Insect Survival and Social Networks

DISCOVERING DINOSAURS Lesson Plan

TARGET AUDIENCE Kindergarten and First Grade

STANDARDS VA grades K-1: Scientific investigation, reasoning and logic; Matter; and Life processes. MD grades K-1: Constructing knowledge; Applying evidence and reasoning; communicating scientific information; Technology. DC grades K-1: Scientific thinking and inquiry; Life science; and Physical science.

* See page 3 for an in-depth list of standards of learning covered in this program.

OVERARCHING GOAL To observe, and compare and contrast physical characteristics of dinosaurs.

STUDENT OBJECTIVES 1. Students will observe a variety of dinosaur parts. 2. Students will describe a variety of dinosaur characteristics. 3. Students will compare and contrast dinosaur parts.

STUDENT OUTCOMES 1. Students will list dinosaur characteristics. 2. Students will predict why a dinosaur has particular claws and teeth. 3. Students will list additional dinosaur characteristics observed in the Dinosaur Hall.

MATERIALS, RESOURCES, TIME, SPACE Materials: variety of dinosaur parts; dinosaur play “Are You My Mother?” Time: 40 minutes in the Discovery Room. Space: Discovery Room, Dinosaur Hall.

= denotes special needs lesson accommodations.

PROCEDURE Discussion/brainstorming with Docent: “What Is a Dinosaur”? (7 min.): Welcome school group and begin the brainstorming session by asking the following questions:

1 Have you ever seen a dinosaur? Where? When? Describe what a dinosaur might look like. Docent will write down or draw the characteristics of dinosaurs. Consider writing a heading called Fact or Fiction? or Real or Pretend? to get them to think about what is real and what is pretend. Color code the themes using the same letter as color name, for example “Real” in red and “Pretend” in purple. This will help with recall.

Explain that they are going to discover some of the parts of dinosaurs and see if we can figure out more about dinosaurs by looking at their body parts.

Puppet Show: “Are You My Mother?” (10 min.): The puppet show will be used to get students thinking about and focusing on the physical characteristics of different dinosaurs. Consider having the teacher or a chaperone play the part of the baby. Have the puppeteers pause when questions arise in the play script and ask the students what they think is the answer. Ask them to explain their answer by asking “how” or “why”. Conclude the play by telling the students that they will now have a chance to look at some of the dinosaur parts mentioned in the play. Ask them to see what they can learn from the different animal parts.

Hands-on Activity (15 min.): Students will rotate among centers that contain dinosaur parts. Students will be able to examine, compare and contrast, and discuss the objects in the center. Pictures of the entire dinosaur will be placed on the tables along with the objects to assist students recognize the dinosaur and the dinosaur parts.

Closure by Docent/Introduction to Post-Activity in Museum (3 min.): Thank the students and their teachers for coming. Explain that they are now going to go to the Dinosaur Hall to see life-sized dinosaurs. Just like the objects they looked at in this room, some of the dinosaurs in the Dinosaur Hall are real while others are models. Give them a challenge: How many other dinosaur parts can they find in the hall? Or: What else can they learn about dinosaurs by looking at the bones or models.

POST ACTIVITY – Dinosaur Hall 1. Compare and Contrast Size: How long is that dinosaur? Ask the students to predict how many classmates it will take to make a line the length of the dinosaur. Line up the students to find out whose prediction was closest. 2. Find the Dinosaur!: Find the dinosaurs mentioned in the Discovery Room activities. Dinosaurs in the play that are in the hall are Stegosaurus, Allosaurus and Diplodocus. Dinosaurs from the centers are: Hadrosaurus (bone), Tyrannosaurus Rex (tooth), Allosaurus (claw), Camarasaurus (tooth), Pachycephalosaurus (claw). 3. More characteristics: once the students find the dinosaurs from the activity in the hall, see how many more characteristics they can identify on the entire dinosaur.

2 STANDARDS VA Grades K-1  K.1: a) Basic properties of objects made by direct observation. b) Observations from different perspectives made. g) A question is developed from one or two observations.  K.2: a) Senses are used to gather information about objects.  K.4: a) Colors of objects are described. c) Texture and feel of objects are described. d) Relative size and weight are described.  K.6: c) Investigate that offspring of animals are similar but not identical to parents, one another.  1.1: a) Differences in physical properties are observed using senses. d) Observations are communicated orally. e) Predictions are made based on patterns of observation.  1.5: b) Students will understand that animals have specific physical characteristics that help it function in specific ways.

MD Grades K-1  Standard 1.A.1.a) Describe what can be learned about things by observing. b) Seek information through observations, exploration and investigation.  Standard 1.B.1.a) Provide reasons for accepting ideas. b) Develop reasonable explanations for observations made, share ideas and listen to other’s ideas.  Standard 1.C.1.a) Describe things as accurately as possible, compare observations with those of others. b) Describe things in terms of shape, texture, size, and color.  Standard 1.D.3. a) Explain that a model of something is different from the real thing but can be used to learn something about the real thing. b) Realize that one way to describe something is to say how it is like something.

DC Grades K-1  K.SI.3. Use senses to gather information.  K.PS.2. Investigate and compare physical properties of objects.  K.LS.2. Describe that animals are alike in some ways and different in others.  1.1.2. Investigate and make observations to seek answers to questions.  1.1.7. Describe and compare objects in terms of shape, texture, size, and color.  1.4.2. Observe and describe differences among individuals in same animal group.  1.4.4. Recognize that animals eat plants and/or other animals for food.

3 DISCOVERING DINOSAURS Background Information for the Teacher

The term “dinosaur” originates from the Greek words meaning “terrible lizard”. Sir Richard Owen invented the name 'dinosaur' in 1842. At that time, he had only three or four dinosaur skeletons to consider, but many hundreds more have been found since 1842. Since dinosaurs are no longer alive, it is necessary to study them based only on materials left behind including dinosaur bones, fossils, footprints, skin prints, and eggshells. Dinosaurs show a number of adaptations to a wide range of environments and conditions. There are many misconceptions about what the dinosaurs were. Dinosaurs were reptiles (horny or scaly skinned animals that lay eggs) which lived on land during the Mesozoic Era. The Mesozoic Era began 250 million years ago and ended 65 million years ago. The Mesozoic is further subdivided into three periods called the Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous. Fossils show that the dinosaurs originated during the mid to late Triassic, perhaps 230-235 million years ago, and they remained the dominant land animals for another 160 million years, until they died out at the end of the Cretaceous.

What the Dinosaurs Looked Like How do scientists know what the dinosaurs looked like? No-one can say for sure, but there is some evidence in the fossil record. The fossil record is a term used by paleontologists (scientists who study different forms of life in prehistoric times) to refer to the total number of fossils that have been discovered, as well as to the information derived from them. Scientists also make logical guesses about how dinosaurs looked based on studies of modern animals. When you see a color painting, or an animation, of a dinosaur as a living animal, it has been based on a series of steps in reconstruction:  The skeleton is rebuilt from the bones that are extracted, or removed, from the rock. This allows us to tell how large the dinosaurs were.

 The muscles can be laid on with some confidence, since each end of the muscle is fixed into the bone, and marks may be seen on the fossil bones that show where the muscles and bones were attached.

 Other soft parts, like the organs, eyeballs, tongue, and so on can be added partly by guesswork, and comparison with living animals.

 The skin texture may be reconstructed precisely for certain dinosaurs, since impressions of dinosaur skin have been fossilized. There are even a few rare cases of organic preservation of dinosaur skin.

4  The color is entirely guesswork. Was Tyrannosaurus blue with yellow spots, or did it have red stripes? No one knows for sure. Colors are based on modern animals and a bit of inspired imagination by the scientists and artists. Different Types of Dinosaurs Scientists have grouped the dinosaurs into a number of groups based on certain features of the dinosaurs including body structures and bones that they had. Four of the groups are the Sauropods, Therapods, Ornithopods, and Marginocephalians. The Sauropods were a group of herbivores, or plant-eating dinosaurs that had long necks, small brains, and large tails used partly to balance their long bodies. The word Sauropod means "Lizard Footed". They had thick, five-toed legs, blunt teeth, and nostrils very close to their eyes, which lead some scientists to believe that they sometimes went underwater. Apatosaurus, Diplodocus, and Brachiasaurus were all types of Sauropods. Theropods, (meaning "beast footed") were a group of quick-moving carnivores, or meat-eaters. They had grasping hands and claws on their "fingers". They walked upright on two feet, and had sharp teeth for tearing flesh. Their arms were short, in order to grasp prey. They were fast and had good eyesight, for hunting. They ranged greatly in size, and included most of the meat eating dinosaurs, from the chicken-sized Compsognathus, to the famous Tyrannosaurus. Ornithopods were a group of dinosaurs whose name means “bird feet”. They had a beak, and so some members of this group are described as being “duck-billed”. They either walked on two legs entirely or alternated between walking on two legs or walking on four legs depending on what they were doing and which type of walking would work best for that situation. They had no body armor, and no hole in the outer part of their lower jaws. Iguanodon, Hadrosaurus, and Lambeosaurus were all types of Ornithopods. Marginocephalia is a type of dinosaurs whose name means “fringed heads”. The special thing about this group is their distinctive skull structure. They have a shelf or bony frill at the top of their skull, and a unique palate (or part of the mouth). They ate plants. There were two groups of Marginocephalia. One of the groups was called the Ceratopsians, which were horned dinosaurs, such as Triceratops and Monoclonius. The second group of Marginocephalians was called Pachycephalosaurians, which were thick-skulled dinosaurs that walked upright. During the time period when the dinosaurs lived, there were other reptilian animals that were able to fly (Pterosaurs), as well as marine reptiles (such as the Ichthyosaurs and Plesiosaurs). No animal from either one of these two groups is considered to be a dinosaur. Extinction Dinosaurs remained the dominant land animals for approximately 165 million years. One the greatest unsolved mysteries is why the dinosaurs become extinct at the end of the Cretaceous period. It was not just the Dinosaurs that became extinct at this time; the giant flying reptiles (the pterosaurs), the large marine reptiles (such as the 5 plesiosaurs), the great spiraled ammonites and the microscopic sea plankton also became extinct. Because large numbers of species became extinct at one time, the end of the Cretaceous is identified as a mass extinction. This is a time when numerous species of organisms, which may or may not be related, died out. Many scientists have devoted their lives to explaining this strange event. Since all of these species became extinct at the same time, it seems likely that whatever happened to cause the dinosaurs and other animals to become extinct occurred on a large, global scale and was catastrophic. Numerous catastrophes that may have occurred have been suggested by scientists. The three most popular ideas are that the extinction was caused by global climate change, the impact of a meteorite, or intense volcanic activity. There is also very good evidence that shows that dinosaurs were in a gradual decline long before the end of the Cretaceous. Indeed, only approximately 30 species of dinosaur actually made it to the end of the Cretaceous. No one knows exactly what happened to the dinosaurs. Perhaps both the long-term and short-term occurrences interacted and resulted in the extinction of the dinosaurs.

World map showing what some types of dinosaurs found and where they are from.

Image courtesy of www.amaps.com

6 Glossary ammonite Noun. The coiled, chambered fossil shell of an extinct type of mollusk. carnivore Noun. An animal that eats meat. catastrophe Noun. A sudden and widespread disaster. Cretaceous Adjective. Pertaining to a period of the Mesozoic Era, from 140 million to 65 million years ago when dinosaurs lived on Earth. dinosaur Noun. An extinct land reptile living during the Mesozoic Era, from 140 million to 65 million years ago. extinct Adjective. No longer in existence; something that has died out. extract Verb. To get, pull, or draw out of something else. fossil Noun. Any remains, impressions, or traces of a living thing of a former geologic age, such as a skeleton or footprint. fossil record Noun. A term used to refer to the total number of fossils found, as well as the information learned from them. herbivore Noun. An animal that eats plants. Jurassic Adjective. Noting a period of the Mesozoic Era, occurring from 190 to 140 million years ago and during which time there was an abundance of dinosaurs and the beginning of birds and mammals. mass extinction Noun. The extinction of a large number of species within a relatively short period of geologic time. Mesozoic Adjective. Noting or pertaining to an era occurring between 230 and 65 million years ago, during which the dinosaurs appeared and became extinct. paleontology Noun. The science of the forms of life existing in previous geologic periods by studying their fossils. paleontologist Noun. A scientist who studies paleontology, or the forms of life existing in previous geologic periods by studying their fossils. prehistoric Adjective. Of a time before recorded, or written, history.

Resources 7 Suggested Books: DK Publishing. (1994). Big Book of Dinosaurs. New York, NY: DK Children. DK Publishing. (2006). First Dinosaur Encyclopedia. New York, NY: DK Children. Norman, David and Angela Milner. (2004). Eyewitness Dinosaurs. New York, NY: DK Children.

Suggested Websites: BBC Prehistoric Life http://www.bbc.co.uk/sn/prehistoric_life/ National Museum of Natural History Dinosaur Information http://paleobiology.si.edu/dinosaurs/index.html National Museum of Natural History Paleobiology Department http://www.nmnh.si.edu/paleo/

References Barrett, Paul. (2001). National Geographic Dinosaurs. Washington, DC: National Geographic Children’s Books. DK Publishing. (2006). Dinosaur Atlas. New York, NY: DK Children. Parker, Steve. (2003). Dinosaurus: The Complete Guide to Dinosaurs. New York, NY: Firefly.