ANSWER: Mario Vargas Llosa

1. He wrote about the chauffeur to the minister of security Cayo Bermudez, the dogcatcher Ambrosio Pardo, who meets the journalist Santiago Zavala in a bar. Along with Conversation in the Cathedral, he created Lituma, who investigates vanishings in Death in the (*) Andes. One work of his is narrated by the news director of Radio Panamerica, which imports the Bolivian Pedro Camacho to write radio soap operas, while another work is about a group of students, including Alberto and Jaguar, at a military school. For 10 points name this Peruvian author of Aunt Julia and the Scriptwriter and The Time of the Hero. ANSWER: Mario Vargas Llosa

2. A later meeting here was called by Tarasius and agreed to by Adrian I in an attempt to end the iconoclastic controversy. The original meeting at this place took place during the Papacy of Sylvester I and ratified the word “homoousios,” rejecting the notion that (*) Christ was a fully created being. The controversy over the nature of Jesus was not put to rest here, leading to later gatherings at Ephesus and Chalcedon. FTP, name this 325 meeting called by Constantine, which condemned Arianism and adopted a namesake “creed.” ANSWER: First Council of Nicaea

3. The last person to hold this office appointed members of the Progressist and Regenerator parties to a government which declared a republic and deposed him. In the 1580s, a man known as the “Prior of Crato” attempted to seize this office, which Joseph I held during a 1755 (*) natural disaster in his capital. Another of these, João I, was the father of the “Illustrious Generation” that included Henry the Navigator. FTP, identify this office held by members of the Houses of Burgundy, Aviz, and Braganza, who ruled over an Iberian country. ANSWER: King of Portugal

4. One character created by this author is planning to vandalize the Heitzinger Zoo but is gruesomely stung to death when he crashes his motorcycle into a truck carrying beehives. In addition to Siggy Javotnik from (*) Setting Free the Bears, this author wrote about a man who battles with the “Under Toad” and is shot while coaching wrestling at the Steering School. He also described a midget who inspires John Wheelwright’s religious belief. FTP, name this atuhor of A Prayer For Owen Meany and The World According to Garp. ANSWER: John Irving

5. Arago's experiment inspired one theory regarding this substance, which used the metaphor of a moving bubble and was disproved by the Hammar experiment; that theory is known as this substance's “drag hypothesis.” Rankine and Noble co-name experiments with Trouton that sought to (*) examine the existence of this substance, while the most famous such experiment was modified to account for time dilation in the Kennedy-Thorndike experiment. FTP, identify this subject of the Michelson-Morley Experiment, a hypothetical medium in which light was erroneously thought to propagate. ANSWER: Luminiferous Aether

6. Found south of the Ombai and Wetar Straits, this home to Mount Tatamailu is the only Eastern Hemisphere country never controlled by the U.S. that chooses to use the American dollar as its currency. In addition to the islands of Jaco and Atauro, this country controls an enclave within its western neighbor, (*) Ambeno. A onetime Portuguese colony which became independent of its western neighbor in 1999, FTP, name this country whose capital is Dili and which shares its namesake island with Indonesia. ANSWER: East Timor [or Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste] 7. The unpopularity of one of these led to many members of the Billion Dollar Congress losing their seats. One of these was designed by a James K. Polk cabinet member to appease Britain and was known as the Walker. An attempt at a peacetime (*) income tax was included in a bill named after the Wilson-Gorman one of these, and John Calhoun was incensed over the one “of abominations.” A “general agreement” on these items “and trade” was replaced by the WTO. FTP, the Dingley and Smoot-Hawley are other examples of what levy on imports? ANSWER: tariffs

8. One writer in this field stated that there is an irrational attachment to the “hard core” of ideas. In addition to Imre Lakatos, its leading authors include a man who proposed eliminating all objective standards in the book Against Method, Paul Feyeraband. The most important book on this subject proposed that the accumulation of “anomalies” leads to a “paradigm shift,” and was in opposition to a proponent of “falsification” as the fundamental criterion. With theorists including (*) Thomas Kuhn and Karl Popper, which applies intellectual considerations to a field whose subdivisions include chemistry, biology, and physics. ANSWER: the philosophy of science

9. Mutations that tend to occur near coding regions often manifest as expanded sequences of this many members, since frameshift mutations are deadly. Those expansions account for most polyglutamine disorders like Huntington's, as well as Fragile X syndrome, all caused by this number of nucleotide repeats. One general condition characterized by this number can be partial or mosiac, and includes (*) genetic diseases like Edward's, Warkany's, and Patau's. FTP, identify this number of chromosome 21s in those suffering from Down syndrome, unsurprisingly a type of trisomy. ANSWER: Three

10. These poems praise the “wisdom of humility” and twice use the image of children playing in a rose garden. One warns “do not call it fixity,” while another says to “fare forward, voyagers” and quotes from sayings attributed to Krishna while maintaining a Christian theme. A house in (*) Gloucestershire, the poet’s ancestral village, some rocks on the Massachusetts coast, and an Anglican settlement appear as “Burnt Norton, “East Coker,” “The Dry Salvages,” and “Little Gidding” in, FTP, what cycle of poems by T.S. Eliot? ANSWER: “Four Quartets”

11. A cat, rabbit, ox, and elk are shown to represent the four humors in Albrecht Durer’s engraving of these two characters. A William Blake engraving shows them discovering a dead body. Auguste Rodin’s attempt to sculpt these characters for the sides of The Gates of Hell was complicated by the use of a (*) pregnant model for one of them, and an angel with red wings and robe holds a sword over them as they lament nakedly in a Massaccio work. FTP, name these characters who are depicted in Expulsion from the Garden of Eden. ANSWER: Adam and Eve [order not important]

12. An inefficient way to relate this quantity to saturated vapor pressure is the Antoine equation, which can't be charted in all locations. That equation is derived from another equation whose plot shows a co-existence curve, and incorporates volume, latent heat, and this quantity to chart phase change, the Clausius-Clapeyron equation. Quark-Gluon plasma can reach values of up to several hundred MeV for this quantity, which can be measured on the Reaumur, Delisle, (*) Rankine, and Kelvin scales. FTP, identify this quantity with an inverse relationship with pressure, also measured in degrees Celsius or Farhenheit. ANSWER: Temperature

13. Opponents of this group were massacred at the Plaza of Three Cultures in 1968. Founded by Plutarco Elías Calles, this group’s “peasant wing” achieved its greatest success when its “party sector” and “popular sector” were defined by Lázaro (*) Cárdenas. Since it began fielding candidates in 1928, Francisco Labastida was its first member to lose a presidential election, doing so in 2000 to the PAN headed by Vicente Fox. FTP, name this party which controlled Mexico for most of the twentieth century. ANSWER: the PRI [or Institutional Revolutionary Party; or Partido Revolucionario Institucional; or National Revolutionary Party; or Partido Revolucionario Nacional; or Mexican Revolutionary Party; or Partido de la Revolución Mexicana]

14. One man with this name transcribed the overture to Auber’s opera La Niege, while his most famous work begins with a quarter note C then 2 8th note Cs and then that is repeated before jumping to a scale from E to A, and the main theme is played on E and D-sharp using the opening rhythm. That composer of the (*) Radetsky March is the father of the composer of a work that begins with D- F sharp- A in the strings followed by flutes playing A and F# in a ¾ dance. For 10 points name this father and son pair of composers, the younger one writing “The beautiful Blue Danube” among tons of other waltzes. ANSWER: Johann Strauss

15. This man was second in rushing to Jamal Lewis on the Super Bowl champion Ravens of 2000, but he switched teams the next year. With his new team, he broke a record formerly held by (*) Marshall Faulk; two years later, his own record was surpassed by Shaun Alexander, and a Shawn Merriman tackle effectively ended this man’s career with a spinal injury. FTP, name this brief holder of the NFL’s single season record for rushing touchdowns, an early 2000s star for the Kansas City Chiefs with a pious first name. ANSWER: Priest Anthony Holmes

16. In one story named for this event, a shoemaker murders the son of Don Fernando and Jeronimo Rugero’s suicide is thwarted. This event caused the feminist society to emerge in Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s Herland, and Dionysus uses one of these to escape from prison in The Bacchae. Shortly after the drowning of (*) James the Anabaptist, one of these events occurs, leading to an incompetent hangman’s attempt to execute Pangloss in Voltaire’s Candide. FTP, name these natural disasters, which inspired much writing about Lisbon in 1755. ANSWER: earthquakes

17.Study of this phenomenon led to the formulation of the GZK limit and the Picard Horn, while Robert Dicke attempted to resolve its consistency with the Dirac Large Number Hypothesis. Its observation is based mainly on a spherical model, the surface of last scattering, which is subject to the non-integrated form of an effect in which photons are gravitationally redshifted and which can also be “late-time,” the Sachs-Wolfe effect. Thomson scattering leads to its E-Mode, and ACBAR and (*) WMAP seek to examine it. A result of the big bang, FTP, identify this electromagnetic radiation which permeates the universe. ANSWER: Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation

18. She was able to generate children by chewing and spitting out pieces of a sword, and was given a jeweled necklace and dominion over the High Celestial Plain just after she was born from the left eye of her father. Later, laughter inspired by an amusing dance inspired her to leave a (*) cave, where she had fled after her brother threw a flayed horse into her palace. Worshipped as the mirror at the Grand Shrine of Ise, this sister of Susanowo is the legendary ancestor of the Imperial line. FTP, name this Shinto goddess of the sun. ANSWER: Amaterasu Omikami

19. Towards the end of his reign, this man was virulently supported by the patriarch Teoctist, and he was very briefly succeeded by his brother-in-law Ilie Verdet. He tried to force the rural population into new “agrotechnical centers” by bulldozing villages after he succeeded his onetime cellmate (*) Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej. After attempting to flee in a helicopter, this man and his wife Elena were executed on Christmas 1989. FTP, name this Warsaw Pact opponent and longtime Communist dictator of Romania. ANSWER: Nicolae Ceausescu

20. Marc Bloch and Fernand Braudel were practitioners of this field, who used the “longue duree” technique in the Annales school of it. The “Whig” approach to this subject is the belief that the values of the present day represent the inevitable apex of progress, while Thomas Carlyle was a proponent of the (*) “Great Man” theory of this. The Great White Fleet was built in response to Alfred Thayer Mahan’s book about “The Influence of Sea Power Upon,” FTP, what field, which studies events such as the Potato War and the fall of the Zapotec empire? ANSWER: "history" [accept historiography before the power mark only]

1. Name these groups which arose during the English Civil War period, for 10 points each. [10] Advocating government exclusively by the House of Commons, this group led by John Lilburne promoted their namesake equalizing of estate sizes in the Agreement of the People. ANSWER: Levelers [10] William Everard and Gerrard Winstanely founded the more radical "True Levelers," also known as this for their symbolic plantings on common land. ANSWER: Diggers [10] The Levelers drew support from this militia, which was separated from Parliament by the Self- Denying Ordinance and led by Thomas Fairfax and Oliver Cromwell at Dunbar and Naseby. ANSWER: the New Model Army

2. The Svetambara and Digambara are the two major sects of Jainism. FTPE: [10] Both agree that Vardhamana, the twenty-fourth and final Tirthankara, is better known by this name, under which he achieved kevala and founded Jainism. ANSWER: Mahavira [10] The major difference between the two sects and the root of their names is whether to make use of the white form of this, as the Svetambara do, or eschew it entirely, as the Digambara do. ANSWER: clothing [accept robes, since that’s the literal translation] [10] In addition to their clothing-friendly policy, the Svetembara allow people of this type to join religious orders and believe that they can achieve salvation, while the Digambara disagree. ANSWER: women

3. Some groups of them form Remak bundles, and they are also present in Pacinian Corpuscles. FTPE: [10] Identify these cells named for a German biological theorist, glial cells which give rise to the myelin sheath in the peripheral nervous system. ANSWER: Schwann Cells [10] Schwann cells create the myelin that provides insulation to these objects, narrow nerve fibers which extend from the dendrite and conduct electrical impulses. ANSWER: Axons [10] Tasaki and Huxley explained this process of action potential propagation, in which electrical impulses “hop” along the gaps in the myeline sheath known as the Nodes of Ranvier. ANSWER: Saltatory Conduction (prompt on partial answer)

4. For 10 points each, name these characters in Dostoyevsky’s Crime and Punishment. [10] This law student murders the old pawnbroker Alonya Ivanovna and her sister Lizaveta before he is sent to prison in Siberia. ANSWER: Rodion Romanovitch Raskolnikov (accept either name)\ [10] This drunkard is the father of the prostitute Sonia, who loves Raskolnikov. This man dies in a carriage accident and Raskolnikov gives his wife money for the funeral. ANSWER: Marmeladov [10] This detective tracks down Raskolnikov in the interest of rehabilitating him into becoming a member of society, and with Sonia’s influence Raskolnikov confesses to him. ANSWER: Porfiry Petrovitch

5. Founded by Arsaces I, this polity ejected Bactrian Greek rule from Iran and was later succeeded by the Sassanians. FTPE: [10] Name this state, ruled by the Arsacid Dynasty from Hecatompylos, which ruled Iran from the third century BCE to the third century CE and once captured the Roman standards in battle. ANSWER: Parthian empire [10] This 53 BCE battle saw the capture of the standards and the deaths of thirty thousand Romans at the hands of the Parthian commander Surenas, damping Roman ambitions on Persia. ANSWER: Battle of Carrhae [10] This member of the First Triumvirate was killed at Carrhae and had molten gold poured down his throat. ANSWER: Marcus Licinius Crassus

6. This song speaks of someone who “[parties] for a living” and is “paying debt to karma.” FTPE: [10] Identify this early Aerosmith hit, their most popular single after “Walk this Way” and “Sweet Emotion,” which commands the addressee to perform the title action after asking “can you feel a little love?” ANSWER: Dream On [10] Aerosmith guitarist Joe Perry helped record this song by Eminem, whose chorus samples “Dream On.” It memorably notes that if music can “load a gun up for you and cock it too,” “then the next time you assault a dude/just tell the judge it was my fault, and I'll get sued.” ANSWER: Sing for the Moment [10] In the video for “Without Me,” which appears alongside “Sing for the Moment” on The Eminem Show, pseudonymn-shunning rapper Obie Trice choke slams this bald performing artist, whose real name is Richard Melville Hall. According to the song, this guy is washed up since “nobody listens to techno.” ANSWER: Moby

7. This statement functions according to an attractor distribution, and is an example of weak convergence. FTPE: [10] Identify this theorem, which arose from research done by De Moivre and Laplace and which states that a certain kind of distribution will manifest for the re-averaged sums of a series of random variables, a fundamental theorem of probability along with the Law of Large Numbers. ANSWER: Central Limit Theorem [10] The Central Limit Theorem posits this kind of distribution, often referred to as a bell curve, in which the variance is equal to one. ANSWER: Normal Distribution or Gaussian Distribution [10] Random variables do not need to be identically distributed in the variation of the central limt theorem named for this Russian chaos theorist, whose namesake function can be used to prove fixed point stability in dynamical systems. ANSWER: Aleksandr Lyapunov

8. It implies that stock trading leads inherently to option pricing, and assumes no transaction costs, no arbitrage, and a risk-free interest rate. FTPE: [10] Identify this doubly-eponymous economic model of price equity, which incorporates a Wiener Process and is referred to as an options pricing model. ANSWER: Black-Scholes Model [10] The Black-Scholes model was developed by Nobel prize-winning economist Robert C. Merton, the son of Robert K. Merton, whose publication Social Theory and Social Structure examined this phenomenon, in which a person or society experiences an erosion of norms. ANSWER: Anomie [10] The Black-Scholes Model is a stochastic process governed by the same principles as this kind of random motion, first seen in particles suspended in a liquid and the subject of famous research by Albert Einstein. ANSWER: Brownian Motion

9. Identify these composers who wrote works inspired by A Midsummer Night’s Dream, for 10 points each. [10] This British composer’s opera The Fairie Queen was based on A Midsummer Night’s Dream, but he is more famous for the first English opera, Dido and Aeneas. ANSWER: Henry Purcell [10] This German romantic wrote the Hebrides Overture after a trip to Scotland, as well as A Midsummer Night’s Dream overture at age 17. He added a suite with a wedding march to it. ANSWER: (Jacob Ludwig) Felix Mendelssohn [10] This lover of Peter Pears wrote the opera A Midsummer night’s Dream, along with the opera about the fisherman Peter Grimes as well as The Young Person’s Guide to the Orchestra. ANSWER: Benjamin Edward Britten

10. Identify these things about J.D. Salinger’s writings, for 10 points each: [10] This novel is about the roommate of Stradlater, who runs away from Pencey Prep and goes to New York and sees his sister Phoebe, Holden Caulfield. ANSWER: The Catcher in the Rye [10] Salinger wrote about the members of this family, which include Franny, who visits her boyfriend Lane, as well as Zooey and Buddy. ANSWER: Glass [10] In this story, Seymour Glass is married to Muriel, and after going out to the beach in Miami, he walks back into his hotel room and shoots himself. ANSWER: A Perfect Day For Bananafish

11. The western corner of this country juts into Lake Victoria, and the Lamu Archipelago is just off its coast in the Indian Ocean. FTPE: [10] Name this country whose northern Chalbi Desert can't compare to the sights of its capital, Nairobi. ANSWER: Kenya [10] This prominent body of water in northwestern Kenya receives water from Ethiopia via the Omo River and is the namesake of a 1.5-million-year-old “boy” found by Richard Leakey. ANSWER: Lake Turkana [or Lake Rudolf] [10] The primary port and second-largest city in Kenya is this island city, located in an inlet on the Indian Ocean coast in the southeast of the country. ANSWER: Mombasa

12. Answer these questions about Newton's Cradles, those cool little metal ball things that bounce back and forth like magic, FTPE: [10] Simply, Newton's Cradles demonstrate this one of Newton's Laws, which posits an equal and opposite reaction for every action. ANSWER: Newton's Third Law [10] Newton's Cradles are composed of a number of these objects, which undergo simple harmonic motion. Leon Foucault famously used one to demonstrate the rotation of the Earth. ANSWER: Pendulums [10] The concept behind a Newton's Cradle was first espoused by Edme Mariotte, who developed and named a variety of this device used to provide constant rate of flow. A less literal one of these is a non- orientable surface that notably lacks a boundary and is named for Klein. ANSWER: Bottles

13. Name these mideval Christian philosophers, for 10 points each: [10] This Scot created a defense of Immaculate Conception as well as arguing that will is superior to intellect and claiming that heaven was manifested as beatific love. ANSWER: John Duns Scotus (prompt on “Doctor Subtilis”) [10] This saint wrote commentaries on all Aristoltle’s works, as well as Sentences and The Bible. He stated his goal was to make science and logic intelligible to the Latins. ANSWER: Saint Albertus Magnus or St. Albert the Great of Cologne (prompt on “Doctor Universalis”) [10] This Dominican Monk was Albertus Magnus’s student, and he went on to write Summa Theologica. Jean Capreolus offered Four Books of defenses of him. ANSWER: Saint Thomas of Aquinas or San Tommaso d’Aquino

14. George Holliday filmed four white police officers beating this man, who was being arrested for speeding and starting a high-speed chase, in March 1991. FTPE: [10] Name this man, whose attackers were acquitted in a 1992 trial that sparked a four-day riot in Los Angeles. ANSWER: Rodney King [10] One of the most publicized victims of the 1992 riots was this truck driver, who was attacked with a cinderblock during the riots. ANSWER: Reginald Denny [10] Notable fallout from the riots included this five-term Los Angeles mayor declining to run for re- election in 1993. He is the namesake of a polling distortion “effect.” ANSWER: Tom Bradley

15. He wrote a poem about John of Gaunt and his wife Blanche’s death, The Book of the Duchess. For 10 points each: [10] Name this author who also wrote about two lovers during the Trojan war, Troilus and Criseyde. ANSWER: Geoffrey Chaucer [10] Chaucer wrote this collection, framed as the stories of pilgrims at the Tabard Inn, that includes the anti-semitic Prioress’s Tale, as well as 5 times married Wife of Bath. ANSWER: The Canterbury Tales [10] Chaucer wrote this poem set in a dream where the narrator sees a conference of birds discussing love, and deciding they preferred nature to Venus. ANSWER: The Parlement of Foules

16. Answer these questions about electrophilic aromatic substitution, FTPE: [10] Most EAS reactions involve the replation of an atom of this element with an electrophile. This most abundant and lightest chemical element also comprises much of main-sequence stars. ANSWER: Hydrogen [10] The most famous EAS reaction may be this one, itself divided into acylation and alkylation varieties. Like all great organic chemistry reactions, it is doubly eponymous, and its variations include the Zinke-Suhl, Gatterman-Koch, and Scholl reactions. ANSWER: Friedel-Crafts Reaction [10] Many EAS reactions utilize this acidic compound, which has been produced via the lead-chamber and contact processes. Autoprotolysis causes this compound's high electrical conductivity. ANSWER: Sulfuric Acid

17. They were organized in 1957 by Clément Barbot and took their name from a local tradition of “bogeymen.” FTPE: [10] Name this secret police force, officially known as the Militia of National Security Volunteers, which terrorized Haiti until they were scaled back in the 1970s. ANSWER: Tonton Macoute [10] The Tonton Macoute protected the regime of this physician, who was succeeded by his son Jean- Claude in 1971. ANSWER: Francois Duvalier [or Papa Doc Duvalier; prompt on Duvalier] [10] After Barbot fell out of favor with Duvalier, he claimed the ability to transform into this type of animal by means of voodoo, and Duvalier ordered all of them in Haiti killed. ANSWER: a black dog [prompt on partial answer]

18. Name these groups from Greek mythology, FTPE. [10] The immortal Stheno and Euryale were the less adventurous members of this group, whose mortal member Medusa got into all sorts of trouble with Perseus. ANSWER: Gorgons [10] These relatives of the Gorgons were born elderly and had to share a single eye and tooth, which Perseus held hostage in order to learn the location of certain nymphs. ANSWER: Graeae [10] Briareus, Gyges, and Cottus made up this trio of hundred-handed, fifty-headed offspring of Uranus and Gaia, who took a break from Tartarus to assist Zeus in his war on the Titans. ANSWER: Hecatonchires

19. Name these authors who are from India or have Indian heritage, for 10 points each: [10] This Bengali author wrote about Srijut, who is awoken by the madman Meher Ali in The Hungry Stones, as well as poem collections A Flight of Swans and Gitanjali. ANSWER: Rabindranath Tagore or Thakur [10] This novelist wrote about the twins Rahel and Estha, members of a family emplying Velutha and including their great aunt Baby Kochamma in The God of Small Things. ANSWER: Suzanna Arundhati Roy [10] This author wrote about Mr. Kapasi, the Gujarati speaker giving a tour to the American Das family in The Interpreter of Maladies as well as a novel about Gogol, The Namesake. ANSWER: Jhumpa Lahiri

20. One of his best mythical paintings is the Triumph of Galatea executed for the Villa Farnesina. FTPE: [10] Name this painter of the Madonna of the Goldfinch, who depicted his Renaissance contemporaries as Classical figures in his School of Athens. ANSWER: Raphael [or Rafaello Sanzio] [10] Prefiguring Mannerism in its colors and poses, this last painting by Raphael has a two-level arrangement. Jesus floats and glows at the top in a scene described in all three synoptic gospels. ANSWER: Transfiguration [10] One of three rooms decorated by Raphael's studio for the apartments of Julius II, this project includes the Disputa, School of Athens, Parnassus, and Cardinal Virtues. ANSWER: Stanza della Segnatura [or Room of the Signature]