Nanotechnology for Environmental Cleanup and Pollution Control – Science, Implementation, and Regulatory Issues Symposium Highlights and Summary

Gr o u n d w a t e r Re s o u r c e s As s o c i a t i o n o f Ca l i f o r n i a

VOLUME 19, NO. 1 SPRING 2010

By Zhong (John) Xiong, Ph.D., P.E., AMEC Geomatrix, Inc., Murray Einarson, P.G., CHG., AMEC Geomatrix, Inc., and Denis O’Carroll, Ph.D., University of Western Ontario

anomaterials represent a prom- discussions on the science of nano- ising new technology for rapid technology, the latest development of Nenvironmental cleanup and environmental nanotechnologies, and pollution control. Research into and current regulatory policies related to development of innovative engineered nanotechnology. The symposium was nanomaterials such as nano-scale zero- organized as a single-track moderated valent iron (nZVI) for site remediation session over one day, which is described has increased dramatically in the past in detail below. decade. Because of the small particle size, nanomaterials achieve treatment Section 1: Nanotechnology rates that are significantly greater than for Groundwater Remediation micron-scale treatment media. Another Martha Otto of the U.S. EPA pro- expected advantage of nanomaterials is Symposium attendees enjoying the vided an overview of EPA’s initiatives that they are small enough to be mobile Exhibit Hall. Photo by Zhong (John) Xiong. on the application of nanotechnology in aquifer systems and can be injected such as nZVI for site remediation and directly into the subsurface to treat “Nanotechnology for Environmental pollution control. Ms. Otto highlighted contaminated source zones. At the Cleanup and Pollution Control - Sci- the Nanotechnology for Site Remedia- same time, there are many unknowns ence, Implementation, and Regulatory tion Fact Sheet that was published in and uncertainties regarding the risk Issues,” on November 3, 2009, in Bur- October 2008 by the U.S. EPA. A num- of nanomaterials throughout their life lingame, CA. The symposium attracted ber of different nanotechnologies and cycle, which has attracted significant over 80 participants from locations their uses for remediation are presented attention from the research, regulatory, around the country. Experts, research- in this publication. Ms. Otto also pre- and industrial communities. ers, regulators, and stakeholders from academia, consulting, state and federal sented select projects where nZVI was In response to this, GRA hosted agencies, and the legal arena delivered used for groundwater remediation at the 22nd Symposium in the Series on presentations and engaged in lively Superfund sites. Groundwater Contaminants, titled Continued on page 4…

HydroVisions – SPRING 2010 | Page 1 The Groundwater Resources Association of California is dedicated to resource management that protects and improves groundwater through education and technical leadership.

Inside this Issue

Features EXECUTIVE OFFICERS Nanotechnology for Environmental President, William Pipes Cleanup and Pollution Control – AMEC Geomatrix 559-264-2535 | [email protected] Science, Implementation, and Vice President, Sarah Raker, Regulatory Issues 1 MACTEC Engineering and Consulting, Inc. 707-793-3841 | [email protected] Groundwater Withdrawal-Induced Treasurer, David Von Aspern Sacramento County EMD Land Subsidence in the San Joaquin 916-875-8467 | [email protected] Valley: A 2009 Perspective 7 Secretary, Ted Johnson Water Replenishment GRA Requests Nominations for District of Southern Califnoria 562-275-4240 | [email protected] the 2010 “Lifetime Achievement” and “Kevin J. Neese” Awards 27 DIRECTORS David Abbott Todd Engineers Core Foundation Takes Off 28 510-595-2120 | [email protected] Thomas Harter Murray Einarson Wins National University of California, Davis Groundwater Technology Award 28 530-752-1130 | [email protected] Roy Herndon Orange County Water District 714-378-3260 | [email protected] Columns & Corners Brad Herrema Brownstein Hyatt Farber Schreck President’s Message 3 805-882-1493 | [email protected] Thomas M. Johnson LFR Inc. Upcoming Events 13 510-596-9511 | [email protected] Vicki Kretsinger Technical Corner 17 Luhdorff & Scalmanini, Consulting Engineers 530-661-0109 | [email protected] California Legislative Corner 19 Brian Lewis Cal/EPA, Dept. of Toxic Substances Control Federal Legislative/Regulatory Corner 20 916-255-6532 | [email protected] Tom Mohr Santa Clara Valley Water District Chemist’s Corner 23 408-265-2607, ext. 2051 | [email protected] Jean Moran Hydro-History Corner 24 California State University, East Bay 510-885-3486 | [email protected] Organizational Corner 25 Tim Parker Parker Groundwater Branch Highlights 29 916-833-5800 | [email protected] Eric Reichard U.S. Geological Survey 619-225-6134 | [email protected] James Strandberg Malcolm Pirnie, Inc. 510-735-3020 | [email protected]

HydroVisions is the official publication of Editor EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR the Groundwater Resources Association of Steven P. Phillips Kathy Snelson California (GRA). GRA’s mailing address is [email protected] 916-446-3626 | [email protected] 915 L Street, Suite 1000, Sacramento, CA 95814. Any questions or comments concerning EDITORIAL BOARD Web and Database Manager this publication should be directed to the Roy Herndon | Tom Mohr | Tim Parker Kevin Blatt, iHappi Web Design newsletter editor at [email protected] or faxed to Kathy Snelson | David Von Aspern (916) 442-0382. 510-845-9623 | [email protected] HydroVisions – SPRING 2010 | Page 2 President’s Message

Greetings from Fresno By Bill Pipes

reetings from Fresno, deep in – I’d rather call it an “advance”). participating in GRA’s yearly business the heart of the great bread We review the current state of GRA, meeting. You can find more informa- Gbasket they call the San Joaquin identify the opportunities available to tion about all of GRA’s programs and Valley – and home to the most prolific GRA, and brainstorm about the future the Annual Meeting in HydroVisions, and robust groundwater aquifer in the of the organization. In 2001, GRA at www.grac.org, and in the various state! I am honored to be named by developed a comprehensive strategic emails we will be broadcasting to you the GRA Board of Directors as the plan that outlined long-term strategies throughout the year. new GRA president for 2010. Allow for meeting the organization’s goals I want to thank all of GRA’s volun- me to introduce myself – I am a native and objectives. The plan was updated teers – Board members, Branch officers, Californian and a product of our great during our annual planning meeting event chairs and committee members, UC system (Santa Barbara). Though in 2009. We will soon be posting the Board committees, and members – for I traveled back East to get a graduate strategic plan on the website, and I their hard work and dedication that is degree, I returned home in 1978 to encourage you to read it. Initiatives for the root of GRA’s strength. I encour- start my career as a professional geolo- 2010 and beyond include strengthen- age more members to become involved gist and have worked as a consulting ing GRA events by making them more in GRA; during this time of economic groundwater geologist in Fresno since timely, relevant, oriented to your needs, challenges, your help is needed more 1991. I have been part of the GRA and innovative in format; building than ever. Start with your Branch – at- family since 2002, when a handful of GRA Branches through membership tend the meetings, become an officer, us resurrected the San Joaquin Valley growth and greater involvement in be a speaker, help arrange a field trip. Branch. In 2003, you elected me to local groundwater issues; growing the The Board and I are convinced that the the Board of Directors. Since then, my overall membership; and maintaining best way to grow and strengthen GRA activities have included co-chairing sustainable financial health. for the long term is from the ground numerous GRA events; chairing Board With the leadership of Ted Johnson, up at the local level. The benefits to committees, including membership Elie Haddad, and Tom Mohr, I predict active members are wide-ranging, and communications, and serving as a banner year for GRA events content, including the opportunity to network secretary and vice president of GRA. attendance, and innovations. GRA with others in your profession; keeping Assisting me this year at the helm will seeks to inform, educate, and provide up on the latest news, trends, legisla- be Sarah Raker as Vice President, Ted forums for providing insight into, tion, and technical advances; and the Johnson as Secretary, and David Von and finding solutions for California’s satisfaction of taking part in growing Aspern as Treasurer. Jim Strandberg, thorniest water issues. Event content a worthy organization. I would be very or immediate Past President, also will will be relevant to the challenges and happy to discuss with you ways to get provide assistance and guidance. I issues we face as groundwater practi- involved in GRA – please call me di- look forward to working with the new tioners in California. Event topics this rectly at (559) 264-2535 or email me at officers and Jim, Kathy Snelson, our year will include boring logs, water- [email protected]. Executive Director, the Board of Direc- shed hydrology, solvent release sites, tors, and YOU, to fulfill GRA’s mission Thank you for reading HydroVisions! geophysics, numerical groundwater and to continue establishing GRA as Until next time, modeling, well performance issues, the pre-eminent voice for California’s forensic geochemistry, and statistics. most precious resource. Don’t forget GRA’s Annual Meeting Bill Pipes Each year, the GRA Board of Direc- on September 15-16 in San Francisco; Bill Pipes tors devotes a weekend to discussing this is YOUR meeting for networking GRA President the state of the organization and plans with other members, seeing a variety of going forward (some call it a “retreat” excellent technical presentations, and

The statements and opinions expressed in GRA’s HydroVisions and other publications are those of the authors and/or contributors, and are not necessarily those of the GRA, its Board of Directors, or its members. Further, GRA makes no claims, promises, or guarantees about the absolute accuracy, completeness, or adequacy of the contents of this publication and expressly disclaims liability for errors and omissions in the contents. No warranty of any kind, implied or expressed, or statutory, is given with respect to the contents of this publication or its references to other resources. Reference in this publication to any specific commercial products, processes, or services, or the use of any trade, firm, or corporation name is for the information and convenience of the public, and does not constitute endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the GRA, its Board of Directors, or its members. HydroVisions – SPRING 2010 | Page 3 Feature

Nanotechnology for Environmental Cleanup and Pollution Control – Continued

Dr. Wei-xian Zhang of Lehigh University gave an overview of the development of nZVI technology for groundwater remediation. The unique benefits of nZVI, such as significant Murray surface area, high reactivity, and ability Einarson to react with various organic and inor- (right) and ganic contaminants were summarized. Peter Ben- A new nanomaterial developed for light nett, AMEC non-aqueous phase liquid (LNAPL) Geomatrix. remediation in groundwater also was Photo by introduced. Brian Lewis. Dr. Dongye Zhao of Auburn Uni- versity discussed his group’s innovative research related to in-situ reductive Dr. Mamadou Diallo of California presence of O or H O . Unlike most destruction of chlorinated solvents 2 2 2 Institute of Technology presented an researchers’ work that explores the and immobilization of toxic metals in overview of recent advances in develop- reductive property of nZVI, Dr. Sed- soils and groundwater using polysac- ing perchlorate-selective and recyclable lak’s research focuses on the oxidative charide-stabilized nanoparticles. Dr. ion exchange media for groundwater capability of nZVI. It was reported Zhao’s group developed a nanoparticle remediation. Dr. Diallo’s research that in the presence of oxygen, nZVI stabilization strategy using starch or group developed a new generation of undergoes a series of rapid oxidation carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) as a high-performance and recyclable an- reactions that convert O into hydroxyl stabilizer, which effectively controls 2 ion-selective ion exchange media. The radicals (OH). This process can be used nanoparticle size, delivery and trans- new ion exchange media have much for in-situ remediation using clays or port and has resulted in much faster higher exchange capacity and perchlo- nanoparticles and ex-situ applications reaction rates. Dr. Zhao presented both rate binding capacity than commercial for waste treatment. laboratory and field studies that used ion exchange resins. They also can be nZVI for in-situ destruction of chlori- Dr. Jaesang Lee of Rice University regenerated using a low-concentration nated solvents and reductive immobili- presented his study on photochemical salt solution such as 2.5-5% NaCl. zation of Cr(VI). and antimicrobial activities of water- Dr. David Cwiertny of University of soluble C derivatives. The photody- Dr. Paul Tratnyek of Oregon Health 60 California Riverside presented a strat- namic antibacterial and antiviral activi- and Science University provided an egy to extend the reactive lifetime of ties of hexakis derivatives and fullerol overview of the major issues with nZVI using dithionite. Laboratory tests toward E. coli and MS-2 bacteriophage the ZVI nanotechnology for ground- show that dithionite extends, and in displayed the efficacy of functionalized water remediation that relates to the some cases can enhance, the removal C as a photocatalytic disinfectant. reactivity, longevity, transport, and 60 of two model groundwater pollutants performance assessment. Dr. Tratnyek (1,1,1,2-tetrachloroethane and Cr(VI)) Section 3: Fate and Transport described a recent study on the effect in nZVI systems. The efficiency of the of natural organic matter (NOM) on of Nanomaterials dithionite regeneration process depends the mobility of ZVI nanoparticles. Dr. Chris Mackay of AMEC Earth strongly on the prevailing geochemical Methods for detecting nZVI transport & Environment discussed methods for conditions which dictate the products were discussed and it was noted that the prediction of nanoparticle fate and of nZVI oxidation and the redox-active oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) transport in gaseous and aqueous en- species generated from the reaction be- is currently the most widely used vironments. Traditional methods used tween passivated nZVI and dithionite. method. However, ORP response is a to predict the behavior of chemicals mixed potential, the composition of Section 2: Nanotechnology in the environment have been firmly which may vary with other factors, for Surface Water Treatment rooted in the principles of solution and relationships between measurable chemistry, such as molarity, partition, ORP and nZVI still needs clarification. and Pollution Control fugacity, etc. However, Dr. Mackay Dr. Tratnyek commented that the nZVI Dr. David Sedlak of University of commented, new considerations that technology is still at an intermediate California Berkeley described con- take into account conditions of surface stage of development. taminant oxidation by nZVI in the chemistry are needed to evaluate and Continued on the following page… HydroVisions – SPRING 2010 | Page 4 Feature

Nanotechnology for Environmental Cleanup and Pollution Control – Continued predict the behavior of nanomateri- emulsified zero-valent iron (EZVI) at Dr. Timothy Malloy of University als in the environment. These include a former dry cleaning site in Parris Is- of California Los Angeles stated that environmental and material properties land, SC. EZVI consists of a surfactant- California is out in front on emerging such as buoyancy, surface area, viscos- stabilized, biodegradable emulsion that environmental issues once again. Us- ity, charge accumulation, steric factors, forms emulsion droplets composed of ing authorities provided under AB 289, and Hakman forces. Applications of an oil-liquid membrane surrounding the Department of Toxic Substances this new approach were discussed. micro- or nano-scale ZVI particles in Control (DTSC) recently issued a call to water. Two injection technologies, i.e. manufacturers for information relating Dr. Denis O’Carroll of University pneumatic injection and direct injec- to carbon nanotubes manufactured in, of Western Ontario described a series tion using a direct push rig, were used or imported into California. Carbon column experiments, and associated to deliver EZVI to the subsurface. nanotubes have received significant modeling, that was conducted to ex- Results showed a significant decrease attention given their growing level of plore the mobility of polymer stabilized in PCE and TCE downgradient of the use in commerce, and a series of stud- nanometals in sand systems. For the treatment area following EZVI injec- ies suggesting that they may present range of conditions tested, the nano- tion and significant increase in ethene significant health hazards. Given the metals exhibited good mobility. Dr. was observed, indicating complete PCE uncertainties associated with the use O’Carroll also presented results from a degradation. of nanoparticles in terms of fate and numerical simulator that was developed to further explore the utility of nanometals for site remediation. Challenges that were discussed include pumping a viscous polymer solution into the subsurface and an assessment of the time required for the injected nanometals to reach the target contaminated zone. Longer travel times to the target zone will require greater nanometal stability. Insights gained from modeling field- scale application of remediation via nanometals were discussed. Section 4: Case Studies Peter Bennett of AMEC Geomatrix Attendees enjoying a presentation. Photo by Zhong (John) Xiong. presented a field-scale study assessing the carboxymethyl cellulose stabilized Section 5: Regulatory Issues transport, safety, etc., if their use re- nZVI for chlorinated solvent source- with Nanomaterials and sulted in damage or harm, one could zone treatment. This field study was Nanotechnology make a case for negligence. conducted at an industrial site in the Dr. Arianne Neigh of nanoComposix Dr. Todd Rees of Golder Associates Bay area. A stabilized nZVI suspension presented a small business’ perspective presented Golder’s experiences with was prepared on site and injected to the on nanotechnology regulation. Dr. bench, pilot, and field-scale application subsurface by a series of Push-Pull tests Neigh described that much of the fab- of nZVI for environmental remediation to assess in-situ transport and reactiv- rication of nanomaterials takes place in in the United States, Canada, Europe, ity of nZVI particles. Results from this small-business think tanks that develop and Australia. A “lessons learned” per- field study indicated that nZVI particles methods and produce materials, often spective on certain non-technical issues appear to be mobile in the subsurface, in small batches. She said some of the that are governing the implementation but lose mobility over time (within less scare tactics within the media and from of nZVI for environmental restoration than 12 hours). Rapid production of activist groups had unfairly targeted was also discussed. Dr. Rees introduced ethane was observed, suggesting rapid small business manufacturers that do that nZVI for environmental remedia- dechlorination. not have the marketing and lobbyist tion has received regulatory acceptance resources to refute unfounded claims. Suzanne O’Hara of Geosyntec Con- in the U.S., Germany, Italy, and Czech sultants presented a pilot-scale field Republic, while nZVI is not accepted in Continued on the following page… demonstration of dense non-aqueous Finland and Denmark. liquids (DNAPL) treatment using

HydroVisions – SPRING 2010 | Page 5 Feature

Nanotechnology for Environmental Cleanup and Pollution Control – Continued

Dr. Richard Canady of McKenna included AMEC Geomatrix, Cal EPA/ Murray Einarson, P.G., CHG., is Long & Aldridge LLP presented the sta- DTSC, and Golder Associates. Exhibi- a principal hydrogeologist at AMEC tus of U.S. regulation of nanotechnology. tors included Adventus Americas, Frac Geomatrix, Inc. in Oakland, CA. Mr. Dr. Canady described that nanoscale Rite Environmental Ltd., RSI Drilling, Einarson is a pioneer in the develop- materials generally are “covered” under and Wavefront. Special thanks are also ment and application of expedited existing regulations such as the Toxic extended to Kathy Snelson and Mary site assessment technologies and prac- Substances Control Act. The coverage, Megarry of GRA. tices to characterize contaminated sites however, seems to require guidance quickly and cost-effectively, and has and science policy decisions in order to About the Authors co-authored industry and regulatory clarify application of “new” material Zhong (John) Xiong, Ph.D., P.E., guidance documents on this subject. consideration and data needs. EPA is is a project environmental engineer at Denis O’Carroll, Ph.D., P.Eng., is an considering rule-making to generate AMEC Geomatrix, Inc. in Newport Assistant Professor in Civil and Envi- more information about nanomaterial Beach, CA. Dr. Xiong is interested in ronmental Engineering at the Univer- uses and risk management needs. the development and application of sity of Western Ontario. Dr. O’Carroll Summation and Discussion innovative and cost-effective tech- has significant experience in laboratory nologies for site remediation, including studies developing innovative remedia- of Key Points environmental nanotechnology. He tion schemes in addition to site reme- The symposium concluded with a has published on nanotechnology and diation consulting experience. summation and discussion of key points nanomaterials and is a co-inventor of led by Dr. Denis O’Carroll of University two innovative nanotechnologies for of Western Ontario. Key points sum- site remediation uses. marized were that nanotechnology of- fers tremendous possibilities, but prior to the widespread implementation of these technologies for environmental applications, regulator and public per- ceptions have to be addressed. There was a stimulating question and answer session, some of which pointed out that nZVI would only be considered applicable at extremely contaminated sites and that remediating existing contamination with potential contaminants should not be considered lightly. Many Thanks to Our Organizers and Sponsors Many thanks to all the organizers, sponsors, presenters, and attendees of this symposium! The organizing committee for this event included Dr. Zhong (John) Xiong and Murray Einarson of AMEC Geomatrix, Brian Lewis and Dr. Jeff Wong of California EPA / Department of Toxic Substance Control (DTSC), Dr. Denis O’Carroll of University of Western Ontario, Dr. David Cwiertny of University of Cali- fornia Riverside, Dr. Chris Mackay and Laurie Gneiding of AMEC Earth and Environment, Dr. Feng He of Golder Associates, and Dr. Sushil Kanel of U.S. EPA. Sponsors for this symposium

HydroVisions – SPRING 2010 | Page 6 Feature

Groundwater Withdrawal-Induced Land Subsidence in the San Joaquin Valley: A 2009 Perspective

By Lynne Baumgras, BSK Associates and AEG San Joaquin Valley Chapter Chair; Devin Galloway, U. S. Geological Survey (USGS); Claudia Faunt, USGS; Michelle Sneed, USGS; Paula Landis, Calif. Dept. of Water Resources; Chris White, Central California Irrigation Dist.; Robert Martin, San Luis & Delta Mendota Water Authority; Marti Ikehara, National Geodetic Survey; Mike Rucker, AMEC Geomatrix; Sarge Green, California Water Institute; Karl Longley, California Water Institute; Paul Betancourt, Fresno County Farm Bureau; Chris Johnson, AEGIS Groundwater Consulting and GRA San Joaquin Valley Branch President; Dr. Nigel Quinn, Berkeley National Laboratory; Steve Phillips, USGS; Albert Steele; and William Pipes, AMEC Geomatrix and GRA President.

one-day symposium to discuss and rapid water-level declines. This groundwater withdrawal- “perfect storm” of water shortages has Ainduced land subsidence in created a setting where land subsidence the San Joaquin Valley was held on again threatens the San Joaquin Valley November 4, 2009 in Fresno, Cali- infrastructure and economy. Renewed fornia. The symposium objective was subsidence on the west side of the San to explore current research and issues Joaquin Valley due to groundwater related to San Joaquin Valley land sub- pumping is a cause for concern. Fortu- sidence caused by groundwater with- nately, advances in the understanding drawal. The event was hosted jointly of aquifer-system compaction and by the San Joaquin Valley Chapter of development of technologies such as the Association of Environmental and remote sensing provide better tools to Engineering Geologists (AEG) and the characterize and manage subsidence. San Joaquin Valley Branch of the GRA, An impressive cross-section of tech- and sponsored by BSK Associates and nical and policy specialists attended the AMEC Geomatrix in cooperation with symposium, including representatives the USGS. Special thanks are due to the from: exceptional speakers, panelists, mod- erators, and volunteers who made this • U. S. Department of the Interior symposium possible. (Interior) Land subsidence associated with • USGS Figure 1. Approximate location of the aquifer-system compaction has been • U. S. Bureau of Reclamation maximum measured subsidence in the a recurring issue in California since (Reclamation) San Joaquin Valley, near Mendota, the 1920s and was measured at high • California Department of Water California. Land surface subsided ap- rates in several California groundwater Resources (DWR) proximately 29 feet from 1925 to 1977 basins during the 1950s and 1960s. In due to aquifer-system compaction from the 1970s surface-water use helped to • Water districts and municipal groundwater withdrawal. Signs on the augment the water demands and miti- governments from California pole are positioned at the approximate gate the subsidence. Figure 1 shows a • Scientists, engineers, and policy former elevations of the land surface in representation of the large magnitude advisors from throughout the 1925 and 1955. Photograph by R.L. of land subsidence near Mendota, Cali- U.S. and Canada. Ireland, USGS, ca 1977. fornia as of 1977. The symposium was attended by Currently, the San Joaquin Valley Mr. John Tubbs, the Deputy Assistant addressed the audience and discussed is faced with reduced surface water Secretary for Water and Science for the overall problems related to western deliveries owing to three years of the Department of the Interior. Water water supplies and pledged support drought and environmental restrictions and Science oversees the Bureau of from the Department of the Interior for on Delta water exports, which has led Reclamation and the USGS. Mr. Tubbs, assistance in mitigation of San Joaquin to increased groundwater pumping the Distinguished Lunchtime Speaker, Valley groundwater issues. Continued on the following page…

HydroVisions – SPRING 2010 | Page 7 Feature

Groundwater Withdrawal-Induced Land Subsidence in the San Joaquin Valley: A 2009 Perspective – Continued

Summary of Speaker mapping, hydrogeologic evaluations, reaches the valley trough, and flattened Presentations and the evaluation of correlations be- the river channel by about 6.6 feet over tween hydrogeologic information and the next 31-mile reach. Differential Devin Galloway, Western Region observed subsidence magnitudes. subsidence also has created problems Groundwater Specialist for USGS, for the maintenance of water-transport Ms. Paula Landis, PE, Chief of the presented the Keynote Address en- structures; the Delta-Mendota Canal San Joaquin District, DWR, gave a titled “Perspectives: Aquifer-System and California Aqueduct have required briefing on Subsidence and California Compaction and Land Subsidence remedial work because of subsidence. Accompanying the Development of Water Policy. She discussed subsidence Groundwater Resources.” Mr. Gallo- impacts on surface-water deliveries, Ms. Landis discussed California way gave an overview of the mechan- flood conveyance capacity, and river water policy and its relationship ics of aquifer system compaction and systems, and associated economic im- to groundwater overdraft. Surface- land subsidence. He described historic pacts. Her talk also addressed water water rights became regulated in 1914 and ongoing subsidence in California regulation, oversight, and management through a permitting process, but and addressed the following topics: in light of California Water Policy. groundwater has never been regulated by the State—groundwater manage- land subsidence processes and their With respect to surface-water deliv- ment has remained a local responsibil- manifestations and mechanisms; detec- eries, Ms. Landis described the impacts ity. Ms. Landis highlighted the public tion, identification, measurement, and of subsidence on the water conveyance opinions in support of local control of analysis of subsidence; and subsidence systems. The Eastside Bypass, which groundwater supplies, including: management. In the San Joaquin Val- was built in the 1960s, has subsided ley, about 5,200 square miles of land up to 5 feet in some areas. Subsidence- • diverse physical characteristics of have undergone one or more feet of related changes in river drainage grade groundwater basins subsidence due to aquifer compaction. have affected the transport characteris- • availability of alternative water The extents of observed subsidence in tics of the San Joaquin River and have supply sources the San Joaquin Valley correlate closely altered levee requirements. Differential with decreasing water levels in the deep subsidence steepened the channel of • diverse water uses between regions. confined aquifer system. The three San the San Joaquin River by about 6.6 ft Continued on the following page… Joaquin Valley regions that have been from 1926-72 in the 15 miles before it most impacted by land subsidence are the Los Banos-Kettleman City area, the Tulare-Wasco area, and the Arvin- Bakersfield-Maricopa area. Mr. Gal- loway also discussed the history of San Joaquin Valley land subsidence due to groundwater overdraft, which began in the 1920s, and the mitigation of subsidence in the late 1960s and early 70s by the importation of surface water. He also discussed subsidence mitigation techniques, including enhancement of groundwater recharge, reduction of groundwater demand, management of groundwater withdrawal and use, and development of supplemental water supplies. The focus of these mitigation techniques is to maintain groundwater levels above critical thresholds. Mr. Galloway gave an overview of research techniques currently being used by the USGS for subsidence identification including reconnaissance subsidence

HydroVisions – SPRING 2010 | Page 8 Feature

Groundwater Withdrawal-Induced Land Subsidence in the San Joaquin Valley: A 2009 Perspective – Continued

Ms. Landis also described methods for achieving groundwater sustainability, including: • management by local agencies under authority granted in the California Water Code or other applicable State statutes • local government groundwater ordi- nances or joint powers agreements • court adjudications. Mr. Robert Martin, PE, San Luis & Delta-Mendota Water Authority (SL&DMWA), discussed historic and current impacts of subsidence on Delta- Mendota water delivery structures. The Central Calif. Irrigation Dist. (CCID) and SL&DMWA are faced with subsidence-related repair and maintenance is- Figure 2. Reduced Canal Freeboard in the Delta Mendota Canal Downstream of sues on water conveyance facilities. The Check 18 due to Subsidence (Source: Central California Irrigation District) Delta-Mendota Canal (DMC) traverses the subsidence area on the west side of structure. Two extensometers and as- simulation of processes associated the San Joaquin Valley (as does the par- sociated Continuous Operating Refer- with irrigated agriculture. The FARM allel CCID Outside Canal). The DMC ence Stations (CORS) are now in place methodology begins by estimating the was originally designed to deliver 3,211 to continuously monitor differential consumptive use of water by plants and cfs into the Mendota Pool. Today, even subsidence in this area. the associated irrigation requirement; after the canal lining was raised circa available surface water deliveries, ef- Dr. Claudia Faunt, a Hydrologist 1977 because of subsidence, the capac- fective precipitation, and groundwater with the USGS, presented “A Regional ity has been reduced to around 2,950 uptake are then used to meet this de- Hydrologic Model of California’s cfs (see figure 2). Similarly, the capacity mand; the residual demand is assumed Central Valley.” Dr. Faunt gave an of the Outside Canal has been reduced to be met using groundwater. The third overview of the USGS Central Valley from about 700 cfs in the 1940s to element was the development of the Hydrologic Model (CVHM), which about 350 cfs; expensive repairs to the CVHM for use in assessing changes in simulates land subsidence related to Outside Canal are ongoing. groundwater availability. groundwater pumping. The CVHM is The Mendota Pool is another prob- a three-dimensional numerical model Dr. Faunt discussed the model lematic area. Water impounded in the developed by the USGS to help charac- outputs with respect to changes in Mendota Pool is checked or pushed terize the aquifer system of California’s groundwater storage over time and also upstream to the Mendota Wildlife Central Valley and assess changes in cumulative subsidence. Between 1962 Area, James, Tranquility and a portion groundwater availability. Dr. Faunt and 2003, the Tulare Basin portion of of Westlands Water Districts. Fifty described three key elements of the the San Joaquin Valley lost about 70 years ago, all diversions could be made CVHM: a texture analysis, estimation million acre-feet of groundwater from at a Pool stage of 12 feet at Mendota of the water budget, and development storage (figure 3). During this period, Dam. Today, due to subsidence, the of the model. several regions in the San Joaquin Val- Pool stage needs to be at least 14 feet ley experienced 10 to 25 feet of cumu- The texture analysis incorporated to meet minimum diversion require- lative subsidence (figure 4). ments. The additional head differential over 8,500 drilling logs to characterize across the Mendota Dam structure aquifer system sediments for estima- Ms. Marti Ikehara, State Geodetic has created serious undermining and tion of hydraulic properties. The water Advisor with the National Geodetic stability problems at the Dam, which budget for the CVHM was developed Survey/National Oceanic and Atmo- must now be dewatered, inspected and using the FARM process, a new fea- spheric Admin., presented “Geodetic repaired semi-annually to sustain the ture within MODFLOW that allows Continued on the following page… HydroVisions – SPRING 2010 | Page 9 Feature

Groundwater Withdrawal-Induced Land Subsidence in the San Joaquin Valley: A 2009 Perspective – Continued

Figure 3. Groundwater Loss in the Cen- tral Valley from 1962 to 2003. Source: Faunt, C.C., ed., 2009, Groundwater Availability of the Central Valley Aquifer, California: U.S. Geological Survey Profes- sional Paper 1766, 225 p.

Measurement of Land Subsidence in the period 1972 to 2004 indicated that the San Joaquin Valley.” Ms. Ikehara about 5.2 feet of cumulative subsidence addressed historical subsidence and occurred in El Nido, California over described Global Positioning System that 32-year period. (GPS) surveys done in 2004, which Ms. Michelle Sneed, a Hydrologist showed continued subsidence along with USGS, presented “Land Subsid- California Highways 198 and 152 in Figure 4. Simulated Subsidence in ence Investigations using InSAR, San the San Joaquin Valley. the San Joaquin Valley, 1962 to Joaquin Valley, California,” describing 2003. Source: Faunt, C.C., ed., 2009, The Highway (Hwy) 198 leveling the incorporation of Interferometric Groundwater Availability of the Cen- effort started near Interstate 5 (I-5) and Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) tral Valley Aquifer, California: U.S. extended eastward through Kings, Tu- techniques for USGS studies of land Geological Survey Professional Paper lare, and Fresno counties. A subsidence subsidence in the San Joaquin Valley. 1766, 225 p. “trough” was observed along Hwy 198 Ms. Sneed is leading a USGS study of for about 70 miles between I-5 and land subsidence along the California Visalia, near Hwy 99. The axis of the Aqueduct/San Luis Canal, and par- The location, extent, and magnitude subsidence trough, or area of deepest ticipating in a USGS study of the Delta of subsidence along the canals will subsidence, was found at a distance of Mendota Canal on the west side of be characterized using a combina- roughly 42 miles east of I-5, in Armona, the San Joaquin Valley. These studies tion of InSAR, leveling, GPS, and CA. The total subsidence measured will incorporate InSAR interferograms extensometer data. The application here was 9.2 ft from the 1960s to 2004 and paired land-surface elevation and of InSAR will be challenging, because (Figures 5 and 6). groundwater level data from four con- conventional InSAR applications tinuous GPS Stations and nearby wells, yield poor results for much of the San The leveling route along Hwy 152, respectively. The objectives of these Joaquin Valley because agricultural in the northern San Joaquin Valley, ex- studies include: land use disturbs the ground surface. tended from west of I-5 to Hwy 99. Land The InSAR technique is very sensitive subsidence was observed over a 16-year • Determine the location, extent, and to small changes (sub-centimeter level) period from 1988 to 2004 along almost magnitude of subsidence along the in the vertical position of the ground the entirety of the surveyed route. Similar canals from 2003 to 2010 surface; however, agriculture activities to results observed in the Hwy 198 lev- • Develop and implement an approach that disturb earth surfaces, such as eling effort, a trough of subsidence was to use InSAR to monitor subsidence tilling, create significant “noise” in the also identified. The point of maximum in these agricultural areas InSAR imagery (called interferograms) subsidence was observed about 33 miles so that often it is not possible to resolve east of I-5, south of the town of El Nido. • Compute aquifer-system storage subsidence using traditional InSAR Further analysis of additional data for properties at selected locations using stress/strain relations. Continued on the following page…

HydroVisions – SPRING 2010 | Page 10 Feature

Groundwater Withdrawal-Induced Land Subsidence in the San Joaquin Valley: A 2009 Perspective – Continued

Mr. Rucker discussed the integra- Figure 5. tion of geophysical survey data, Location of geotechnical stress-strain models, and maximum InSAR data to develop earth-fissure subsidence risk zonation maps. He has successfully measured used this technique to identify areas of along Hwy high subsidence-related earth fissure 198 is in Ar- risk at several sites in Arizona, includ- mona (Source: ing the McMicken Dam near Surprise, Ikehara, NGS/ Arizona. NOAA, 2009) The Policy and Technical Round Table discussions at the end of the day fostered dynamic and thought-provok- ing exchanges between the variety of techniques. In these areas, Ms. Sneed’s InSAR data. Several geophysical survey stakeholders affected by groundwater team will be employing a breakthrough methods were discussed, including withdrawal-induced land subsid- method referred to as “Persistent Scat- seismic refraction, downhole electrical ence. The round table sessions were terer (PS) InSAR.” The PS-InSAR™ resistivity, gravity surveys, refraction conducted in order to assemble input technique incorporates the detection microtremor, and resistivity soundings. from stakeholders and to develop ideas of fixed “Persistent Scatters” such as The geophysical surveys are used to to mitigate this problem. Some of the buildings, roads, and potentially levees, characterize site bedrock and lithologic issues identified during the Technical and produces elevation-change time characteristics and to identify fine- session (moderator: Mr. Chris Johnson, series for the persistent scatterer pixels grained soil layers that are susceptible AEGIS Groundwater Consulting; pan- only. These time series of observed to subsidence. elists: Dr. Nigel Quinn, PE, Berkeley changes in the land surface elevation will be compared to elevation changes measured by GPS, leveling, and extensometer data. The PS-InSAR technique will be developed and implemented as a subsidence-monitoring tool by obtain- ing a new measurement every few months (dependent on data availability and quality). Such a tool could be very helpful for informing management decisions related to subsidence mitigation (e.g., groundwater pumping timing and distribution) and identification of incipient subsidence problems before infrastructure is threatened. Mr. Michael Rucker, PE, presented “Monitoring Land Subsidence in the Phoenix Area and Potential Applica- tions to the San Joaquin Valley.” He identified the geotechnical keys to understanding subsidence: soil geometry, material properties, and pore pressure Figure 6. Representation of maximum subsidence along Hwy 198 at Armona (note: change. Mr. Rucker uses a combina- horizontal scale is shown in kilometers) (Source: Ikehara, NGS/NOAA, 2009) tion of hydrogeologic analysis, extensometers, geophysical techniques, and Continued on the following page…

HydroVisions – SPRING 2010 | Page 11 Feature

Groundwater Withdrawal-Induced Land Subsidence in the San Joaquin Valley: A 2009 Perspective – Continued

National Laboratory; Steven Phillips, ing where and how much groundwater The symposium received Hydrologist, USGS; Al Steele, Senior is being extracted, thus allowing sci- support from the following Engineering Geologist, DWR (retired)) entists and managers to better predict sponsors: included: subsidence occurrence. • BSK Associates (Platinum) • the need for more effective monitor- In summary, “Groundwater ing and reporting of groundwater Withdrawal-Induced Land Subsidence • AEGIS Groundwater Consulting conditions, specifically pumping in the San Joaquin Valley: A 2009 (Gold) volumes and water levels Perspective” brought leading experts • AMEC Geomatrix (Silver) in subsidence together to explore the • concerns about over-pumping and • Kleinfelder (Silver) its effects on surface water delivery current state of this vexing problem, facilities (a sort of “Catch-22” discuss water policy issues that affect • Provost & Pritchard Engineering situation) the situation, present techniques for Group (Silver) monitoring and measurement of the • the need for simple, basic data • California Geotechnical Engineers problem, and advance ideas to help Association (Silver) collection mitigate and control the problem. AEG • better coordination between the and GRA plan to conduct a future • Welenco, Inc. (Silver) agencies affected by the problem. symposium to focus on hydrogeologic, • American Society for Photogram- engineering geology, and geotechnical Specific issues addressed during metry and Remote Sensing (Bronze) engineering approaches to help cope the Policy Round Table (moderator: • Circle K Ranch (Bronze) with this ongoing phenomenon. Mr. Sarge Green, California Water Institute; panelists: Dr. Karl Longley, PE, DEE, Emeritus Professor, Califor- nia State University, Fresno; Thomas Glover, PE, Deputy General Manager- Resources, Westlands Water District; Paul Betancourt, Fresno County Farm Bureau) included the role of legislation in addressing the problem. Legal and regulatory tools for addressing the impacts of subsidence include Section 2100 adjudication by the State Water Resources Control Board (for protecting groundwater quality) and legal actions by injured parties that could ® initiate full groundwater adjudication. ® If subsidence causes changes in the movement of water such that water quality is degraded, the State Water Board can initiate adjudication on their own volition. Injured parties, includ- ™ ing those with facilities damaged by subsidence, could enter a legal action for groundwater adjudication. Finally, it was noted in the panel that newly passed legislation has groundwater monitoring and reporting requirements that should assist in better understand-

HydroVisions – SPRING 2010 | Page 12 Upcoming Events

Solvent Release Sites: Dates & Details Characterization, Cleanup, and Closure GRA EVENTs & Key Dates APRIL 1, 2010 (Please visit www.grac.org for SANTA CLARA MARRIOTT HOTEL, SANTA CLARA, CA detailed information, updates, and registration unless noted) Co-Sponsors: ARCADIS, CH2M Hill, Haley & Arldrich

RA is pleased to announce a symposium on Solvent Release Sites. While major improvements in regulation, management, and handling of solvents Ghave nearly eliminated new solvent releases to the subsurface, legacy releases from past decades continue to present numerous technical and institutional challenges to society and to environmental and public health professionals. Many GRA Shortcourse contaminated sites seem to be mired in never-ending active remediation with little Introduction to Groundwater & improvement observed in restoration results, particularly where a well-designed Watershed Hydrology remedy using appropriate characterization methods is lacking. Without a clearly Mar. 1 & 2, 2010 | Davis, CA defined closure strategy, it is not possible to reach agreements among the stakeholders as to when to stop active remediation or monitoring. GRA Symposium Solvent Release Sites: Attempting to effectively and efficiently address solvent release sites involves not Characterization, Clean Up only difficult technical issues, but also policy challenges such as establishing effective & Closure performance monitoring objectives and methods, including mass flux evaluation Apr. 1, 2010 | Santa Clara, CA and risk-based cleanup standards. This symposium will provide a valuable forum for dissemination of leading-edge research and innovative field applications that GRA Annual Legislative demonstrate advances in solvent site characterization, remediation, and closure. Symposium & Lobby Day Professional education and discussion among members of the academic, consult- April 28, 2010 | Sacramento, CA ing, and regulatory communities are critical in advancing our understanding of the ongoing cleanup challenges, evaluating successes and lessons learned in this field, GRA Board and Planning and effectively deploying limited economic resources while also protecting human Meetings health and groundwater resources. May 1 & 2, 2010 | San Diego, CA We are pleased to announce presentations GRA Geophysics Course/ on the following topics: Symposium/Field Demo Geophysics at the Beach 1. Innovative tools in site characterization May 24-26, 2010 | Santa Ana, CA - Field applications - High-resolution data collection GRA-sponsored Conference - Visualization, data management, and site conceptual model development Groundwater In Agriculture: - Evaluation of biodegradation processes with compound-specific isotope An International Conference analysis, biotraps, and molecular probe techniques Linking Science & Policy 2. Source cleanup using innovative technologies or treatment train approaches June 15-17, 2010 | Burlingame, CA - In situ chemical oxidation (ISCO) - Enhanced in situ bioremediation (EISB) - In situ thermal technologies GRA Short Course - Other innovative technologies Principles in Groundwater Flow - Physical removal methods: pump and treat, soil vapor extraction, air sparging and Transport Modeling Sep. 12-15, 2010 | Redwood City, CA 3. Plume management - Mass Flux and Mass Discharge measurement and tools GRA 19th Annual Conference - Emerging technologies for monitored natural attenuation (MNA) assessment Think Outside the Pipe— 4. Alternative Site Closure Strategies Exploring Local Water Supplies - Alternative endpoints and alternative remedial strategies for groundwater cleanup Sep. 15-16, 2010 | Burlingame, CA - Use of Technical Impracticability (TI) Waivers at Superfund sites - Regulatory perspectives

HydroVisions – SPRING 2010 | Page 13 Upcoming Events

Geophysics at the Joint 2010 Annual Meeting Beach Course/ Cordilleran Section of the Geological Society Symposium/Demo of America – Pacific Section of the American in cooperation with Environmental & Engineering Association of Petroleum Geologists Geophysical Society May 27-29, 2010 May 24 - 26, 2010 Doubletree Club Hotel Orange County Airport, lan to attend the 2010 Joint Annual Meeting Santa Ana, CA and Peninsula of the Cordilleran Section of the Geologi- Park, Newport Beach, CA Pcal Society of America (GSA) and the Pacific Section of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists (AAPG) on May roundwater will be relied 27-29, 2010 at the Anaheim Marriott, in upon more in the future to Anaheim, California. The Cordilleran Sec- meet the increasing demands G tion meeting is being hosted by California in a changing climate of hydrology, State University Fullerton. socio-economic pressures, decreasing surface water availability and rising See the meeting web site at http://www. surface water fees. More reliance on geosociety.org/sectdiv/cord/2010mtg/index. groundwater means an increasing need htm for details. More than 1,000 participants for better information on subsurface are anticipated to attend the more than 30 technical hydrogeology, water quality, and sessions that span most Earth Science disciplines. Ten field trips, both pre- and improved predictability of returns on post-meeting, are scheduled. One of the technical sessions is on Managing Ground- groundwater storage projects. water in the Cordillera. W. Richard Laton and John Foster at California State University (CSU)-Fullerton, Matthew W. Becker at CSU-Long Beach, and Barry Geophysics is a discipline that uti- Hibbs at CSU-Los Angeles are the conveners. This session will focus on groundwa- lizes a suite of high resolution tools ter management in the multi-varied basins of the Cordillera. that will play an increasing role in clean and contaminant hydrogeologic Please contact Jeffrey Knott (Technical Program Chair), Associate Profes- investigations to obtain high quality sor at the Dept. of Geological Sciences, California State University Fullerton at and cost effective subsurface informa- [email protected] or Phil Armstrong (Joint Meeting Chair), Associate Professor tion to make better informed manage- of Geology, Department of Geological Sciences, California State University Ful- ment decisions. lerton, [email protected] if you have any questions. Who should attend: The symposium is intended for technical professionals, public agency and regulatory agency staff, university staff, responsible Save the Date parties, case managers, and anyone GRA Annual Legislative Symposium and Lobby Day else interested in the latest geophysical tools and technologies for ap- April 28, 2010 – Sacramento, CA plication to hydrogeologic problems. Agenda will include: Geophysics at the Beach includes the following optional program elements (see • Briefings on important current legislative issues of interest to groundwater www.grac.org for more information): professionals Short Course: Basic and Advanced • Dialogue with key legislators on the future of California groundwater Borehole Geophysics – May 24 Symposium: Geophysics at the Beach – • Visits with legislators and decision makers, including your local May 25 Field Demonstration: representatives to educate them on the concerns and technical expertise Geophysics at the Beach, in the surf, of GRA members. sand, and grass on the Pacific Ocean – Questions? Contact Tim Parker at [email protected]. May 26.

HydroVisions – SPRING 2010 | Page 14 Upcoming Events

REGISTRATION IS NOW OPEN June 15-17, 2010 Hyatt Regency at the San Francisco Airport Burlingame, CA With additional Groundwater Workshops on June 14 and an Agricultural Groundwater Tour on June 18 REGISTER TODAY! Sponsored by the Robert M. Hagan Endowed Chair

This three-day conference will provide scientists, policymakers, agricultural and environmental stakeholders, local, state and federal governmental officials, and consultants with the latest scientific, management, legal and policy advances for sustaining our groundwater resources in agricultural regions around the world. Program Highlights: Groundwater is the lifeline for many rural and agricultural regions and their associated cultures and populations around the globe and a cornerstone of global food production. Groundwater constitutes nearly half the world’s drinking water and much of the world’s irrigation water supply. Over use; groundwater salinity; nonpoint source pollution from agricultural activities, animal farming, ranching, and forestry activities; agricultural groundwater impacts to surface water; and groundwater quality and quantity conflicts at the urban- rural interface have reached global dimensions and threaten the very livelihood of this planet.

Topics to be addressed in plenary sessions and technical sessions include: ➤ Socioeconomic Aspects of Agricultural Groundwater ➤ Climate, Energy, and Agricultural Groundwater ➤ Agricultural Groundwater Quality and Contamination ➤ Conjunctive Use, Agricultural Water Use, and Groundwater Management, Policy, and Regulation ➤ Groundwater at the Agriculture-Urban Interface ➤ Groundwater Linkages to Surface Water and Estuaries Abstracts are now being accepted until January 18, 2010. Check the conference website, www.ag-groundwater.org, for details The Groundwater Resources Association of California is coordinating exhibits. Contact Mary Megarry at [email protected] or 916-446-3626 for more information. Sponsorships are welcome. Contact Beth Stern at [email protected] or 916-444-6240 for more information. Watch the website, www.ag-groundwater.org, for updates.

Organized by

HydroVisions – SPRING 2010 | Page 15 Upcoming Events

GROUNDWATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION of California

19th Annual Conference & Meeting ”Think Outside the Pipe ~ Exploring & Protecting Local Water Supplies”

September 15-16, 2010 Hyatt Regency at the San Francisco Airport, Burlingame, CA September 17, 2010 Field Trip: Local Water and Groundwater Projects

Co-Sponsor: Erler & Kalinowski, Inc. Cooperators: DTSC & IAH

his two-day conference will ing and enhancing the quality of the Potential – Addressing Related Issues provide the latest scientific, groundwater and other water sources, • Pollution Prevention and Protecting Tmanagement, legal and policy conjunctively managing surface and Local Supplies information regarding sustainable use groundwater to improve supply reli- of our local water resources in urban ability, and integrating water manage- • Hurdles to Contaminant Site Water regions. The conference will cover op- ment with energy reduction strategies. Reuse portunities and solutions for increasing Additional issues that pose water man- • Groundwater Policy and Data water use efficiency, integrating local agement challenges include nonpoint • Recycled Water Reuse for Residen- and alternative supplies, reducing and source pollution from stormwater, sur- tial Areas capturing urban run-off, minimizing face water impacts and TMDLs, water • Emerging Contaminants conveyance and energy costs, issues as- use efficiency, overdraft, groundwater sociated with the protection, enhanced salinity, industrial impacts to water • The use of Geographic Information recharge, and expanded use of local supplies, water rights, and water qual- Systems (GIS) to enhance and groundwater supplies. ity and quantity policy conflicts. protect local supplies • The role of non-traditional local Who Should Attend Topics for Plenary and water supply in Integrated Water Scientists, policymakers, plan- Technical Sessions Include Supply Plans ners, urban, rural, and environmental • Stormwater Capture and Reuse - Collegiate Groundwater stakeholders, local, state and federal permitting and water rights governmental officials, and consultants Colloquium • Urban Water Recharge – water involved in water resources. quality and permitting GRA seeks to increase participation by university and college faculty and • Brackish water supplies – inland Program Focus students in its programming. In pursuit and coastal Surface water imported through of this goal, GRA launched a new large-scale water delivery projects is • Recycled water – what are the annual meeting module in 2008 called a primary drinking water source for remaining challenges the “Collegiate Groundwater Col- many urban regions. However, as • Low Impact Developments for water loquium.” The Collegiate Groundwater climatic and environmental impacts • Rainfall Rooftop Harvesting Colloquium presents students who are continue to reduce the yield of these conducting highly relevant research surface water systems, local water sup- • Graywater Permitting – Black & in the general area of the conference pliers and others are facing significant White, or Still a Lighter Shade of Pale? theme. The Colloquium and reception water management challenges. Such • Water Conservation as a New Source provide students with an excellent op- challenges include increasing the use • Water Demand – Using Less and portunity to showcase their research and of groundwater and other local water Growing More attendees an opportunity to learn from sources to meet local demands, protect- the frontier of groundwater science. • Conjunctive Use and Local Storage

HydroVisions – SPRING 2010 | Page 16 Technical Corner

Wells and Words By David W. Abbott, P.G., C.Hg., Todd Engineers

The Constants of Constant- Rate Pumping Tests resentation, evaluation, and interpretation of pumping test data Phave been greatly simplified with the advent of the personal computer. Computers allow for easy manipula- tion, hydraulic correction, and trans- formation of time-drawdown data and corresponding coordinate axis scales; long gone is the tedious task of manually re-plotting data at various scales to evaluate well and aquifer responses. Evaluation of tests can be achieved effectively using standard spreadsheets and manual curve-matching techniques using full-logarithmic (log-log), semi- log, and full-arithmetic plots, but also can be accomplished using manual and automated methods available in commercial software. Basic data needed to David W. Abbott – The constants of constant-rate pumping tests. Todd Engineers evaluate aquifer parameters and well hydraulics from constant-rate tests used to measure the depth to water term test; these continuous water levels include a time series of discharge (Q) (DTW); accuracy also can depend on can provide a better understanding of and drawdown (dd) measurements the clear and unobstructed access to well and aquifer responses, particularly taken during pumping. Site-specific the well. The SWL and PWL can be during the first few minutes of a test. measured manually (rock and bong1 conditions and project goals may require During the pumping test, the elapsed [no kidding], ploppers, airline, sonic corrections for barometric and tidal time and dd should be plotted on semi- water-level meter, chalk and steel tape, changes, partial penetration, and well log graphs (modified non-equilibrium and single or coaxial electric sounder field operations; these adjustments are equation) in the field to easily deter- methods) or with pressure transducers easily accomplished using spreadsheets. mine the real-time trend and shape of and recording data loggers. The rock the time-dd plots. Time is plotted on Q is usually quantified using a flow and bong, plopper, and airline are the X-axis (log) and the dd (or DTW) meter (cumulative and instantaneous), not very accurate, whereas the chalk is plotted on the Y-axis (arithmetic). In weir arrangements, orifice and pipe and steel tape, electric sounder, and many applications semi-log plots are methods, or measuring the time to fill transducer methods are more accurate; visually more diagnostic than log-log a container of known volume, and is sounding tubes placed between the plots. Curvilinear patterns (log-log) reported in volume per time (US or pump column and the casing can im- are more difficult to interpret than Imperial gallons/minute, cubic feet/ prove water-level monitoring in many straight lines2 (semi-log). The hydraulic minute, liters/second, etc.). Q should pumping wells. The chalk and steel tape interpretation of a pumping test must be kept within five (±5) percent of the and sonic water-level meter methods also include an evaluation of the de- average Q during a constant-rate test, have their own limitations and cannot sign of the wells, geologic framework, especially for low-yield aquifers, where easily be used in wells with deep water and proper application of analytical dd is sensitive to small changes in Q. levels and crooked casings, especially methods, including an estimate of the with installed pumps. A network of The vertical distance between the value of u, casing storage, geologic transducers installed in multiple obser- non-pumping or static water level and hydraulic boundaries, antecedent vation wells during pumping tests can (SWL) and the pumping water level water-level trends, well efficiency, etc. (PWL) is the dd (feet or meters). Vari- significantly offset the number of field ous methods with varying accuracy are personnel required to conduct a long- Continued on the following page…

HydroVisions – SPRING 2010 | Page 17 Technical Corner

Wells and Words – Continued

Field evaluation allows adjust- Distant observation wells typically charts with different dd scales. Data ment of the Q (if needed), revision of have the shallowest time-dd slopes (i. e., presentation3 can be the key to data pumping test protocols, and decisions largest apparent transmissivity). Figure analysis and understanding of aquifer to suspend the test. It is better to plot 1 shows that dd at Well 4 has not com- systems. If the curves are shown to data from each observation well on pletely stabilized and the time-dd slope be parallel, then the transmissivity is the same chart using the same scales, is shallower than the intermediate and identical, and only one transmissivity as shown in Figure 1, rather than plot final slopes of Wells 1-3, but is paral- needs to be calculated for the pumping the time-dd on different charts; this is lel to the initial segments of the other test; –note that usually there is only one not a new idea. Often, time-dd plots wells. This early time-dd slope is often transmissivity (representing the average for the pumping and observation wells referred to as the rollover portion of of the aquifer volume tested) that can are parallel, creating a family of dd the time-dd curve, representing a slow be computed from a pumping test. curves (Figure 1). Estimation of aquifer hydraulic adjustment of the potentio- 1 Stewart, D.M., 1970, The Rock and Bong parameters using this family of dd (or metric surface surrounding a pumping Techniques of Measuring Water Levels in recovery) curves should be based on well; this segment should not be used Wells, Ground Water, vol. 8, no. 6, p.14-18. equivalent and parallel time-dd seg- to estimate aquifer parameters. 2 Helsel, D.R. and R.M. Hirsch, 1992, Statisti- ments. Non-parallel observation well cal Methods in Water Resources, Studies in Identification of a family of parallel responses suggest aquifer anisotropy or Environmental Science 49, Elsevier Science dd responses is a powerful means of vi- wells completed in different aquifers. Publishers, Amsterdam, 522 pages (see page sually demonstrating the consistency of 27). 2002 edition free and downloadable at Comparison between dd plots allows hydraulic parameters within the hydro- http://www.practicalstats.com determination of the best segments for geologic framework; this likely would 3 Tufte, E.R., 2001, The Visual Display of use in estimating aquifer parameters not be a visible pattern using individual Quantitative Information, Graphics Press, and responses. Cheshire, CT.

HydroVisions – SPRING 2010 | Page 18 California Legislative Corner

Legislative Update By Tim Parker, GRA Legislative Committee Chairman, Chris Frahm and Paul Bauer, GRA Legislative Advocates

ollowing the success of last year’s provisions of the water bill package HOLD THE DATE! passage of a comprehensive wa- were strongly supported by GRA over GRA Legislative Symposium Fter package, the Governor and the past several years. The Legislative a diverse array of stakeholders now Committee will be working with the April 28, 2010 begin the arduous process of ensuring Department of Water Resources on the passage of the $11.14 billion water implementation issues. GRA will be co- Hyatt Regency Sacramento bond which was its cornerstone. It ordinating these activities with ACWA won’t be easy. Critics point to a stale and with the California Groundwater his year’s GRA Legislative Sym- economy, a state budget deficit that is Coalition. posium will focus on implemen- once again in the double digits and the 2010 promises to be yet another Ttation of the groundwater moni- fact that almost $8 billion of $9.4 bil- interesting year for water supply and toring bill and will include discussions lion in water-related bonds authorized groundwater issues in California. with Legislators and Legislative staff, by voters in 2006 remain unspent. Also, While the state budget deficit and elec- and presentations by DWR on the CA unlike past water bond measures, this tion year will undoubtedly dominate Water Plan Update. Afternoon visits to water bond may face stiff opposition the landscape in the Capitol, we expect Legislator’s offices in the Capitol will by environmental groups, including the issues of importance to GRA to remain be followed by a hosted reception to powerful Planning and Conservation “front and center.” In the final analysis, debrief the day’s events. This important League and Sierra Club. Further, Delta no issue holds more promise for the event educates GRA’s membership on interests that staunchly opposed the state’s success or failure than the assur- the legislative process, and educates water package are expected to join the ance of a reliable water supply. members of the legislature on GRA’s opposition. key initiatives. No organized campaign has yet been formed or funded by water bond opponents; however, the Alliance for Clean Water and Jobs, sponsored and largely funded by the Conservation Action Fund and California Alliance for Jobs (FPPC ID# 1317616), was recently formed and boasts a sturdy list of supporters. These include environmental, business, and agricultural supporters, and water industry groups and leaders, e.g., the CA Chamber of Commerce, Association of CA Water Agencies, Southern CA Water Com- mittee, The Nature Conservancy and Western Growers Association – to name just a few. The water bond includes an unprecedented amount of funding for groundwater-related projects, including provisions for drought relief ($455 million), water supply reliability ($1.4 billion), statewide operational improvement ($3 billion), groundwater protection and water quality ($1 billion) and water re- cycling and water conservation ($1.25 billion). The groundwater monitoring

HydroVisions – SPRING 2010 | Page 19 Federal Legislative & Regulatory Corner

The Federal Corner By John Ungvarsky

Study of Basin-Fill Aquifers Central Valley Subsidence in the Southwest Study Launched he National Water-Quality As- This USGS research will address sessment Program of the U.S. growing concerns that increased TGeological Survey (USGS) is groundwater pumping in the San conducting a regional analysis of water Joaquin Valley may be causing the land quality in the principal aquifers in the surface to sink, or subside, damaging southwestern U.S. The Southwest Prin- the California Aqueduct. The research cipal Aquifers study is building a better will focus on the west side of the San understanding of the susceptibility of Joaquin Valley in the area of the West- basin-fill aquifers. For an overview lands Water District. USGS scientists of the basin-fill aquifers in the south- will use Synthetic Aperture Radar data western United States and description from satellites to create maps (inter- of the completed and planned regional ferograms) of changes in land-surface analyses of ground-water quality being elevation at selected locations over the performed by the SWPA study, go to last several years. For more info., go to California Aqueduct/ Photo by Califor- http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2009/3015. http://ca.water.usgs.gov/news/Releas- nia Department of Water Resources eSept4_2009.html. USGS Receives Neese Award The USGS has been given the Kevin J. Neese Award by the GRA. The award recognizes USGS for their significant contribution to the “understanding, development, protection and management of groundwater” resulting from their report on groundwater availability in California’s Central Valley. The report can be found at http://pubs.usgs. gov/pp/1766/. Safe Drinking Water Act 101 A new Safe Drinking Water Act 101 module has been posted on EPA’s Drinking Water Academy web site. For more info., go to http://www.epa.gov/ safewater/dwa/training.html#two. EPA’s ETV Program EPA’s Environmental Technology Verification (ETV) Program has veri- fied the performance of 420 innovative environmental technologies that can be used to monitor, prevent, control, and clean up pollution. For more about the Figure 1 from Fact Sheet 2009-3015. Principal aquifers and locations of 15 basins program and a full list of ETV verifica- previously studied by the NAWQA Program in the Southwest Principal Aquifers tions, visit: http://www.epa.gov/etv/ study area. verifiedtechnologies.html. Continued on the following page…

HydroVisions – SPRING 2010 | Page 20 Federal Legislative & Regulatory Corner

The Federal Corner – Continued Arsenic Removal from Drinking Water by Coagulation/Filtration This EPA report (EPA/600/R-09/113) documents the activities performed during, and the results obtained from, the arsenic removal treatment technology demonstration project at the City of Three Forks, MT facility. The objectives of the project were to evaluate: 1) the effectiveness of Kinetico’s FM-248-AS Arsenic Removal System using Mac- rolite® media in removing arsenic to meet the maximum contaminant level (MCL) of 10 μg/L, 2) the reliability of the treatment system for use at small water facilities, 3) the required system operation and maintenance (O&M) and operator skill levels, and 4) the capital and O&M cost of the technology. The project also characterized water in the distribution system and residuals gener- Schematic illustration of contamination associated with a DNAPL release. Note ated by the treatment process. The types that DNAPL migrates in three dimensions, and that residual DNAPL accumulated of data collected included system op- above bedrock is the result of the release at ground surface. Figure is not to scale. eration, water quality, process residuals, and capital and O&M cost. For more info., go to: http://www.epa.gov/nrmrl/ pubs/600r09113/600r09113.pdf. Clean-Up Information and Free Web-based Seminars EPA’s Hazardous Waste Clean-Up In- formation (CLU-IN) web site provides a wealth of information about innovative treatment technologies to the hazardous waste remediation community. It describes programs, organizations, publications and other tools for federal and state personnel, consulting engineers, technology developers and vendors, remediation contractors, researchers, community groups, and individual citi- zens. The site was developed by the EPA but is intended as a forum for all waste remediation stakeholders. CLU-IN’s ongoing series of Internet Seminars are free, web-based slide presentations. For more information about CLU-IN, registration for upcoming Internet Seminars, or viewing of achieved seminars, please go to http://www.clu-in.org/training/. Continued on the following page…

HydroVisions – SPRING 2010 | Page 21 Federal Legislative & Regulatory Corner

The Federal Corner – Continued Assessment and Delineation USGS Studies Reveal Why wells in four aquifers in California, of DNAPL Source Zones at Drinking Water Wells are Connecticut, Nebraska and Florida. Hazardous Waste Sites Vulnerable to Contamination The importance of each factor differs among the various aquifer settings, de- Groundwater contamination from New USGS groundwater studies pending upon natural geology and local classes of chemicals such as chlorinated explain what, when, and how contami- aquifer conditions, as well as human solvents, polychlorinated biphenyls, nants may reach public-supply wells. activities related to land use and well creosote, and coal tar is frequently en- All wells are not equally vulnerable to construction and operation. Findings in countered at hazardous waste sites. This contamination because of differences the four different aquifer systems can be EPA document (EPA/600/R-09/119) in three factors: the general chemistry applied to similar aquifer settings and builds on information from previous of the aquifer, groundwater age, and wells throughout the nation. Complete fact sheets to provide a framework direct paths within aquifer systems findings, fact sheets, maps and decision for not only assessing the presence of that allow water and contaminants to support tools are available. Dense Non-Aqueous Phase Liquids reach a well. More than 100 million John Ungvarsky is an Environmen- (DNAPLs), but also for delineating the people in the United States receive their tal Scientist at the U.S. Environmental spatial extent of the DNAPL source drinking water from public groundwa- Protection Agency, Region 9. He works zone, a priority at many sites due to the ter systems, which can be vulnerable in the Water Division’s Ground Water more prevalent use of in-situ remedia- to naturally occurring contaminants Office and oversees source water pro- tion technologies. For more info., go such as radon, uranium, arsenic, and tection efforts in CA, HI, and NV. For to: http://www.epa.gov/ada/download/ man-made compounds, including fer- information on any of the above topics, issue/600r09119.pdf. tilizers, septic-tank leachate, solvents please contact John at 415-972-3963 and gasoline hydrocarbons. The USGS or [email protected]. Defense Department Issues tracked the movement of contaminants Major Policy on Uses of in groundwater and in public-supply Hexavalent Chromium In an April 2009 memorandum, Under Secretary of Defense for Acqui- sition, Technology & Logistics John Roscoe Moss Company J. Young Jr. outlined a new, more re- We make water work strictive approach for the Department worldwide. of Defense’s (DoD) use of hexavalent chromium. Hexavalent chromium is critical in preventing corrosion and increasing durability in many of DoD’s weapons systems, platforms, and operations. With the potential human health and environmental issues, increasing regulatory restrictions, and potential disruptions to DoD supply chains in mind, the Under Secretary called for a number of DoD actions. For the full story, see: http://www.ndcee.ctc.com/ newsletters/NDCEE_summer_fall%20 09%20newsletter.pdf.

No single screen type is appropriate for all wells. Roscoe Moss Company is the only manufacturer in the world producing shutter screen, continuous slot screen, bridge slot screen, and slotted pipe. This ensures that Roscoe Moss Company’s customers receive unbiased technical assistance directed toward solving their specific problems.

HydroVisions – SPRING 2010 | Page 22 125763 SWH3 AD.indd 1 12/29/06 1:51:55 PM Chemist’s Corner

Falling through the Cracks – Sample Prep By Bart Simmons

once participated in a U.C. Davis protocol. Using the proper technique used. Another approach is to scale-up extension class on environmental is critical for some methods, includ- the test procedure to use a larger mass Ianalytical techniques organized by ing metals analysis, that ultimately of sample and more reagents, but that the late Charlie Soderquist. A speaker require only 1-2 g of prepared sample. results in increased lab waste and a from the State Water Board stressed the If a sample has not been adequately requirement to validate the scaled-up importance of including sediment in homogenized, the 1-2 g sample will not procedure. testing water samples. Charlie’s response be representative of the entire sample. Accredited labs should be reporting was that their lab would routinely filter If the data are to be used in litiga- the sample preparation procedure in a water sample and toss the solids. tion, the consequences can be dire. I the final lab report, but often do not. Charlie was certainly a competent once worked on a project involving As a result, there may be no written chemist representing a competent lab, groundwater with floating petroleum record of how the sample was actually but the lesson was significant and is still distillate. The Deputy Attorney Gen- handled. Sample prep. can be specified valid today. Test results can be biased or eral handling the case required that the in a sampling and analysis plan, but invalidated by using the wrong sample TCLP sample prep be strictly followed, that does little good if the plan is not preparation technique. EPA methods, which required re-testing that would shared with the lab in advance, or if such as those in SW-846, are often silent not normally be done. there is no oversight of the testing. on sample preparation, leaving deci- Auto shredder residue is an example sions to the lab. The client is sometimes Sample preparation is a critical, but of a difficult material to prepare, and contacted, and sometimes not. often overlooked part of the testing several procedures have been devel- process, which often falls through the Heterogeneous samples are par- oped to handle that material. There cracks. ticularly challenging for sample prep. are industrial-sized grinders that can Water with dense or light non-aqueous reduce shredder residue to the desired Bart Simmons can be reached at liquids, water with suspended solids, size, but they are only occasionally [email protected]. and heterogeneous waste samples, all present a problem to the lab. Some protocols, like the EPA Toxicity Char- acteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) and the California Waste Extraction Test (WET), include specific sample preparation procedures, but these procedures are not routinely followed. For example, the WET calls for grinding solids until they pass a 2 mm sieve (for metals) or a 1 mm sieve (for organics). Most environmental labs do not even have the grinders needed to follow the

HydroVisions – SPRING 2010 | Page 23 Hydro-History Corner

Mining the California Water Atlas

By Paul Atwood, Archivist & Head of Technical Services, Water Resources Center Archives

he Water Resources Center Ar- Now over 30 years old, the atlas is highly relevant and germane to today’s chives (WRCA) is pleased to an- issues and will undoubtedly remain so for a long time to come. Tnounce that the California Water Atlas, a monument of 20th century car- tographic design, is now freely available online. Produced by the California Gov- ernor’s Office of Planning and Research (OPR) in 1979, this work features an impressive amount of data and a variety of innovative and effective visual presentations. The artistic representa- tions of data and geography provide an accessible means for understanding the State’s complex water issues. The atlas received numerous rave reviews upon publication. For example, the San Francisco Chronicle stated, “It seeks for the first time—in text written by some of the country’s top water experts, and illustrated by artful graphs, plots, charts, and maps—to tell the full story of California Waterscape. Pages (70)-(71). Shows major cities and towns, selected the element that more than any other has water conveyance features, coastal salt marsh, wild and scenic rivers, and intermit- shaped California: water.” The original tent lakes and reservoirs. Has a table of Conveyance Features keyed to map. work was a collaborative effort involving many individuals within and outside of the government of then-Governor Edmund G. (Jerry) Brown, Jr., including William L. Kahrl, Project Director and Editor; William A. Bowen, Cartography Team Director; Stewart Brand, Advisory Group Chairman; Marlyn L. Shelton, Research Team Director; David L. Fuller and Donald A. Ryan, Principal Cartog- raphers; and many others. WRCA worked collaboratively with OPR and the David Rumsey Historical Map Collection to produce the digital atlas. The atlas was scanned at a very high resolution, revealing images that can be explored in striking detail. High-resolution images of each page and lower-resolution PDFs of the entire atlas are available at the Measured and Unimpaired Streamflows. Water Year 1975.» Pages (60)-(61). Graphi- Rumsey website. An online flip-book and cally compares unimpaired and impaired monthly streamflows for numerous streams. other electronic versions (e.g., Kindle) are also available from the Internet Archive. Follow WRCA http://www.davidrumsey.com/ On Water blog: http://blogs.lib.berkeley.edu/wrca.php luna/servlet/view/search?q=5788 Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/pages/Berkeley-CA/Water-Resources- http://www.archive.org/details/The_Cali- Center-Archives/163647453707 fornia_Water_Atlas Website: http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/WRCA/

HydroVisions – SPRING 2010 | Page 24 Organizational Corner

GRA Welcomes the Following New Members

November 26, 2009 – February 16, 2010

Adams, Jeffrey ENGEO Incorporated Miller, Jeff E2ManageTech Aviles, Cathy Moore, Gary E-PUR, LLC Bacsik, Mike Locus Technologies Morra, Dillon Kennedy/Jenks Consultants Balasek, Kurt BSK Associates Morse, Lee Condor Earth Bice, Nancy Geosyntec Consultants Technologies, Inc. Blamer, Duane Ninyo & Moore O’Regan, Gerald Santa Clara County Cachine, Jamie MWH Americas, Inc. Department of Chappell, Keri Environmental Environmental Health Resolutions, Inc. Plaskett, Mandy Sacramento State University Choi, Tony Placer Data LLC Ptacek, Bob Montara Water and Churchill, Alan Padre Associates, Inc. Sanitary District Copeland, Elizabeth (Beth) E-PUR, LLC Pyatt, Ellen Taber Consultants Depies, Kevin Cal EPA, DTSC Reiss, Glenn Vapor Tech Services DeWitt, Alex Condor Earth Roll, Laura Larry Walker Associates Technologies, Inc. Rosen, Suzi Regenesis Draganic, Miljan ARCADIS U.S., Inc. Schmidt, Calla University of California, Dunwoody, Joseph TYBRIN Corporation Santa Cruz Duplan, Neno Locus Technologies Slater Carter, Kathryn Montara Water and Fears, Rick Cal EPA, DTSC Sanitary District Gurdak, Jason San Francisco State Smaira, Nicholas Central Valley Regional University Water Quality Control Board Haeri, Hanieh University of California, Steele, Albert Davis Strandberg, John Strandberg Associates Hagemann, Matt SWAPE Tellegen, Gwen Leighton Consulting, Inc./ Hannell, Bill SunStar Laboratories Accts Payable Heldmaier, Clemens Montara Water and Valdivia, Andrea ARCADIS U.S., Inc. Sanitary District Vazquez, Misty Golder Associates Inc. Herzog, Greg Riverside Public Utilities Vivas, James Cal EPA DTSC Hillstrand, Andrew Boart Longyear, Waldman, Allen WSP Environment & Energy Environmental & Wendell, Daniel RMC Water and Infrastructure Environment House, Brian MWH Wolf, MJR Johnson, Christopher Aegis Groundwater Consulting, LLC Jones, Tony Ground Zone Environmental Services Inc. Keating, Patrick Gregg Drilling & Testing, Inc. Kullen, Lisa Lake, Kimberly Johnson Wright, Inc. Liang, Angela Geosyntec Consultants Lucas, Ryan Sierra Nevada Research Institute/UC Merced Marcus, Barry Sacramento County Environmental Compliance Div. McDade, Cathy Water Resources Control Board Medina, Diana Daniel B. Stephens & Associates, Inc. Medrano Jr., Renato Cal EPA, DTSC

HydroVisions – SPRING 2010 | Page 25 Organizational Corner

2010 Contributors to GRA – Thank You

Founder ($1,000 and up) Jacob Gallagher Lee Morse Wildermuth Environmental Brownstein Hyatt Mark Grivetti Alec Naugle Gus Yates Farber Schreck Gary Halbert Joseph Oliver Frederick Yukic DrawingBoard Studios Thomas Harder Tim Parker Anthony Zampiello Nossaman LLP Hopkins Groundwater PES Environmental, Inc. William Zavora Roscoe Moss Company Consultants, Inc. Steven Phillips Ryan Zukor Kelly Houston Bryan Pilkington Patron ($500-$999) HydroFocus, Inc. Iris Priestaf Supporter Carol Kendall Eric Reichard Megan Abadie Corporate ($250-$499) Jo Anne Kipps William Sedlak Angela Carmi David Abbott Taras Kruk Pawan Sharma Jeffrey Davids AMEC Geomatrix Bruce Lewis Marc Silva Joni Kropf LFR Inc. Robert Martin Linda Spencer Robert Niblack Luhdorff & Scalmanini John McAssey Phyllis Stanin Laura Roll Consulting Engineers Sally McCraven Versar, Inc. Tim Rumbolz MACTEC Engineering Peter Mesard Daniel Wendell Allen Waldman & Consulting, Inc. Jean Moran Malcolm Pirnie Parker Groundwater Bob Van Valer Charter ($100-$249) Renew Your Membership Online – Aegis Groundwater Consulting, LLC It’s Quick and Easy Jeriann Alexander Charles Almestad t’s time to renew your GRA membership for 2010. You can renew online via Stanley Feenstra GRA’s Web site, www.grac.org, or you can request a hard copy dues renewal Brian Wagner Iinvoice from Kevin Blatt at [email protected]. To save time and effort, GRA recommends that you renew online as the process is secure and seamless. It will also Sponsor ($25-$99) help GRA to keep related expenses to a minimum. AECOM Richard Amano As GRA entered 2010 with nearly 1,300 members, the goal of having 1,400 Cathy Aviles members by the end of 2010 is attainable. To make this happen, please renew your Thomas Ballard membership and recruit one new member to GRA. Recruiting a new member is a Jenifer Beatty way to introduce your colleagues to a credible, innovative organization that provides Duane Blamer many benefits. Richard Booth Thank you for your interest and continued participation in protecting and improv- Kevin J. Brown ing California’s groundwater resources. BSK Associates Steve Campbell Bob Cleary Nova Clite Condor Earth Technologies, Inc. 2010 Directors Election Results Timothy Crandall Jessica Donovan he election for GRA’s 2010 Board of Directors is officially completed. Board incum- EMAX Laboratories, Inc. bents David Abbott, Roy Herndon, Sarah Raker and James Strandberg were re-elected. Martin Feeney TBrad Herrema was elected as a new director. All Directors elected for 2010 will serve Fred Flint three-year terms ending in 2012. John Fortuna Alvin Franks Stephanie Hastings retired from the Board at the end of 2009. GRA extends its sincere Scott Furnas appreciation to Stephanie for her dedicated service.

HydroVisions – SPRING 2010 | Page 26 Feature

GRA Requests Nominations for the 2010 “Lifetime Achievement” and “Kevin J. Neese” Awards

he purpose of the GRA Awards the Lifetime Achievement Award have • 2006 – Senator Sheila Kuehl for her Program is to recognize note- dedicated their lives to the groundwa- work to improve the production and Tworthy projects and exceptional ter industry and have been pioneers in availability of information about the individual contributions related to the their field of expertise. state of our groundwater resources, understanding, protection, and man- information on which reasonable Previous Lifetime Achievement Award agement of groundwater resources. and sensible groundwater manage- winners include: The objectives of the annual Awards ment may be developed. Program are: • 2009 - Dr. T.N. Narasimhan • 2004 – California Department of 1. To provide recognition to individu- • 2008 - Dr. Perry L. McCarty Water Resources for publication in als who have demonstrated leader- • 2007 - Dr. Herman Bouwer 2003 of its updated Bulletin 118: ship and continuous dedication in “California’s Groundwater.” • 2006 - Glenn A. Brown groundwater hydrology; • 2005 - Dr. Luna P. Leopold • 2002 – Glenn County Water Advi- 2. To provide recognition for unique sory Committee for formulating a contributions to groundwater hy- • 2004 - Dr. John D. Bredehoeft significant groundwater management drology in 2009-2010. • 2003 - Rita Schmidt Sudman ordinance that was adopted by the Glenn County Board of Supervisors. All nominations for the Lifetime • 2002 - Thomas W. Dibblee Achievement and Kevin J. Neese • 2001 - Carl J. Hauge • 2001 – American River Basin Co- Awards must be received by David W. operating Agencies and Sacramento Abbott at [email protected] • 2000 - Dr. Joseph H. Birman Groundwater Authority Partnership no later than Friday June 25, 2010. • 1999 - Dr. David Keith Todd for fostering the understanding and development of a cooperative approach Nominations should be completed • 1998 - Eugene E. Luhdorff, Jr. to regional planning, protection and using the nomination forms available KEVIN J. NEESE: recognizes sig- management of groundwater. on the GRA website at http://www. nificant accomplishment by a person or grac.org/awards.asp. Nominations • 2000 – Board of Directors of the entity within the most recent 12-month should: not exceed one page, identify Chino Basin Watermaster for de- period that fosters the understanding, the award for which the nomination livering a remarkable OBMP that development, protection, or manage- is made, and include justification for created a consensus-based approach ment of groundwater. the award based on the criteria listed for making water supplies in the below. Previous Kevin J. Neese Award win- Chino Basin more reliable and cost ners include: effective. The GRA Awards will be presented to the recipients selected by the GRA • 2009 - USGS California Water Sci- • 1999 – Governor Gray Davis for his Board of Directors at 19th GRA An- ence Center for the report titled work and leadership in addressing nual Meeting in Burlingame, September “Groundwater Availability of the MTBE. 15-16, 2010. Central Valley Aquifer” (USGS Pro- fessional Paper 1766). Awards • 2008 – Orange County Water Dis- Lifetime Achievement: presented to trict for its Groundwater Replenish- individuals for their exemplary contri- ment System (GRS), a new water butions to the groundwater industry, purification plant that produces 70 and contributions that have been in the MGD of near-distilled-quality water spirit of GRA’s mission and organiza- each day. tion objectives. Individuals that receive

HydroVisions – SPRING 2010 | Page 27 Feature

CORE Foundation Takes Off Murray Einarson Wins National onsultants, Owners, Regulators, Another CORE objective is to assist Groundwater and Enviro-vendors (CORE) was the UST Fund and other regulatory Cfounded in 2009 as a non-profit agencies in encouraging site closure. Technology Award organization. The founders recognized Many cases open for decades should the challenges facing the California Un- be closed on the basis of science and urray D. Einarson, principal derground Storage Tank Cleanup Fund engineering data, exposure pathway hydrogeologist with AMEC (Fund) as a major threat to the viability evaluations, risk analysis, economics Geomatrix, has been se- and existence of the independent envi- and common sense. M lected by the National Ground Water ronmental consulting companies, and CORE joined forces with the Association (NGWA) for its prestigious formed CORE to find ways to streamline California Council of Geoscience Technology Award for 2009. The Tech- the processes involved and solve many of Organizations (CCGO; www.ccgo. nology Award is presented annually to the problems the Fund was facing. org), which held the 10th annual Sac- the individual who has made the most The Fund is financed by fees levied ramento Drive-In on May 28, 2009. significant contribution to the ground- on underground petroleum storage CORE’s interest in supporting CCGO water industry in the development of facilities within California and has col- is their emphasis on encouraging the ideas; tools and equipment; innova- lected about $250 million per year. In highest professional standards in the tive well-construction techniques; the late 2008, the Fund reserves had been environmental and engineering fields. sharing of such developments; and the depleted and 1,550 C class claims were Although the Board for Geologists and protection of groundwater resources suspended from payment in 2009. At Geophysicists (BGG) was eliminated in and the consuming public. the same time, many of the reimburse- July 2009, CORE supported the efforts Einarson has over 25 years of expe- ment payments to the claimants suf- to inform the geologists, legislators rience in the development, testing and fered significant delays. and the public of the need for strong application of innovative approaches professional licensure needed for envi- After just one year of operation, and technologies for cost-effective en- ronmental and engineering profession- CORE achieved significant results as vironmental site characterization and als. The next Sacramento Drive-In is it helped shape changes in the way the remediation. The award nomination planned for March 25, 2010. Fund conducts business and ensures the notes that Einarson “lives and breathes improvement of the Fund performance The December 8, 2009 CORE board his subject, [and] radiates his interest and liquidity. After numerous meetings meeting in Oakland included the elec- and ideas to others in an infectious man- in Sacramento, the Task Force found tion of 2010 CORE officers. CORE co- ner….” He has authored many publica- areas for cost savings, and was able to founder Jim Jacobs of Environmental Bio- tions that have influenced groundwater influence the increase in the tank stor- Systems, Inc. of Mill Valley is President; monitoring strategies, obtained patents age fee; consequently, the suspension of Ami Adini of Ami Adini and Associates of for a multi-level monitoring well appa- C class claims was lifted. Los Angeles is Vice President; Fred Ousey ratus and new soil-sampling techniques, of EnviroTech Services Company of Mar- given lectures to various governmental CORE worked with others towards the tinez is Secretary and CORE co-founder agencies, and participated in national successful passage of legislation AB 1188 Jim Arnold of The Arnold Law Practice of efforts involving site assessment tools (Ruskin), which is estimated to bring in an San Francisco is Treasurer. Rick Johnson for underground fuel storage tanks and additional $80 to $100 million per year to of Milestone Lending Group is the Mem- characterization of subsurface releases the Fund. The legislation also provides for bership/Finances Chairman. Elie Basal of of gasoline containing MTBE. reimbursement of the cost of bridge financ- Ami Adini and Associates is the CORE ing for approved remedial work, enabling GRA congratulates Murray Ein- Technical Advisor. consultants to continue with approved re- arson for receiving this well-deserved mediation activities without major finan- CORE information is available award. cial constraints. CORE also has formed on two web sites (www.ebsinfo.com relationships with financial institutions to and www.remediationshop.com). A provide its members with financing and dedicated CORE website is under funding information for cleanups. CORE construction. For membership is working on the important task of col- information, please contact Jim lateralization of reimbursement claims to Jacobs ([email protected]; enable private lenders or banks to more 415 381-5195) or Jim Arnold easily loan money to owners/operators or ([email protected]; 925-284- consultants for remediation projects. 8887).

HydroVisions – SPRING 2010 | Page 28 Branch Highlights

Sacramento

By Tom Ballard, Branch Secretary

t the November meeting of the gold in the past 6,000 years; 90 percent Sacramento Branch, Rodney has been produced since discovery of AFricke, Environmental Special- gold in the California Mother Lode. ist for Aerojet Site Remediation gave Mr. Cochrane discussed the status of a presentation on gaseous electron the Mother Lode today and the chal- donor injection technology (GEDIT) lenges of developing narrow-vein gold biodegradation of perchlorate and ni- deposits that still exist in the Mother trate in the vadose zone at a number of Lode using, by means of example, Sutter test sites at the Aerojet facility located Gold Mining Company’s Lincoln Proj- in Rancho Cordova. Mr. Fricke is a ect. Previously focused on exploration Certified Hydrogeologist (#11) with and development, Sutter Gold is poised over 30 years of experience in studies Mining Co. Mr. Cochrane, P.G., C. E.G., to become an emerging gold producer of groundwater contamination and has 30 years of consulting and operating focusing initial production efforts on evaluations of groundwater resources experience with many industries includ- the Lincoln Project, located in a 10- in California and Nevada. ing mining, manufacturing, oil and gas, mile long section of the Mother Lode in Amador County. Historically, this The GEDIT process was tested in timber, energy, land development, real section of the Mother Lode produced the upper 50 feet of the vadose zone estate, and waste management and over seven million ounces of gold. beneath the Propellant Burn Area at resource recovery. He and his family The Company has identified inferred Aerojet’s inactive test site. The GEDIT have resided in the Mother Lode since and indicated resources including over demonstration project was done by settling there in 1992. Mr. Cochrane 680,000 ounces of gold from near-term CDM, beginning in 2006 with soil is responsible for the development and targets within the 3.6 mile segment of sampling and column testing to evalu- implementation of the Company’s envi- the Mother Lode controlled by Sutter ate gaseous electron donors. Injection ronmental and health and safety operat- Gold Mining Co. Three dimensional wells and probes were installed to ing policies and programs, and is work- illustrations of the projected mine evaluate the pneumatic zone of influ- ing to secure the remaining operating workings, geology and ore shoots gave ence. GEDIT was tested during 2008 and construction permits and approvals a unique perspective on the anticipated at an injection rate of 100 cubic feet needed for the Lincoln Project. He also mine development. per hour, including a 5-month period supports the ongoing data collection with a mixture of nitrogen, hydrogen, and analysis to further define the geol- propane, and carbon dioxide; and a ogy, hydrogeology, mineral resources, 3-month period with propane. The tar- ore processing and project economics get area was a 10-foot radius of influ- for the development and production of ence; post-test soil sampling indicates the Lincoln Project. that average destruction exceeded 90% Mr. Cochrane started his talk by giv- for both perchlorate and nitrate. ing an overview of the geology of the The December Branch meeting was Mother Lode as seen through the eyes held jointly with the Sacramento Chap- of early geologic researchers and min- ter of the Association of Environmental ers, and also from the view of modern and Engineering Geologists (AEG), researchers and miners. Stretching for which resulted in a capacity crowd and 120 miles along the Sierra foothills and excellent networking opportunities for crossing five counties, the California all attendees. The traditional holiday Mother Lode produced over 13 mil- raffle to benefit geology students in lion ounces of gold. Discovery of gold the Sacramento area received generous in California’s Mother Lode over 160 support from the meeting attendees. years ago initiated an unprecedented expansion into California and the December’s talk was given by David Western United States. The California Cochrane, Vice President – Environ- Gold Rush also ushered in a new era in ment, Health and Safety for Sutter Gold the global gold mining industry, which Mining, Inc., the parent to Sutter Gold has produced over 125,000 tonnes of

HydroVisions – SPRING 2010 | Page 29 Branch Highlights

San Francisco

By John Karachewski, Branch Secretary

r. W. Richard Laton from this work, Dr. Laton and his students California State University at made an important contribution by DFullerton provided his William identifying four promising areas for A. McEllhiney Distinguished Lecture aquifer recharge. They also illustrated “Boring Logs—What’s Important and how converting static paper logs into a What’s Not: A Scientific Viewpoint” on digital database will allow the agency October 21, 2009. Dr. Laton started by to significantly improve its groundwa- discussing the history of William A. ter management and decision making. McEllhiney, who was the founding Dr. Laton concluded his presentation Photo by John Karachewski president of the National Ground Wa- by discussing future trends in data ter Association in 1948, and a ground- visualization and analysis. His lecture of this development was oxidation water contractor and civil engineer. slides can be downloaded at: http:// of the peat deposits and associated He then provided an overview on the groundwater.fullerton.edu/Ground- subsidence of the islands. Recent Light importance of boring logs in the water water_Web/2009_McEllhiney_Lec- Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) data supply, environmental, geotechnical, turer_files/2009%20McEllhiney%20 shows that some of the islands are as and oil and gas industries. Dr. Laton Laton%20PPT08ss.pdf. low as 30 feet below sea level. Thus, discussed issues associated with con- Dr. Jeffrey Mount from UC Davis California’s water supply system de- fidentiality of well logs in California presented “Breaking the Weak Link in pends on a fragile levee network that and provided a contrast with many California’s Water Supply System (and was not engineered for rising sea levels, other states that make this information some options for fixing it)” on Novem- intense winter floods, subsidence or available online. Boring logs provide ber 18. Dr. Mount is a leading expert earthquake hazards. Dr. Mount indi- critical information because “you only on the Delta and has spoken about the cated that the modern Delta is unstable get one chance to collect the data, the past, present, and future of this com- and near a tipping point due to a high data will outlive the well/boring, and plex physical and biological system to probability of levee failure. Failure of future decisions will be based on this the governor, legislature, mayors, as the aging levee system could result in data.” He compared examples of logs well as federal and state officials. He catastrophic loss of this primary supply with detailed geologic descriptions with has also appeared on “60 Minutes” of fresh water at an economic cost that several entertaining and bad examples, and National Public Radio (NPR). The could exceed $80 billion or more. Dr. such as “sand and granite from 200 to Delta is really an estuary which has Mount concluded that future changes 250 feet.” Next, he outlined the critical been modified by human activity and to the Delta will be irreversible and parameters and procedures required to is NOT sustainable for future water that the system will trend towards an prepare detailed boring logs. Dr. Laton supply, even though agriculture and open water “Chesapeake Bay” model. stressed that great software for publish- over 25 million people in the San Fran- Changes to the Delta will harm water ing logs does not substitute for detailed cisco Bay Area, San Joaquin Valley, and users but may benefit fish because observations of continuous core and Southern California rely on this critical export pumping of fresh water will notes in the field! The presentation then resource. The dynamic Delta of the cease due to inundation of the area by transitioned to provide an interesting past reflected a balance between Ho- salt water. Californians face stark and case history for an aquifer recharge locene sea level rise versus deposition costly decisions, but the “Peripheral project being conducted by the Mojave of sediment and accumulation of peat. Canal” is probably the best option for Water Agency. Dr. Laton and his stu- The historic Delta also was known for addressing future water supply and dents collected many boxes of paper one of the most diverse and abundant ecological challenges. boring logs and organized and digitized salmon runs in the western US. After the water agency’s logs of 27,000 wells completion of the transcontinental rail- scattered throughout a 5,000 square road in 1869, many Chinese laborers mile area. Over several years, the stu- found new employment constructing dents identified hydrofacies, created a levees for agricultural development in database, provided quality assurance the 700,000-acre Delta. Over 1,100 for the logs, and plotted cross-sections, miles of levees were constructed and first by hand and then by using soft- 95% of the area was reclaimed and ware, to construct 3D models of the drained. An unintended consequence regional hydrostratigraphy. Based on HydroVisions – SPRING 2010 | Page 30 Branch Highlights

months and will continue to collabo- San Joaquin Valley rate on other activities. We plan to join Southern California forces once again on a follow-up to our By Bill Pipes, very successful symposium last fall on By Paul Parmentier, Past President the topic of groundwater withdrawal- Branch Secretary induced land subsidence (see summary am pleased to announce new of- article in this issue). he December 9th meeting of the ficers for the GRA San Joaquin Southern CA Branch included a IValley Branch starting in 2010. The We kicked off the New Year with a Tpresentation by Dr. Randal Or- new Branch President is Chris Johnson, meeting on January 20. Our speaker ton, Resource Conservation Manager PG, CHg, of Aegis Groundwater Con- for this meeting was Loren Harlow, PE, at the Las Virgenes Municipal Water sulting in Fresno. I have known Chris Attorney at Law, and former Assistant District, a water supply and treatment for about 20 years and I know he will Executive Director of the RWQCB, agency in the Malibu Creek watershed. be bringing new energy and some great Central Valley Region. His topic was During this engaging talk punctuated ideas for improving the branch. He’s a “Water 2010: Statutes, Bonds, Orders by active audience questioning, Dr. Or- proud graduate of Fresno State and a & Decisions That Will Impact the Cen- ton presented technical arguments that well known consulting hydrogeologist tral Valley,” which included updates on the Monterey Formation is contribut- in the region. Joining Chris will be Al the California Water Deal of 2009, the ing a unique geochemical signature to Steele, PG, CHg as Vice President; Al Central Valley Salinity Alternatives for groundwater and surface waters in the just retired from the DWR, where he Long Term Sustainability (CV-SALTS) Malibu Creek Watershed. The Miocene was an Engineering Geologist working program, new trends in discharge marine sedimentary Monterey forma- out of the Fresno office. New officers requirements and Master Reclamation tion is well known for oil production at Secretary and Treasurer are Matt Permits for wastewater facilities, and in many areas of the site, but is also a Hutson, PG, the Environmental Group the Dairy General Order for existing significant source of rock phosphorus. Manager at BSK Associates in Fresno, milk cow dairies in the Central Valley. Although groundwater is not typically and Dave Bean, PG, CHg, Principal Plan to attend our meetings – and used directly in the watershed due to Hydrogeologist at AMEC Geomatrix to become a member of the Branch. poor quality (with well names like “Old in Fresno. This highly qualified team We generally hold dinner meetings in stinky” and “sulfur springs”), ground- has decades of groundwater experience Fresno on the third Thursday evening water is the main flow contributor to in the San Joaquin Valley – I look for- of the month (both GRA and AEG); the the creek during the summer months. ward to transitioning to the new team next GRA meeting will be in March. Areas of outcropping Monterey in and helping them grow the Branch. Meeting notices are sent by mail and the watershed appear strongly cor- For 2010, we are continuing our email, and notices are posted on the related with higher concentrations of affiliation with the newly formed San GRA website (www.grac.org). If you metal, phosphorus, sulfate, TDS and Joaquin Valley Chapter of the Associa- would like to be on our mailing/emailing TOC. Dr. Orton presented a detailed tion of Environmental & Engineering list, please contact Matt Hutson at (559) analysis of seasonal variations from Geologists (AEG). We have planned 497-2880 or [email protected]. historic monitoring data at 54 surface Branch/Chapter meetings on alternate water monitoring stations and from area-specific sampling within Monterey outcrops; he presented convincing arguments that the variations are not due 2010 Advertising Rates to potential impacts from man-made FULL COLOR WEB EDITION • 4 ISSUES ANNUALLY sources or general urbanization of the area. The identification of the source of localized high hydrogeochemical concentrations of some compounds as 1X 4X likely a natural occurrence is critical in Business Card Ad $95. $90. per decisions on discharge limits and on 1/3 Page Square $185. $160. per 1/2 Page Horizontal $365. $290. per impacts to water resources well known 2/3 Page Vertical $500. $400. per for exceptional natural and recreational Full Page $750. $600. per aquatic resources. The above prices assume advertisements are received as high resolution PDF files. Elections for the Southern California For Additional Information, visit GRA’s Web site at www.grac.org or contact Kathy Snelson, Branch were held and the program for GRA Executive Director, at [email protected] or 916-446-3626. 2010 has been outlined. TO ADVERTISE IN HYDROVISIONS CALL 916-446-3626 TODAY

HydroVisions – SPRING 2010 | Page 31 SWS Hydrovisions HGB ad.qxp 2/16/2010 9:44 AM Page 1

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West Walker River, Toiyabe National Forest

he Walker River is one of three drainages that originate in the Eastern Sierra Nevada, but that flow into terminal lakes in the Great Basin of Nevada. The West Walker River near Pickel TMeadow, shown in this photograph, is located north of Yosemite National Park and east of Sonora Pass. The valley of the West Walker River contained one of the largest glaciers east of the Sierran crest, and these deposits are especially well exposed near Sonora Junction at the intersection of highways 108 and 395. The West Walker River provides an excellent example of a linked surface water and groundwater system. The fall and winter are characterized by lower river discharge and decreasing water table elevations. In contrast, the melting snowpack in the spring and early summer contribute to higher river discharge and increasing water table elevations. Water table elevations can fluctuate by 5 to 10 feet or more during the year. In addition, river flooding and a rising water table also contribute to the formation of seasonal wetlands. The West Walker River was subject to an extreme El Niño event in January 1997. After accumulation of an early winter snowpack, intense January rain events led to catastrophic melting and flooding, which destroyed riparian habitats and 10 miles of highway 395. This major thoroughfare between Reno and Los Angeles was closed for 6 months to rebuild the roadway. The sediment carried by the river floods settled in Topaz Lake along the California-Nevada border and also adversely impacted the trout population. Photograph by John Karachewski, PhD (DTSC).

HydroVisions – SPRING 2010 | Page 33 Branch Contacts

Secretary: Matthew W. Hutson Central Coast San Francisco Bay Consulting Hydrogeologist (559) 994-5557 e-mail: [email protected] e-mail: [email protected] Treasurer: David M. Bean President: Brad Herrema President: Jim Jacobs AMECGeomatrix Brownstein Hyatt Farber Schreck Environmental Bio-Systems, Inc. (559) 264-2535 (805) 882-1493 (415) 381-5195 [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Past President: William V. Pipes Vice President: Louie Hengehold Vice President and Scholarship Chair: AMECGeomatrix Hopkins Groundwater Consultants John Karachewski (559) 264-2535 (805) 653-5306 Department of Toxic Substances Control [email protected] [email protected] (510) 540-4121 [email protected] Technical Advisory Member: Secretary: VACANT Barbara Houghton Secretary: Abigail McNally Houghton HydroGeolgic, Inc. Treasurer: Sam Schaefer Kiff Analytical, LLC (661) 398-2222 GEI Consultants, Bookman-Edmonston (530) 297-4808 [email protected] Division [email protected] (805) 729-4677 Technical Advisory Member: Gres Issinghoff [email protected] Treasurer: David Abbott RWQCB, Central Valley Region Todd Engineers (559) 488-4390 (510) 747-6920 [email protected] [email protected] Sacramento Technical Advisory Member: Bruce Myers Past President: William Motzer RWQCB, Central Valley Region (559) 488-4397 e-mail: [email protected] Todd Engineers (510) 747-6920 [email protected] President: David Von Aspern [email protected] Sacramento County EMD (916) 875-8467 Technical Advisory Member: James Ulrick [email protected] Ulrick & Associates Southern California (925) 376-3721 Vice President: Steve Lofholm [email protected] Golder Associates President: Emily Vavricka (916) 786-2424 Technical Advisory Member: Carol Kendall [email protected] [email protected] U.S. Geological Survey (650) 329-4576 Vice President: Bill Sedlak Secretary: John Ayres [email protected] Tetra Tech EC Brown + Caldwell (949) 756-7530 (916) 444-1023 South Bay Coordinator: Mark Wheeler [email protected] [email protected] Crawford Consulting (408) 287-9934 Secretary: Geniece Higgins Treasurer: Rodney Fricke [email protected] Orange County Health Care Agency Aerojet (714) 433-6263 (916) 355-5161 South Bay Technical Advisory Member: [email protected] [email protected] Fred Yukic Atlas Engineering Services, Incorporated Treasurer & Past President: Peter J. Murphy Technical Advisory Member, (831) 426-1440 Kennedy/Jenks Consultants Operations: Pat Dunn [email protected] (949) 261-1577 Dunn Environmental [email protected] (916) 941-3851 [email protected] San Joaquin Valley Technical Advisor: Toby Moore Golden State Water Company Technical Advisory Member, Scholastic: (714) 535-7711 Julie Friedman e-mail: [email protected] [email protected] City of Sacramento (916) 798-5074 President: Christopher S. Johnson Technical Advisor: Sheila Rogan [email protected] Aegis Groundwater Consulting (559) 801-1604 Tri Hydro (714) 399-1560 Technical Advisory Member: Kent Parrish [email protected] [email protected] URS (916) 679-2000 Vice President: Albert Steele Technical Advisor: Paul Parmentier [email protected] Retired, Former Engineering Geologist, CA Dept. of Water Resources Locus Technologies (714) 333-1752 Technical Advisory Member: Kevin Brown (559) 978-5721 [email protected] Geocon [email protected] (916) 852-9118 [email protected]

HydroVisions – SPRING 2010 | Page 34