Mi Kmaq Studies 10: Exam Review

Mi’kmaq Studies 10: Exam Review

Outline:

Part 1: Mapping (15 points)  Label districts and reserves on a map

Part 2: Fill in the Blanks (20 points)  Word Bank provided  Topics: o Governance o Spirituality o Culture o Justice o Residential Schools

Part 3: Definitions (10 points)  Choose 5 out of 7 terms  Give complete definitions with examples

Part 4: Short Answer (20 points)  7 questions – 2 or 3 points each

Part 5: Poem (15 points)  Read an unseen poem and answer questions

Part 6: Essay (20 points)  Choose 1 of 3 topics

Review Questions: The following terms/concepts will appear on your exam in some way. Completing all of the tasks in this review package with thorough answers will help you to be prepared for the Mi’kmaq Studies exam. The more information that you can put into your answers in this review, the better off you will be when studying for the exam.

Definitions: Define/Explain each of the following terms. Be sure to include an example to illustrate the concept wherever possible. Assimilation Grand Council Social Justice Concordat Injustice Sweat Lodge Consensus Justice Talking Circle Creation Stories Legends Treaty Culture Petroglyph Wampum Elders Religion Wigwam Enfranchisement Reserves Worldview Ethnocentrism Smudging Governance: 1. What are the different theories about how people came to North America? Land Bridge, African, Atlantic, Pacific, Coastal, Native, Creationist

2. What kind of decision making did the Mi’kmaq use? How is this different from Europeans? What did the Europeans think of this? Consensus. Europeans only gave a few people control. E’s thought it was dumb and they were superior.

3. How many districts were there in the Maritimes at the time of first contact with Europeans? List their names. Why did these boarders exist? Could they change? Explain. 7 districts. Borders controlled hunting territory. Yes, with movement of food resources, which Grand Council determined.

4. How did the Mi’kmaq view land ownership? How was this different from Europeans? They didn’t know what it was. They shared. Europeans had land ownership and believed that no one else could touch their land without their permission.

Spirituality: 5. Who was the first Grand Chief to be baptized? When? Where? Chief Membertou. 1610. Port Royal.

6. Who signed the Concordat? When? Why? Grand Council and Pope (Mi’kmaq and Catholics). 1610. So Europeans could trade with the Mi’kmaq and the Mi’kmaq would be Christians.

7. Why is the Concordat such an important document for the Mi’kmaq people? It allowed them to trade with the Europeans and it recognized that they owned their land.

8. Draw and explain a Medicine Wheel in your own words. Mental, Spiritual, Emotional, Physical, 4 wind directions

9. Why is balance in the medicine wheel so important? What happens when your Medicine Wheel is unbalanced? It means you’re happy and healthy. Unbalandced = unhappy, unhealthy – need to look at what areas are taking too much energy from your balance.

Culture: 10.How do aboriginal people view the world? Explain. Everyone owns everything. Everything has a spirit. Everything is connected. What you do affects everyone and everything.

11.What are the characteristics of an Elder? Is there an age at which you become an Elder? An Elder is a person who has respect, knowledge An Elder is someone you can learn from, is willing to share this wisdom with others; An Elder serves as a role model An Elder is a good listener and knows the traditions and lifestyle An Elder is a good leader and can serve as a counsellor An Elder should be a good story teller An Elder is empathetic, understanding, and has a good sense of humour. An Elder does not have to be of a certain age.

12.What role(s) do Elders play within the aboriginal community?

13.How is language connected to culture? Language is their culture. It defines who they are.

14.What is happening to aboriginal languages? Why? How can this be prevented? Disappearing. Residential Schools, because they are surrounded by a dominant culture. Teaching them in schools.

15.Who is Glooscap? Why was he so important? The Trickster from legends. He’s their cultural hero. He is the explanation to a lot of how the Mi’kmaq understand the world.

16.How do people generally become aware of cultural differences? Explain what can happen when a person is isolated from other cultures. When they are exposed to/interact with them. Ethnocentrism. Bias, racism & prejudice. You can take your own culture for granted.

17.Why are ceremonies and rituals like the sweatlodge, smudging, and powwows performed? Cleansing (mostly for men) and celebration.

18.What happened to the practice of traditional cultural rituals? Why? How can aboriginal people revive these rituals? Why do you think they would want to do this? Residential Schools purged their cultural rituals. Also, if they wanted to vote they couldn’t practice them. Europeans had popular culture with tools and gadgets. RACISM. By borrowing others’ similar rituals and practicing those. To preserve their way of life.

Justice: 19.Who was Donald Marshall Jr., and what happened to him? Is this an example of justice or injustice? Explain A native who was arrested for a crime he didn’t commit because of racism. He served 11 years in prison. It’s injustice because treated fairly.

20.What was the point of the Indian Act? To define and assimilate natives. 21.What were the problems with the Indian Act prior to Bill C-31? Sexist, didn’t include a lot of natural-born natives because of who they married.

22.What is assimilation? How have Europeans and later the Canadian Government attempted to assimilate the Mi’kmaq? Explain in detail. Absorbing one culture into a dominant culture. Isolation, and Residential Schools.

23.What is Bill C-31? When did it become law and what did it do? Amendment of the Indian Act. 1985, removed discrimination, restore membership rights, increase Band control over reserves.

24.Who would have Indian Status before Bill C-31? How did Bill C-31 change this?

25.What are the positive and negative impacts of Bill C-31? Reinstated 8000 natives. Still limits band membership.

26.What was enfranchisement? How did Aboriginal people feel about it? What did the Canadian government think about it? Citizenship and the right to vote. Didn’t like it because they were forced to give up their Indian stuatus. Canadian government thought it was a privilege.

27.Give an example of Justice, Injustice and Social Justice.

Education: 28. Where was the residential school in Nova Scotia located? When did it open? Shubenacadie. 1929.

29.What was the treatment of students in residential schools like? Bad. Treated prisoners-of-war.

30.What were some of the punishments that children could receive at Residential Schools? When/why would children be punished? Beatings, no food, kneeling on rocks, isolation, chores, more beatings.

31.What did the Residential School system teach aboriginal children? What effect did this have on aboriginal cultures and languages? Explain. Their culture was bad, their homes were smelly, their parents were stupid. Also, to read and write English/French. No young people learned it so it wasn’t passed on.

32.What are two reasons why residential schools were established? “To take the Indian out of the child” and to be ”more white”.

33.When did Stephen Harper apologize to former students of residential schools? Why did he do this? Why was this important for the Mi’kmaq and other aboriginal peoples? June 11, 2008. Because he happened to be Prime Minister and the government had to take responsibility for what horrors they had inflicted on aboriginals. Because it allows the healing to begin. Mapping: On the map provided, neatly label the following:  7 districts (Mi’kmaq names)  3 Maritime Provinces  11 Reserves (memorize 5)