Chapter 3: States of Matter

Kinetic Molecular Model of Matter or ______- attempts to explain how matter behaves - 3 assumptions 1) All matter is made of atoms and ______that act like tiny ______. 2) These tiny particles are always in ______. The higher the ______of the substance, the faster the particles move. 3) At the same temperature, more ______(heavier) particles move ______than less______(lighter) particles. - matters behavior has been studied over time 1) Luceippus 490 B.C. 2) Democritus 3) John ______1800’s 4) Robert ______1810’s - microscope—looked at particles suspended in water - proposed—particles were bombarded by smaller particles called molecules - - zigzag motion of small particles suspended in a gas or liquid 2

4 states of matter - states differ based on 1) the distances between atoms and molecules 2) how closely these particles are packed together 1) ______- definite ______- definite ______- molecules are very close together -form several ______-limited motion - vibrations - 2 catagories 1) ______- orderly arrangement of atoms 2) ______- atoms and molecules are in no particular order 2) ______- definite ______- no definite ______-takes shape of it’s container -______, can be poured - particles move faster than those in a solid - more ______than gas - distance between ______not as large as gas - molecule hit more often-form ______- molecule are close enough to keep volume but far enough apart that they take the shape of their container - ______- force acting on liquids that causes it to form a ______shape 3

3) ______- no definite ______or ______- its ______determines volume and shape - molecules not attached to each other - molecules are_____ to move about - molecules move faster than in liquids and solids - molecules ______with one another - large ______between molecules 4) ______- no definite ______or _____ - composed of ______particles - most common state of matter in ______- able to ______electric current - affected by electric and magnetic fields - lots of energy - sun, flame

- ______- the capacity to do ______- the ability to cause change or move matter - ______- energy of motion - energy of all particles according to kinetic theory - constant, random motion 4

- ______energy- total kinetic energy of particles in an object - at higher temps., particles move ______- faster particles have more ______energy - more kinetic energy means more ______energy - also depends on the______of particles - ______- measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in an object - more kinetic energy; higher temps. Change of State - ______of a substance from one form to another - ______change - all phase changes are ______properties of a substance - ______- always stays the same - used to ______an unknown substance - same substance; only the amount of energy has changed - Ex.- ice, water, steam - all H2O in different state - different amounts of energy ***transfer of heat causes ______change which leads to change of state*** - add energy (endothermic changes) - Ex.- melting, evaporation, sublimation - causes particles to move faster - break bonds - ______- temperature at which a solid changes to a liquid 5

- ______- change of a substance from liquid to gas -______- temperature at which a liquid changes to a gas - ______- solid changes directly to a ______- Ex.- dry ice (frozen CO2) - boils at ______- when exposed; it changes directly to a gas

- lose energy (______changes) - Ex.- condensation, freezing - ______- gas to liquid - temperature decreases - gas molecules ______- contact with each other lasts longer - form ______- becomes a liquid

- ______- temperature at which the gas becomes a liquid 6

- ______- liquid to solid - ______- temperature at which a liquid changes to a solid ***freezing point/melting point are the same ______*** ***boiling point/condensation point are the same _____*** - when a substance loses or gains energy, either the ______changes or the ______changes - ______does not change during a phase change

Conservation of Mass and Energy - law of conservation of______- mass cannot be created or ______- mass of a substance stays the same before and after a ______change 7

- law of conservation of ______- energy cannot be created or destroyed; it just changes from one ____ to ______- total amount of energy before and after a phase change is the______

Fluids

- _____- nonsolid state in which the atoms or molecules are free to move past each other - able to flow - things float because 1) they are less dense than what surrounds them 2) buoyant force pushes them up - ______- the upward force exerted on an object immersed in or floating on a fluid - result of ______- ______- amount of ______exerted in a given area - increases as you go deeper - horizontal forces on each side of an object ______- because pressure increases as you go deeper, pressure below object is ______than above - if buoyant force up is greater than objects weight, it ______8

- ______principle- states that the ______force on an object in a fluid is an upward force _____ to the weight of the ______of fluid that the object ______

Density

- determines whether something floats or sinks density = ______/______d = m/v - water’s density = 1 g/ cm3 - brick’s density = 1.9 g/cm3…it sinks - ships float because of shape - hollow - mass is ______; volume______- decreased density 9

Pressure pressure = ______/______

- pressure is measured in ______(Pa) 1 Pa = 1 newton exerted over 1 m2 1 Pa = 1 N/m2 10

- Newtons measure ______- ______principle- a change in pressure at any point in an ______fluid will be transmitted ______to all parts of the fluid p1 = p2 or pressure1 = pressue2

- used in hydraulic lifts - use liquids to transmit ______- small ______on small ______creates pressure - Pascals principle states that the ______produced is transmitted ______- force is applied to a larger area making a ______overall force - fluids flow _____through a small area than a large area if the ______is the same - ______- a liquids resistance to flow - the stronger the ______between particles; the more ______the liquid is - Ex.- honey has a higher viscosity than water - honey flows more slowly - ______principle- as the speed of a moving fluid increases, the pressure of the 11

moving fluid ______Properties of Gases

1) no definite shape or volume - expand to ______fill their container 2) move rapidly in all ______3) are ______4) in constant______- collide with one another and with walls of container 5) low ______because particles are far apart 6) are ______7) spread out easily and mix with one another; mostly empty space

- gases exert pressure on their containers - Ex. - balloon - atoms exert ______on inside walls of balloon - lots of atoms = lots of pressure - too many atoms; pops balloon - gas under pressure will ______if possible - propane tanks for gas grills are under lots of ______- must be handled carefully

Gas Laws (3 major) - describes how a gas is affected by pressure and temp. 1) ______Law - relationship between ______and ______- for a fixed amount of __ at a constant temperature, the volume of a gas ______as its pressure ______(pressure1)(volume1) = (pressure2)(volume2) 12

p1v1 = p2v2

2) ______Law - for a fixed amount of gas at a gas at a constant ______, the volume of the gas increases as its temperature ______- Ex.- balloon in freezer

3) ______-______Law - the pressure of a gas ______as the temperature increases if the ______of the gas does not change - higher temperatures, more ______, more contacts 13 with container, ______in pressure