Chap Num= 14 Id= Ch s2

Introduction toor Parts ad Word The Human Body in Health and Disease

Lesson Plan

Chapter 4

Lesson 4 Learning Objectives

1. Define and spell the word parts used to create terms for the human body. 2. Identify the building blocks, organ systems, and cavities of the body. 3. Identify the anatomical planes, regions, and directional terms used to describe areas of the body. 4. Break down and define the important terms associated with the anatomy and physiology of the human body. 5. Define the introductory terms associated with medical terminology. 6. Identify the five major diagnostic imaging procedures.

Learning Concepts for Lecture Teaching Notes

Objective LO 1 Define and spell the word parts used to create terms for the human body. Teaching Tips

• Say each new term in class, Combining Form Definition and have the students re- abdomin/o abdomen peat it.

©2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. Wingerd, Lesson Plans for Medical Terminology Complete!, 2/e anter/o front • Stress the importance of us- brachi/o arm ing instructional aids to practice pronunciation. caud/o tail • Visual learners will bene- cephal/o head fit from seeing the combin- cervic/o neck ing forms and definitions in this chapter written on cran/o, crani/o skull the board. cyt/o cell Classroom Activities dist/o distant Pair students for review of dors/o back terms. femor/o thigh Did You Know? Correct pronunciation of medi- gastr/o stomach cal terms is essential in the med- glute/o buttock ical profession. If terms are mispronounced, the intended hom/o, home/o same meaning can change. Even one ili/o hip, groin mispronounced syllable can infer/o below change the meaning of a medical word. inguin/o groin later/o side Verbal Learners/Auditory Learners lumb/o loin or lower back Say each new term in class, and medi/o middle have students repeat it. Students may also form groups and organ/o tool practice pronouncing the words pelv/o bowl together. physi/o nature Visual Learners poster/o back Have students add the new

©2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. Wingerd, Lesson Plans for Medical Terminology Complete!, 2/e proxim/o near suffixes and prefixes to their flash cards. superi/o above Homework Assignments thorac/o chest, thorax Have students complete the tom/o to cut Spelling Challenge associated umbilic/o navel with this chapter. ventr/o belly Study the pronunciation for medical terms in this chapter in the: • Text in parentheses follow- ing the term • Glossary at Medical Ter- minology Interactive LO 2 Identify the building blocks, organ systems, and cavities of the body. Teaching Tips Review when a combining vow- CF/DEF Medical Term Definition el is used and when it is not. abdomin/o (abdomen) abdominal cavity the space inside the belly or abdomen;

viscera; include the stomach, pancreas, spleen, Classroom Activities liver, and most of the intestines Use of clearly pronounced and abdominopelvic the body cavity encompassing both the correct medical terminology in- cavity abdominal and pelvic cavities dicates intelligent, professional medical personnel. It is not al- ways appropriate to use complex anter/o (front) anterior pertaining to the front medical terms when dealing with patients. But when you do brachi/o (arm) brachial pertaining to the arm use these terms, it is important cardi/o (heart) cardiovascular the body system that circulates blood to use them correctly.

system throughout the body via the heart and blood Teaching Tips

©2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. Wingerd, Lesson Plans for Medical Terminology Complete!, 2/e vessels Have students add the new combining forms, suffixes, and caud/o (tail) caudal pertaining to the tail prefixes to their flash cards. cephal/o (head) cephalic pertaining to the head Classroom Activities cervic/o (neck) cervical pertaining to the neck  Divide students into small chondr/o (cartilage) hypochondriac part of the abdominal region groups. Give each group a set of index cards that has been cran/o, crani/o (skull) cranial pertaining to the head labeled with organ names. (If dist/o (distant) distal pertaining to away from a point of reference you like, you can also glue on pictures of the organs to dors/o (back) dorsal pertaining to the back appeal to your visual learn- dorsal cavity containing the cranial and spinal cavities ers). Provide each group with gastr/o (stomach) gastric pertaining to the stomach four pieces of 8½ × 11 paper prelabeled with body cavity femor/o (thigh) femoral pertaining to the thigh names: abdominal cavity, glute/o (buttock) gluteal pertaining to the buttock thoracic cavity, spinal cavity, cranial cavity. (Again, if you hom/o, home/o (same) homeostasis the process of maintaining internal stability would like to appeal to your ili/o (hip, groin) iliac pertaining to the hip or groin visual learners, glue a pic- ture of the abdomen, chest, infer/o (below) inferior pertaining to below a reference point back, and head to each sheet inguin/o (groin) inguinal pertaining to the groin of paper. Just be sure the pic- limb/o (loin or lower back)lumbar pertaining to the lower back tures you choose do not re- veal internal anatomy.) Then medi/o (middle) medial toward the middle instruct each group to stack mediolateral pertaining to the middle and to the side their “organ” cards on the appropriate “body cavity.” pelv/o (washbasin, pelvis) pelvic cavity the space inside the pelvic area; viscera include urinary bladder, part of intestines, and internal Visual Learners reproductive organs Visual learners will benefit from watching an animation of body physi/o (nature) physiologist one who studies the nature of living things systems.

©2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. Wingerd, Lesson Plans for Medical Terminology Complete!, 2/e physiology the study of the nature of living things  Use anatomical charts or figures from various poster/o (back) posterior pertaining to the back anatomy texts to illus- posterolateral pertaining to the back and to the side trate how the anatomical position is used. posteroanterior pertaining to the back and front Did You Know? proxim/o (near) proximal pertaining to near to a point of reference A spelling error that changes spin/o (spine or thorn) spinal cavity the space inside the spinal cavity (also called the just one or two letters in a term vertebral canal); viscera include the spinal cord can completely change its meaning. superi/o (above) superior pertaining to above a reference point Homework Assignments superolateral pertaining to above and to the side Have students complete the tom/o (to cut) anatomical the body position that is used as a reference for Word Search Exercise associat- position directional terms; it is an erect position with the ed with this chapter. arms at the side, palms of the hands facing for- Study the pronunciation for medical terms in this chapter in ward and legs together with feet pointing forward the: anatomy the science of body structure • Text in parentheses follow- thorac/o (chest, thorax) thoracic cavity the space inside the chest or thorax; viscera in- ing the term clude • Glossary at Medical Ter- the heart, aorta, lungs, esophagus, bronchi minology Interactive umbilic/o (navel) umbilical pertaining to the navel ventr/o (belly) ventral adjective meaning “pertaining to the belly” ventral cavity contains the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities

LO 3 Identify the anatomical planes, regions, and directional terms used to describe Teaching Tips areas of the body. Remind students that the

©2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. Wingerd, Lesson Plans for Medical Terminology Complete!, 2/e Medical Regions anatomical position can best be described as if a human is liter- Medical Term Definition ally lying down on the page of abdominal region the belly region or abdomen, which contains several more specific the text. The human’s “right,” as regions, including the pigastric, hypogastric, hypochondriac, iliac, the reader views it, will be on lumbar, and umbilical regions the left side of the page. brachial region the region of the body pertaining to the arm; also called the arm region Teaching Tips Students sometimes have diffi- cephalic region the region of the body pertaining to the head; also called the head region culty remembering names of cervical region the region of the body pertaining to the neck; also called the neck region body planes. Try this mnemonic to help keep things straight: The femoral region the region of the body pertaining to the thigh; also called the thigh region “frontal” plane divides the body gastric region part of the abdominal region specific to the area above the belly into “front” and back; when you think of the “horizontal” plane, gluteal region the region of the body pertaining to the buttock; also called the buttock think of the horizon. The hori- region zon divides what you see into hypochondriac part of the abdominal region specific to the area just below the cartilage the sky (above) and the ground of the ribs, which includes a right and left hypochondriac region on either (below), just like the horizontal side of the epigastric region; also called the infrachondrial region plane divides the body into top hypogastric region part of the abdominal region specific to the area below the belly and bottom. left iliac region part of the abdominal region specific to the area located to the left of the Teaching Tips hypogastric region Reinforce the directional planes right iliac region part of the abdominal region specific to the area located to the right of the by having students “dissect” hypogastric region food items. Choose food items that will result in a different ap- inguinal region the region of the body pertaining to the groin; also called the groin region pearance when sliced in each left lumbar region part of the abdominal lower back region specific to the area located to the plane (example: crème-filled left of the umbilical region cupcakes with one stripe on top). Alternatively, modeling right lumbar abdominal region specific to the area located to the right of the umbilical clay could be used, and students region region could build their own creatures thoracic region the region of the body pertaining to the chest; also called the chest region before “dissecting” them. ©2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. Wingerd, Lesson Plans for Medical Terminology Complete!, 2/e or thorax Teaching Tips umbilical region the area of the abdomen that contains the navel Remember that when we use the Medical Directions body planes or direction terms, we are assuming the patient is in Medical Term Definition the anatomical position unless otherwise noted. anatomical an erect posture with the arms at the side, palms of the hands facing position forward, and legs together with feet pointing forward Teaching Tips superior toward the head end or upper part of the body Name a body part located in the abdomen, and have students inferior away from the head end or toward the lower part of the body identify the region in which it is anterior toward the front or belly side located. posterior toward the back Did You Know? medial toward the midline, which is an imaginary vertical line down the middle So why do we have so many of the body ways to describe the body? Be- lateral toward the side cause we are such interestingly shaped creatures, we need many superficial external, toward the body surface different ways to describe exact deep internal, inward from the surface of the body locations on the body.

proximal toward the origin of attachment to the trunk Kinesthetic Learners distal away from the origin of attachment to the trunk After all directional terms and body planes have been covered, ventral pertaining to the belly stand in front of the class and dorsal pertaining to the back make hand motions to indicate cephalic pertaining to the head each directional term and body plane. Instruct students to say caudal pertaining to the tail each term as you make the motion. Repeat and speed up. Select various body parts, and have students determine the directional relationship of the ©2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. Wingerd, Lesson Plans for Medical Terminology Complete!, 2/e two parts using these new words. Example: The wrist is (distal) to the elbow. The elbow is (proximal) to the wrist.

Classroom Activities  Have students work in pairs to place each other in the anatomical position and then move around their partner to see how the anatomical position works to standardize patient position in notes.  Have students practice looking up ten of the terms presented in this chapter in a medical dictionary.  Say each new term in class, and have students repeat it. Students may also form groups and practice pronouncing the words together

Teaching Tips  Use an orange to show how a slice along two different planes (vertical vs. horizontal) reveals different details about internal structure.  Use a banana to illustrate the difference in longitudinal and ©2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. Wingerd, Lesson Plans for Medical Terminology Complete!, 2/e cross sections.  Use as many visual aids as possible to illustrate directional terms.

Homework Assignments Have students complete the Word Search Exercise associated with this chapter. Study the pronunciation for medical terms in this chapter in the: • Text in parentheses follow- ing the term • Glossary at Medical Ter- minology Interactive

LO 4 Break down and define the important terms associated with the anatomy Teaching Tips and physiology of the human body. Say each new term in class, and Symptoms and Signs have students repeat it. Students Medical Term Definition may also form groups and practice pronouncing the words to- fever the presence of an elevated body temperature gether. pain an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience that is associated Did You Know? with tissue damage Fever occurs when the body’s sensation a feeling or mental experience perceiving any stimuli internal “thermostat” raises the sign a finding that can be discovered by an objective examination body temperature above its nor- mal level. This thermostat is symptom experiences of the patient resulting from a disease found in the part of the brain

©2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. Wingerd, Lesson Plans for Medical Terminology Complete!, 2/e Diseases and Disorders called the hypothalamus. The hypothalamus knows what tem- Medical Term Definition perature your body should be acute describes a disease of short duration, often with a sharp or severe (usually around 98.6 Fahren- effect heit, or about 37 Celsius) and will send messages to your body chronic describes a disease of long duration to keep it at that temperature. disease the condition of instability that results when body functions fail to Classroom Activities maintain homeostasis Have students look up ten of the infection occurs when parasitic organisms within the body, such as bacteria, terms presented in this section in viruses, and fungi, attack body cells a medical dictionary. inflammation a response to a trauma that is marked by the symptoms of redness, Did You Know? swelling, heat, and pain The word etiology is mainly trauma a physical injury used in medicine, where it refers to the science that deals with the causes or origin of disease, the factors that produce or predis- pose toward a certain disease or disorder. Homework Assignments Study the pronunciation for medical terms in this chapter in the: • Text in parentheses follow- ing the term • Glossary at Medical Ter- minology Interactive

LO 5 Define the introductory terms associated with medical terminology. Teaching Tips

©2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. Wingerd, Lesson Plans for Medical Terminology Complete!, 2/e Medical Term Definition Ask the students to write sen- appendage the head, arms, and legs attached to the trunk of the body tences using these new terms. atom a nonliving particle that is capable of combining with other Classroom Activities atoms to form more complex structures Make flash cards for each new cell the most basic living unit term, and allow time in class for students to work in pairs with diaphragm a sheet of muscle that separates the thoracic and abdominal the cards. cavities digestive system the body system that converts food into a form the body can use Classroom Activities for energy, growth, and repair; its organs include the tongue,  Jeopardy game: Have stu- pharynx, esophagus, stomach, liver, salivary glands, pancreas, dents create questions for small intestine, large intestine, and rectum terms in this section for a Jeopardy game to be played endocrine system the body system that regulates body function by secreting in class. hormones; its organs include the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, pancreas, and gonads Critical Thinking Questions female reproductive system the female body system that enables reproduction by producing 1. Where would you expect germ cells; its organs include the ovaries, uterus, fallopian tubes, someone with an in- vagina, and vestibular glands flamed appendix to have abdominal pain? integumentary system the body system that provides a barrier to protect against fluid loss, physical damage, and invasion by microorganisms; its 2. What about gallstones major organ is the skin (in the gallbladder)? lymphatic system organs include the spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, and lymphatic 3. Why do we break the vessels body into “systems” to male reproductive system the male body system that enables reproduction by producing discuss it? germ cells; its organs include the testes, epididymus, vas deferens, prostate gland, seminal vesicles, bulbourethral glands, 4. Why don’t we just talk and penis about the entire body all at once? molecule a nonliving particle that is capable of combining with other molecules to form more complex structures Classroom Activities

©2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. Wingerd, Lesson Plans for Medical Terminology Complete!, 2/e muscular system the body system that enables complex movement; its primary Ask students to rank the body organs are the muscles systems in order of importance. Discuss their answers in class. nervous system the body system that enables perception through the senses, Have students suggest creative integrates information to form thoughts and memories, and ways to remember the order of controls body movement and many internal functions; its organs importance. include the brain, spinal cord, and nerves Homework Assignments organ a structure made of two or more different types of tissue that performs a general function in the body Have students complete the Word Search Puzzle associated organ system a combination of organs and associated structures that share a with this chapter. common goal; there are eleven organ systems in the body Study the pronunciation for organism the whole, complete human body that is capable of survival medical terms in this chapter in respiratory system the body system responsible for bringing oxygen into the the: bloodstream; its organs include the nose, pharynx, larynx, • Text in parentheses follow- trachea, bronchi, and lungs ing the term skeletal system the body system that provides structure and support for other • Glossary at Medical Ter- systems and aids in movement; its organs include bones and minology Interactive joints tissue a group of similar cells that share a common goal or function trunk the torso of the body urinary system the body system that performs waste excretion; its organs include the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra viscera the internal contents of body cavities, including organs, fluid, and connecting structures

©2013 by Pearson Education, Inc. Wingerd, Lesson Plans for Medical Terminology Complete!, 2/e LO 6 Identify the five major diagnostic imaging procedures. Classroom Activities Treatments, Procedures, and Devices Guest Speaker: Invite a radiol- ogist or radiographer to the CT scan computed tomography—a diagnostic scan similar to an x-ray, in which class. Ask that they bring exam- data from beams of energized particles (or x-rays) are computer ples of x-rays, CT scans, or interpreted to produce a three-dimensional, cross-sectional “slice” or MRIs to show how different image of the body imaging procedures use the dif- Diagnosis the determination of the nature of a disease ferent planes. A good example would be an AP chest x-ray ver- Endoscopy a diagnostic procedure involving a visual examination using an sus a CT scan of the thoracic endoscope, which includes a camera, fiber optics, and a long, flexible cavity. tube that can be inserted into the patient Etiology study of the causes of disease Classroom Activities Examination an evaluation made for the purpose of diagnosis by identifying physical As you discuss procedures, ask evidence of disease, such as signs and symptoms the students to share their experiences with medical procedures MRI magnetic resonance imaging—a diagnostic scan that uses a powerful they have witnessed or experi- magnetic field generated within a chamber in which a patient lies; the enced. field traces the hydrogen in the patient’s body, the results of which are the clearest, most complete computer-generated three-dimensional Did You Know? images of soft tissue that are currently possible The first PET scanner was intro- Pathologist one who studies disease duced in 1975 and was used mainly for research. Pathology the study of disease Homework Assignments PET scan positron emission tomography—a diagnostic scan that employs computers and radioactive substances to examine the metabolic activity Assign students an organ from of various parts of the body and create color-coded images one of the body systems, and have them prepare a one-page Prognosis a forecast of the probable cause or outcome of a disease report to share with the class. Ultrasound imaging sonography—a diagnostic procedure in which harmless sound waves areStudy the pronunciation for pulsated through body tissue; the pulse echoes are converted into imagesmedical terms in this chapter in of internal body structures by computer the:

Worksheets Worksheet 1: Chapter Review Worksheet 2: Dictation Report Worksheet 3: Word Surgery Worksheet 4: Case Study Worksheet 5: Medical Report Analysis Worksheet 6: Which Term Does Not Belong? Worksheet 7: Labeling Worksheet 8: Key Terms Double Check