<p> Year and place Researcher(s) and country Title of presentation Main results and recommendations</p><p>1982 V. Segraeus (Stockholm, 'Research on the treatment of Insufficient access to theoretical models for treatment research (Vallmotorp, Sweden) [15] alcoholics and drug addicts during the Therefore, planning of research design and choice for adapted methodology is Sweden) 1970's in Sweden' needed</p><p>1984 B. Björling & Segraeus V. 'Swedate - Swedish Drug Addiction Difficult position for researchers from 'outside' treatment settings due to: (Rotterdam, the (Stockholm, Sweden) [16] Treatment Evaluation': presentation - possible 'misuse' of results by policy-makers Netherlands) and discussion of some methodological - risk of infringements of the privacy and integrity of clients questions - confrontation of treatment philosphy with research ideology - few and superficial methods to describe the treatment process</p><p>1985 M. Kooyman (Rotterdam, 'The position of research in the - Need to introduce science to preserve the TC-experience [?] (Brugge, the Netherlands) & C. therapeutic community today' - Need to accept successes (graduates) and failures (unavoidable relapses) as Belgium) Kaplan (San Antonio, TCs tend to consolidate the uniqueness of their approach by distributing only Texas, United States) [17] positive results</p><p>1986 V. Hendriks (Amsterdam, 'The role of psychopathology as a Treatment referral based on intuition rather than on nature and severity of (Rotterdam, the the Netherlands) [18] predictor of outcome-scores of drug psychiatric problems Netherlands) abuse treatments: overview and Therefore, introduction of ASI to measure psychiatric severity and to predict research-design' treatment outcome + introduction of DSM III to diagnose addiction</p><p>1987 G. De Leon (New York, 'Current themes in TC-research' - Early family participation to enhance retention rates and minimising drop- (Dublin, United States) [19] out Ireland) - Assessing individual differences in psychopathology as psychiatric problems can deteriorate treatment - Need for integration of concepts, staff and methods from TCs and mental health care centres - Supporting substance abusers with psychiatric problems by using an enlarged TC-method</p><p>1988 U. Nabitz & A. De Gelder 'Admission patterns of treatment - Several problems concerning admission in networks of services: multiple (Ghent, (Amsterdam, the facilities. A description of the inflow service use; bad attuning of referrals and more re-admissions than referrals. Belgium) Netherlands) [20] and outflow of clients with drug - Importance of case registers, keeping figures and outflow is stressed for problems in four clinics of the adequate co-ordination of treatment modalities Jellinekcentrum in 1985'</p><p>1989 Cancrini L, Mazzoni S, 'Drug addiction: the relationship Relationship between types of drug abusers and referral to treatment services: (Ghent, Allocati V & Colacicco F between the use of drugs and different - 'reactionary' drug abusers are mostly referred to individual treatment Belgium) (Rome, Italy) [21] types of individual and familiar - 'neurotic' clients are mostly referred to family treatment dysfunctions' - 'borderline' drug abusers are mostly referred to methadone and substitute treatment - 'sociopathic' drug abusers are mostly referred to therapeutic communities</p><p>1991 E. Ravndal (Oslo, Norway) 'Completion and outcome for female - Female drug users have some specific characteristics and treatment needs (Palermo, Italy) [22] addicts in a hierarchical therapeutic - 'Successful' females had close contacts with other females; were less community: the importance of parents, involved with men; found warmth and emotional support in their peer groups; partners and peer relationships' had positive identification with strong mothers who were not subordinate to their partners</p><p>1993 Zimmer-Höfler D, Dobler- 'Therapeutic communities and Are drug-free TCs not too expensive in comparison with their results? (Malmö, Mikola A, Uchtenhagen A, methadone treatment in follow-up TCs meet the needs of a certain subgroup; methadone projects have a major Sweden) Christen S. (Zurich, research' contribution to long-term support Switzerland) [23]</p><p>1994 Maynard A & Richardson R TITEL Only few studies have focused on the cost-effectiveness of drug treatment and (Malmö, (York, England) [24] in most of these studies methodological design problems can be observed. Sweden) This results in funding without scienfic basis.</p><p>1995 Broekaert E (Ghent, 'Qualitative study on The development of the VACT (Video Addiction Challenge Test) is based on (Porto, Portugal) Belgium) [25] videoconfrontation for assessment and qualitative reserch and is intended to improve the daily functioning in a TC. treatment programming in a Based on dialogue and interpretation of the test an individual treatment plan therapeutic community' can be made. </p><p>1996 Kaplan C (Maastricht, the 'Methodological aspects and - Implementation of diagnostic instruments in residential centres (using (Porto, Portugal) Netherlands) [26] theoretical background of improving 'community as method') for better differentiation of treatment psychiatric treatment in residential - Application of relapse prevention-techniques methodology for better programmes for emerging dependency treatment and more cost-effectiveness groups: the EWODOR roots of the BIOMED 2-project' thruough relapse prevention 1997 Van der Meer C (Den Haag, 'Inpatient treatment, and update' The TC as opposed to harm reduction faces several challenges: (Oslo, Norway) the Netherlands) [14] - reducing drop-out + introducing special services and new treatment technology - increase accessibility for difficult target-groups - improve efficiency by matching clients to programmes and services</p><p>1999 Eland-Goossensen A 'Methadone supply in The Hague: - Use of other drugs (besides methadone) is not unusual and heroin users often (De Haan, (Rotterdam, the clients' views' find it hard to admit their use to care-takers Belgium) Netherlands) [27] - A lack of social and psychological support at the distribution settings is reported - More differentiated treatment services are needed</p><p>2000 Öberg, D. (Maastricht, the 'The use of assessment and treatment - The development of the MAPS (Monitorig Area and Phase System) aims at (De Haan, Netherlands) [28] instruments for individual treatment evaluating treatment, resources, interventions and outcome: Belgium) planning' - clients' needs assessement and structured treatment planning - co-opative description of treatment units - research and treatment evaluation - communication between different agencies</p><p>2001 Uchtenhagen A (Zurich, 'The relation between research and - Main goals of collaboration between research and practice: promoting good (Blankenberge, Switzerland) [30] practice in substance abuse treatment: practice; optimal use of available resources; legitimation of treatment. Belgium) view from a research institute' - Several issues for researchers: lack of shared language and concepts; openness of treatment to adaptations vs. the need for continuity in research; clear rules are needed to protect data and making them credible; intervening actors all have their own agendas; equity in sharing costs and benefits; lack of time and money for research in treatment services</p><p>2001 Rapp R. (Dayton, Ohio, 'The relation between research and Issues between scientists and practitioners in case management-projects: (Blankenberge, United States) [31] practice in substance abuse treatment: - random assignment of clients to experimental and control group Belgium) Bridging the gap between research and - adhere to the original eligibility criteria practice by using case management' - research theory is conflicting with the theory on which practice is based - changes in the treatment programme - need to collect contextual data on the research project</p>