Year and Place

Year and place Researcher(s) and country Title of presentation Main results and recommendations

1982 V. Segraeus (Stockholm, 'Research on the treatment of Insufficient access to theoretical models for treatment research (Vallmotorp, Sweden) [15] alcoholics and drug addicts during the Therefore, planning of research design and choice for adapted methodology is Sweden) 1970's in Sweden' needed

1984 B. Björling & Segraeus V. 'Swedate - Swedish Drug Addiction Difficult position for researchers from 'outside' treatment settings due to: (Rotterdam, the (Stockholm, Sweden) [16] Treatment Evaluation': presentation - possible 'misuse' of results by policy-makers Netherlands) and discussion of some methodological - risk of infringements of the privacy and integrity of clients questions - confrontation of treatment philosphy with research ideology - few and superficial methods to describe the treatment process

1985 M. Kooyman (Rotterdam, 'The position of research in the - Need to introduce science to preserve the TC-experience [?] (Brugge, the Netherlands) & C. therapeutic community today' - Need to accept successes (graduates) and failures (unavoidable relapses) as Belgium) Kaplan (San Antonio, TCs tend to consolidate the uniqueness of their approach by distributing only Texas, United States) [17] positive results

1986 V. Hendriks (Amsterdam, 'The role of psychopathology as a Treatment referral based on intuition rather than on nature and severity of (Rotterdam, the the Netherlands) [18] predictor of outcome-scores of drug psychiatric problems Netherlands) abuse treatments: overview and Therefore, introduction of ASI to measure psychiatric severity and to predict research-design' treatment outcome + introduction of DSM III to diagnose addiction

1987 G. De Leon (New York, 'Current themes in TC-research' - Early family participation to enhance retention rates and minimising drop- (Dublin, United States) [19] out Ireland) - Assessing individual differences in psychopathology as psychiatric problems can deteriorate treatment - Need for integration of concepts, staff and methods from TCs and mental health care centres - Supporting substance abusers with psychiatric problems by using an enlarged TC-method

1988 U. Nabitz & A. De Gelder 'Admission patterns of treatment - Several problems concerning admission in networks of services: multiple (Ghent, (Amsterdam, the facilities. A description of the inflow service use; bad attuning of referrals and more re-admissions than referrals. Belgium) Netherlands) [20] and outflow of clients with drug - Importance of case registers, keeping figures and outflow is stressed for problems in four clinics of the adequate co-ordination of treatment modalities Jellinekcentrum in 1985'

1989 Cancrini L, Mazzoni S, 'Drug addiction: the relationship Relationship between types of drug abusers and referral to treatment services: (Ghent, Allocati V & Colacicco F between the use of drugs and different - 'reactionary' drug abusers are mostly referred to individual treatment Belgium) (Rome, Italy) [21] types of individual and familiar - 'neurotic' clients are mostly referred to family treatment dysfunctions' - 'borderline' drug abusers are mostly referred to methadone and substitute treatment - 'sociopathic' drug abusers are mostly referred to therapeutic communities

1991 E. Ravndal (Oslo, Norway) 'Completion and outcome for female - Female drug users have some specific characteristics and treatment needs (Palermo, Italy) [22] addicts in a hierarchical therapeutic - 'Successful' females had close contacts with other females; were less community: the importance of parents, involved with men; found warmth and emotional support in their peer groups; partners and peer relationships' had positive identification with strong mothers who were not subordinate to their partners

1993 Zimmer-Höfler D, Dobler- 'Therapeutic communities and Are drug-free TCs not too expensive in comparison with their results? (Malmö, Mikola A, Uchtenhagen A, methadone treatment in follow-up TCs meet the needs of a certain subgroup; methadone projects have a major Sweden) Christen S. (Zurich, research' contribution to long-term support Switzerland) [23]

1994 Maynard A & Richardson R TITEL Only few studies have focused on the cost-effectiveness of drug treatment and (Malmö, (York, England) [24] in most of these studies methodological design problems can be observed. Sweden) This results in funding without scienfic basis.

1995 Broekaert E (Ghent, 'Qualitative study on The development of the VACT (Video Addiction Challenge Test) is based on (Porto, Portugal) Belgium) [25] videoconfrontation for assessment and qualitative reserch and is intended to improve the daily functioning in a TC. treatment programming in a Based on dialogue and interpretation of the test an individual treatment plan therapeutic community' can be made.

1996 Kaplan C (Maastricht, the 'Methodological aspects and - Implementation of diagnostic instruments in residential centres (using (Porto, Portugal) Netherlands) [26] theoretical background of improving 'community as method') for better differentiation of treatment psychiatric treatment in residential - Application of relapse prevention-techniques methodology for better programmes for emerging dependency treatment and more cost-effectiveness groups: the EWODOR roots of the BIOMED 2-project' thruough relapse prevention 1997 Van der Meer C (Den Haag, 'Inpatient treatment, and update' The TC as opposed to harm reduction faces several challenges: (Oslo, Norway) the Netherlands) [14] - reducing drop-out + introducing special services and new treatment technology - increase accessibility for difficult target-groups - improve efficiency by matching clients to programmes and services

1999 Eland-Goossensen A 'Methadone supply in The Hague: - Use of other drugs (besides methadone) is not unusual and heroin users often (De Haan, (Rotterdam, the clients' views' find it hard to admit their use to care-takers Belgium) Netherlands) [27] - A lack of social and psychological support at the distribution settings is reported - More differentiated treatment services are needed

2000 Öberg, D. (Maastricht, the 'The use of assessment and treatment - The development of the MAPS (Monitorig Area and Phase System) aims at (De Haan, Netherlands) [28] instruments for individual treatment evaluating treatment, resources, interventions and outcome: Belgium) planning' - clients' needs assessement and structured treatment planning - co-opative description of treatment units - research and treatment evaluation - communication between different agencies

2001 Uchtenhagen A (Zurich, 'The relation between research and - Main goals of collaboration between research and practice: promoting good (Blankenberge, Switzerland) [30] practice in substance abuse treatment: practice; optimal use of available resources; legitimation of treatment. Belgium) view from a research institute' - Several issues for researchers: lack of shared language and concepts; openness of treatment to adaptations vs. the need for continuity in research; clear rules are needed to protect data and making them credible; intervening actors all have their own agendas; equity in sharing costs and benefits; lack of time and money for research in treatment services

2001 Rapp R. (Dayton, Ohio, 'The relation between research and Issues between scientists and practitioners in case management-projects: (Blankenberge, United States) [31] practice in substance abuse treatment: - random assignment of clients to experimental and control group Belgium) Bridging the gap between research and - adhere to the original eligibility criteria practice by using case management' - research theory is conflicting with the theory on which practice is based - changes in the treatment programme - need to collect contextual data on the research project