Modern Distribution Province *

S2. Low atmosphere paleoclimatic data (WMM, CMM, MAP) for differents periods and localities spanning different latitudes of northern, central and western Europe, and Africa north of the equator in the Cenozoic.

Latitude WMM CMM Location Age (Ma) † MAP (mm/y) Paleo-proxy References (° N) * (°C) (°C) Southern England 50-52 50-55 23.0-30.0 13.0-15.0 Pollen 1, 2 Southern England 50-52 46-50 20.0-30.0 5.0-10.0 Pollen 1, 2 Germany: Messel 49.5 48 >10.0 Flora 3 Arctic 80 45 11.8-13.2 -2.0 - 8.6 Flora and isotopes on flora 3, 4 NE Germany (level A) 52-53 45 26.7-28.1 16.9-23.0 1003-1591 Flora 5 NE Germany (level B) 52-53 40 23.6-28.1 9.3-13.2 1096-1322 Flora 5 NE Germany (level C) 52-53 39 27.1-27.5 13.3-14.8 1355-1534 Flora 5 NE Germany (level E) 52-53 37 27.1-28.1 13.3-13.3 1096-1355 Flora 5 Isotopes on land and freshwater Isle of Wight (England) 51 34-37 28.0 6 organisms NE Germany (level F) 52-53 35.5 27.1-27.9 12.2-13.3 1122-1281 Flora 5 NE Germany (level G) 52-53 34 25.7-28.1 7.1-12.3 1308-1355 Flora 5 S Germany: Molasse Basin (level 1) 47-49 31.5 26.0-27.9 10.0-13.6 897-1362 Flora 5 NE Germany (level H) 52-53 31 26.5-26.8 3.8-5.8 1194-1194 Flora 5 Western Swiss Molasse (Central Europe): 47-49 30.5 25.7-26.4 5.0-5.2 979-1250 Flora 5 Vulcano (level I) S Germany: Molasse Basin (level 2) 47-49 28.5 26 4.8-5.8 897-1355 Flora 5 NE Germany (level J) and NW Germany 52-53 26 24.7-27.9 1.8-6.2 1090-1213 Flora 5, 7 (level IV) S Germany: Molasse Basin (level 3) 47-49 26 26.0-26.8 4.8-5.8 897-1355 Flora 5 Western Swiss Molasse (Central Europe): 47-49 25 26.5-27.9 5.6-7.0 979-1213 Flora 5 Vulcano (level 4) Western Swiss Molasse (Central Europe): 47-49 24.5 20.1-26.0 4.3-7.1 735-1355 Flora 5 Vulcano (level K) NW Germany (level XIX) 52-53 24 26.0-27.8 5.0-13.3 843-1281 Flora 5, 7 S Germany: Molasse Basin (level 5a) 47-49 24 25.6-26.8 2.2-5.0 979-1322 Flora 5 S Germany: Molasse Basin (level 5) 47-49 23 26 4.8-5.8 897-1327 Flora 5 -0.1 - NE Germany (levels L, M, N) 52-53 23 25.7-28.1 879-1355 Flora 5 10.9 2

NE Germany (level O) 52-53 22 25.7-26.0 4.7-7.1 1036-1355 Flora 5 S Germany: Molasse Basin (level 6) 47-49 22 25.6-27.9 0.0-6.2 897-1355 Flora 5 S Germany: Molasse Basin (level 7) 47-49 21 26 4.8 1194-1237 Flora 5 Central Paratethys sites 42-45 20-22 > 18.0 > -2.0 Ectothermic vertebrates 8 NE Germany (level P) 52-53 19.5 23.6-27.8 5.0-6.6 1304-1355 Flora 5 NW Germany (level XXVI) 52-53 18 24.7-25.6 5.0-7.7 1190-1215 Flora 5, 7 S Germany: Molasse Basin (level 8) 47-49 18 24.7-26.0 3.8-7.1 1194-1297 Flora 5 Styrian and Vienna Basins (Central Europe): 47-48 17 26.5-27.5 9.6-9.6 1146-1194 Flora 5 level 16 S Germany: Molasse Basin (levels 9, 17, 10, 47-49 16.5-17 25.4-27.9 3.7-7.5 828-1356 Flora 5 10a) North Alpine foreland Basin (Central Europe)ca 50 ca 16 600-1100 Herpetofauna 9 Spain: Calatayud Basin ca 41 ca 16 100-350 Herpetofauna 9 SW and S Central Europe: W + Central 42-45 ca 16 1100-1300 Herpetofauna 9 Paratethys sites NE Germany (levels Q, R, S, T, U) and NW 52-53 15-17 25.2-28.3 4.5-13.3 897-1355 Flora 5, 7 Germany (levels V, VI) Central Paratethys sites 42-45 13.5-20 > 18.0 > 8.0 Ectothermic vertebrates 8 Central Paratethys sites 42-45 13.5-16.2 > 1200 Ectothermic vertebrates 8 S Germany: Molasse Basin (levels 11a, 11b) 47-49 14-14.5 23.2-26.7 2.2-7.5 979-1355 Flora 5 NE Germany (level V) and NW Germany 52-53 14 25.7-28.1 9.6-12.6 1231-1355 Flora 5, 7 (level VII) Hungary 46.5 ca 14 1200-1400 Pollen 10 Middle Miocene before -1.7 - Europe 38-45 18.3-26.1 Crocodiles 8 14-13.5 Ma 25.0 Hungary 46.5 13.5 1100 Pollen 10 Central Paratethys sites 42-45 12-13.5 > 14.0 > -3.0 Ectothermic vertebrates 8 S Germany: Molasse Basin (level 11) 47-49 13 25.6-26.1 3.7-4.8 1159-1237 Flora 5 Styrian and Vienna Basins (Central Europe): 47-48 13 25.6-26.4 3.7-7.0 1122-1153 Flora 5 level 12 NE Germany (level W) and NW Germany 52-53 12.5 25.4-27.8 9.6-10.1 1048-1356 Flora 5, 7 (level VIII) S Germany: Molasse Basin (level 13) 47-49 12 25.6-26.4 -0.1 - 4.1 1159-1297 Flora 5 Central and W Europe (MN7-8 sites) 37-51 12 600-1300 Rodents 11 3

NE Germany (level X) and NW Germany 52-53 11 25.7-25.9 4.7-7.9 979-1355 Flora 5, 7 (level IX) S Germany: Molasse Basin (level 14) 47-49 10.5 25.8-26.4 1.8-5.2 897-1327 Flora 5 Styrian and Vienna Basins (Central Europe): 47-48 10.5 25.4-26.4 0.6-4.8 897-1237 Flora 5 level 15 Central and W Europe (MN9 sites) 37-51 10 600-1300 Rodents 11 SW and S Central Europe: W + Central 42-45 ca 10 1200 Herpetofauna 9 Paratethys sites Spain: Teruel ca 41 ca 10 500-900 Herpetofauna 9 -1.7 - Europe 30-37 10-13.5 18.3-26.1 Crocodiles 8 25.0 Central and W Europe (MN10 sites) 37-51 9.0 600-1300 Rodents 11 Crete: Makrillia 35 7.7-8.6 20.0-32.0 10.0-12.0 800-1600 Flora 12 Central and W Europe (MN11 sites) 37-51 8.0 500-900 Rodents 11 NW Germany (levels X, XI, XII) 52-53 6.5-8 24.7-25.9 2.9-10.1 1231-1258 Flora 5, 7 Central and W Europe (MN12 sites) 37-51 7.0 500-900 Rodents 11 W Mediterranean: Can Vilella 43 6.0-7.3 24.6 9.8 1100 Pollen 13 W Mediterranean: Carmona 37.5 6.0-7.3 26.6 12.6 400 Pollen 13 W Mediterranean: Capodarso 37.5 6.0-7.3 27.0 14.6 575 Pollen 13 W Mediterranean: Bou Regreg 34.5 6.0-7.3 24.8 11.8 550 Pollen 13 W Mediterranean: Douiet 1 35 6.0-7.3 26.2 13.8 450 Pollen 13 Germany: Garzweiler Mine, Upper Hauptkies ca 51 ca 5.3-7.1 21.7-24.1 -0.1 - 4.1 897-1297 Flora 7 Formation (level XXIII) Germany: Hambach Mine, Lower Hauptkies ca 51 ca 5.3-7.1 24.0-24.1 -1.3 - 4.1 867-1151 Flora 7 Formation (level XXII) Central and W Europe (MN13 sites) 37-51 6.0 400-800 Rodents 11 Greece: Vegora 41 6.0 19.5-24.6 0.1-4.5 897-1018 Flora 12 W Mediterranean: Torre Sterpi 45 5.3-6.0 25.5 8.0 1280 Pollen 13 W Mediterranean: Maccarone 43 5.3-6.0 25.8 9.8 1100 Pollen 13 W Mediterranean: Racalmuto 37.5 5.3-6.0 27.0 13.0 775 Pollen 13 W Mediterranean: Eraclea Minoa 37.5 5.3-6.0 26.7 13.8 452 Pollen 13 W Mediterranean: Tarragona E2 41.5 5.3-6.0 26.9 13.2 775 Pollen 13 W Mediterranean: Andalucia G1 36.5 5.3-6.0 26.7 14.6 450 Pollen 13 W Mediterranean: Carmona 37.5 5.3-6.0 25.3 12.3 450 Pollen 13 W Mediterranean: Bou Regreg 34.5 5.3-6.0 25.0 10.4 450 Pollen 13 4

W Mediterranean: Habibas 1 35 5.3-6.0 26.4 11.4 500 Pollen 13 N Bulgaria: Eklchovo Basin 44 5.3-6.0 22.0-24.0 3.0-5.0 800-1000 Flora 12 SE France: Saint-Martin du Var 43.5 5.0-5.3 22.6 6.6 1300 Pollen 14 S France: Cap d'Agde 1 43.5 5.0-5.3 20.0 8.0 1350 Pollen 14 S France: Canet 1 43 5.0-5.3 25.0 9.4 1200 Pollen 14 NE Spain: Garraf 1 41.5 5.0-5.3 25.8 9.8 1200 Pollen 14 NE Spain: Tarragona E2 41.5 5.0-5.3 25.5 14.5 670 Pollen 14 S Spain: Andalucia G1 36.5 5.0-5.3 25.0 10.5 400 Pollen 14 N Morocco: Nador 1 35 5.0-5.3 25.5 12.0 450 Pollen 14 N Morocco: Habibas 1 35 5.0-5.3 25.2 12.0 420 Pollen 14 N Tunisia: Oued et Tellil 37 5.0-5.3 25.9 9.4 450 Pollen 14 Sicily: Capo Rossello 37 5.0-5.3 26.0 12.0 595 Pollen 14 S Portugal: Rio Maior F16 39.5 5.0-5.3 25.2 11.5 900 Pollen 14 Central and W Europe (MN14 sites) 37-51 5.0 400-900 Rodents 11 NW Germany (level XIII) 52-53 5.0 24.4-24.8 3.7-5.8 1231-1297 Flora 5, 7 Germany: Hambach Mine 9A (level XXIV) ca 51 ca 4.5-5.3 21.6-24.3 -0.1 - 4.1 897-1151 Flora 7 Libya: Sahabi 29 5.0 400-800 Flora 15 Romania: Borsec 47 3.6-6.0 1361 Flora 12 N Bulgaria 44 3.6-5.3 20.0-22.0 3.0-5.0 800-1200 Flora 12 NW Italy 43 3.6-5.3 > 1000 Flora 12 Central and W Europe (MN15 sites) 37-51 4.0 300-900 Rodents 11 NW Germany (level XIV) 52-53 4.0 24.0-24.2 2.9-4.6 961-998 Flora 5, 7 Germany: Hambach Mine 9C (level XXV) ca 51 ca 3.5-4.5 21.6-26.4 -0.1 - 4.1 897-1151 Flora 7 NW Germany (level XV -erroneously listed 52-53 3.0-3.5 24.7-24.8 1.8-2.7 996-1034 Flora 5, 7 as 'XVII'- and level XVI) Central and W Europe (MN16 sites) 37-51 3.0 400-1000 Rodents 11 NW Germany (level XVII) 52-53 2.5 24.7-24.8 3.4-4.6 979-1076 Flora 5, 7 Germany: Tegelen (level Y) 51.3 2.0 21.7-23.8 -2.8 - 1.3 1036-1080 Flora 5 N Europe > 55 0.018 < -25.0 Periglacial features 16 -25.0 - Europe 50-55 0.018 Periglacial features 16 -15.0 similar to Ice paleodistributions, paleo sea level Kutzbach and Guetter N Europe > 55 0.018 -35.0 modern values data; climate model (1986) in ref. 17 5

-20.0 - similar to Ice paleodistributions, paleo sea level Kutzbach and Guetter S Europe 40-45 0.018 17.5-20.0 0.0 modern values data; climate model (1986) in ref. 17

similar to Ice paleodistributions, paleo sea level Kutzbach and Guetter N Africa 30-37 0.018 5.0-12.5 modern values data; climate model (1986) in ref. 17

similar to Ice paleodistributions, paleo sea level Kutzbach and Guetter SE Europe 40-45 0.018 17.5-22.5 modern values data; climate model (1986) in ref. 17

*Latitude or interval of latitudes corresponding to the localities. Modern latitudes of localities are used, because the differences with paleolatitudes taking into account the drift of continents are considered negligible. Uncertainties derived from the use of means of climate parameters across different longitudes are considered greater by comparison. However, the longitudinal gradients of the parameters considered in western and central Europe are still probably minimal before the late Pliocene, when the installation of the modern Gulf Stream [ref. 18] may have started inducing the west-east modern winter temperature gradient, best marked in northwestern Europe [ref. 19].

All localities are situated at low altitudes, minimising altitudinal effects superimposed to latitudinal effects on climate.

†Age limits indicated correspond to the age information provided in the corresponding references (epochs, stages, MP or MN zones). They also include broad intervals when defined as such in corresponding references. Ages are conform to the Geologic Timescale 2004 of Gradstein et al. [ref. 20]. Temporal placement of MN and MP biozones follows ref. [21].

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