collaborateurs se joignent à cette liste. Tous m’ont permis d’accéder à des données importantes pour ma recherche. Enfin, je tiens à mentionner qu’une partie de la recherche menant à la rédaction de ma thèse a été effectuée grâce au soutien financier des Pères Prémontrés de Saint-Constant. Qu’ils en soient remerciés. Richard Gauthier « Il semble qu’en se reposant sur les mots, sur les pensées ou sur les pierres les regards humains achèvent de les sculpter et les pénètrent d’énergies nouvelles qui donnent aux ruines mêmes un surcroît de vie. » Maurice Blondel, L’action (1893) Table des matières Résumé.................................................................................................................................... i Abstract ................................................................................................................................... i Avant-propos.......................................................................................................................... ii Introduction............................................................................................................................ 1 Notes de l’introduction..................................................................................................... 18 Chapitre I Des conceptions de l’art d’église depuis Vatican II au Québec et dans l’Église ................. 24 Sommaire ......................................................................................................................... 24 I.A. Introduction............................................................................................................... 24 I.B. Première partie : L’histoire des comités d’art sacré des diocèses catholiques de Québec et de Montréal ..................................................................................................... 30 I.B.1. L’histoire du comité d’art sacré de Québec ....................................................... 31 I.B.1.a. Son origine .................................................................................................. 31 I.B.1.b. Au service de l’autel.................................................................................... 34 I.B.1.c. Au service de tous les citoyens ................................................................... 37 I.B.1.d. Conclusion .................................................................................................. 45 I.B.2. L’histoire du comité d’art sacré de Montréal..................................................... 47 I.B.2.a. Son origine .................................................................................................. 48 I.B.2.b. Les années difficiles (1970-1975)............................................................... 52 I.B.2.c. De la concertation et de la conservation (1975- )....................................... 57 I.B.2.d. Conclusion .................................................................................................. 65 I.B.3. L’histoire des comités d’art sacré de Québec et de Montréal : Un bilan ........... 67 I.C. Deuxième partie : Des conceptions de l’art d’église dans l’Église depuis le concile... 69 I.C.1. Des conceptions de l’art d’église au Vatican depuis le concile ......................... 72 I.C.2. Des conceptions de l’art d’église dans l’Église de France depuis le concile..... 76 I.C.3. Des conceptions de l’art d’église aux États-Unis depuis le concile : Une tendance ....................................................................................................................... 83 I.C.4. Des conceptions de l’art d’église dans l’Église depuis le concile : Un bilan..... 94 I.D. Conclusion .................................................................................................................... 96 Notes du chapitre
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