1. Abiotic Any Nonliving Part of the Environment, Like Rocks, Water, Air

1. abiotic – any nonliving part of the environment, like rocks, water, air,… 2. acceleration – the rate at which velocity changes;

acceleration = (final velocity – starting velocity) / change in time 3. amplitude – the distance from the middle to the bottom (trough) or the top (crest) of a wave 4. aquifer – an underground layer of rock that holds water 5. asteroid – an object made of metal, rock, or ice smaller than a planet that orbits the sun 6. atom – the smallest particle of an element that has all the properties of that element 7. atomic mass – the mass of one atom of an element 8. atomic number – the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom 9. autotroph – an organism that can make its own food; it doesn’t need to eat 10. balanced forces – equal forces that go in opposite directions 11. beaker – a container with a pouring spout and measuring marks 12. biome – a geographic region with a specific climate and distinct types of plants and animals 13. biotic – something that is or was alive 14. black hole - a super dense object with gravity so strong not even light can escape 15. calorie – a unit of thermal energy (heat) 16. cell – the basic unit of a living organism 17. cell membrane – the protective outer covering of all cells 18. cell wall – the stiff outer covering of plant cells, gives structure and protection 19. chemical bond – the force that holds atoms together in a compound, ionic or covalent are the two types 20. chemical change – a change that happens when two or more substances change into something new 21. chemical energy – the energy stored in chemical bonds 22. chemical equation – a way of describing a chemical reaction C + O2 CO2 23. chemical formula – a way of describing a substance using chemical symbols and numbers H2O is the chemical formula for water. 24. chemical property – the characteristics of a substance when it reacts with other materials to make new materials 25. chemical reaction – a process where two or more substances react to make new materials 26. chemical weathering – the wearing away of rocks and minerals by chemical processes ( acid rain, oxidation, dissolving,..) 27. chlorophyll – the green pigment found in plants that absorbs sunlight to provide energy for photosynthesis 28. chloroplasts – the parts of a plant that contain chlorophyll 29. comet – an object in the solar system made of frozen gases, ice and dust that orbits the sun 30. compost – dead and decaying plant matter that can be decomposed 31. compound – is made of two or more elements that are chemically combined Na + Cl NaCl 32. conduction – the transfer of heat (thermal energy) from a warmer material to a cooler material through direct contact (touching) 33. conservation – the protection and preservation of the environment and the wise use of resources 34. constellation – a group of stars that make a picture in your imagination 35. consumer - any organism that consumes (eats) other organisms for energy (anything except plants) 36. continental drift – the hypothesis that all continents drift and that once they were all connected long ago (Pangaea) 37. convection – the transfer of heat (thermal energy) through currents in liquids and gases 38. core – the central, spherical section of the Earth, below the mantle 39. crest - the highest point of a wave, the peak 40. crust – the top, outermost layer of the Earth, the ground we walk on 41. cytoplasm – the gel-like fluid inside cells that surrounds cell structures 42. decomposer – an organism such as bacteria or fungi that breaks down dead plant and animal matter, release nutrients back into the ecosystem to be reused 43. deposition – the process by which water, wind, ice and gravity deposit eroded sediments in new locations 44. DNA – the material found in the nucleus of cells that determines genetic traits 45. eclipse – happens when one object in space casts a shadow on another object 46. electromagnetic wave – energy wave that can travel through matter or empty space Examples: microwaves, visible light, radio waves, X-rays, … 47. electron – a negatively charged subatomic particle that moves around the nucleus of an atom 48. electron cloud – the area surrounding the nucleus of an atom where the electrons are 49. element – a pure substance, made of atoms, it cannot be broken down into simpler parts by physical or chemical methods 50. endothermic reaction – a chemical reaction that absorbs heat (it gets cooler) 51. energy – the ability to do work or cause a change Examples: thermal (heat), light, chemical, electrical, potential and kinetic,… 52. energy transformation – a change from one form of energy into another form 53. epicenter – the point on the surface of Earth directly above an earthquake’s starting point 54. equilibrium – being in balance; equal 55. exothermic reaction – a chemical reaction that gives off heat 56. extinction - the death of all members of a species 57. force – a push or pull 58. frequency – the number of wavelengths that pass a spot in one second 59. friction – a force that tries to stop the movement between two objects that touch each other 60. galaxy – a group of stars, gas and dust held together by gravity (We are in the Milky Way galaxy.) 61. gas giant – a large, gaseous planet like Jupiter or Saturn 62. gene – a section of DNA on a chromosome with genetic information 63. genetic trait – an inherited characteristic, like having the same color eyes 64. geologic fault – a break in the Earth’s crust, where earthquakes usually happen 65. gravity – the force of attraction between two objects, depends on their masses and distance 66. greenhouse effect – heating from gases in Earth’s atmosphere that trap heat 67. groundwater- water that percolates, or drains, through soil and rocks and collects in underground reservoirs. 68. group- a vertical column of elements on the periodic table with similar physical or chemical properties. 69. habitat – the place where an organism lives 70. heredity – passing genetic traits from parents to children 71. heterotroph – an organism that must eat to survive; it cannot make its own food 72. human organ systems- a group of organs that work together to perform body functions. Examples: the bones of the skeletal system; the arteries, veins, heart, and lungs of the circulatory system 73. hybrid – an object that has a combination of more than one trait 74. hydroelectric energy – electrical energy generated using the power of moving water 75. hypothesis – a reasonable prediction, based on knowledge, that can be tested

76. igneous rock - rock formed from lava that cooled 77. inertia – the tendency of an object to not change how it’s moving 78. inexhaustible resource – a resource that won’t run out 79. inherited trait – a genetic characteristic passed from the parent to the children 80. input force – the force applied to a machine by the person 81. interdependent – two objects that rely or depend on each other 82. ion – an atom that has a charge because the number of protons and electrons are not equal 83. isotope – an atom of the same element (so it has the same # of protons) but a different # of neutrons compared to another atom of that element 84. joule – a unit for measuring work in the metric system 85. kinetic energy – the energy an object has because it’s moving 86. lava – melted rock that has erupted from a volcano 87. light-year – the distance that light travels in one year (=186,000 miles per second times 60 times 60 times 24 times 365) 88. lithosphere – the part of the Earth that includes the crust and the outer mantle ( the top layer) 89. lunar cycle – the pattern of the phases of the moon as it orbits the Earth 90. magma – liquid, melted rock underground 91. magnitude – the brightness of a star as measured on a scale 92. mantle – the thick layer of rock under the crust 93. matter – anything that has mass and volume (takes up space) 94. mechanical energy – the sum of an object’s kinetic and potential energy 95. mechanical wave – energy wave that needs matter to travel (Example: sound waves are mechanical waves) 96. metalloid – elements that have properties of both metals and nonmetals, (semiconductors) 97. metals – elements that usually are good conductors of heat and electricity, ductile, malleable and shiny 98. metamorphic rock – rock that changed from one type to a new type through heat and pressure 99. meteor – a piece of space rock that burns upon entering Earth’s atmosphere 100. mitochondria – the parts of a cell that produce energy 101. molecule – the smallest unit of a compound 102. moon phases – the changes in the appearance of the moon as seen from Earth 103. motion – the change in position of an object relative to a reference point 104. mutation – a change in an organism’s genes 105. nebula – a large cloud of gas and dust in space, where most stars are created 106. net force – the total, combined force on an object 107. neutron – a particle in the nucleus of an atom, has no charge 108. newton – the unit for force in the metric system, abbreviated N 109. Newton’s Laws of Motion – the three laws that explain the movement of everything in the universe

a. Things won’t change how they’re moving unless a force acts on them. b. F = ma c. For every action force, there is an equal and opposite reaction force. 110. nitrogen – the gas that makes up ¾ of the air, an element with 7 protons

111. Noble gases – the elements in the last column on the Periodic Table, they almost never react with other elements 112. nonmetals – elements that usually are poor conductors of heat or electricity

113. nonrenewable resource – a natural resource that cannot easily be replaced, like fossil fuels 114. nucleus - a: the center of an atom with the protons and neutrons a.i.1. b: the center of a cell with genes and chromosomes 115. orbit – the path of an object in space 116. organ – a part of the body made of tissues. Examples: heart, lungs, kidneys, … 117. organism – any living thing 118. oxidation – a chemical reaction where a substance combines with oxygen (rusting) 119. oxygen – a colorless gas, the element with 8 protons 120. percolation – the downward movement of water through soil and rock because of gravity 121. period – a: a horizontal row on the Periodic Table b: a long time in the Earth’s history (example: the Jurrasic Period) 122. Periodic Table of the Elements – the table showing all the elements arranged by their properties 123. petri dish – a flat cylinder with a cover used for growing cultures of mold, bacteria, etc. 124. photosynthesis – the process plants use to make their food from carbon dioxide, water and sunlight 125. physical change – a change in a material that does NOT change it to something different 126. physical property – a property you can use to describe or identify a material, Examples: color, shape, freezing point, luster, density,….. 127. plate tectonics – the theory that the crust is broken into huge plates that float and move 128. potential energy – energy that is stored in the position of an object 129. predation – the feeding relationship in which one species is the predator and another is the prey 130. primary consumer – an organism that eats plants 131. producer – a green plant 132. product – a substance made by a chemical reaction 133. proton - the positively charged particle in the nucleus of an atom 134. radiant energy – electromagnetic energy that travels in waves 135. rarefaction – a section of a wave where the particles are spread farther apart 136. reactant – a substance used in a chemical reaction, the starting materials 137. recessive trait – a characteristic that is only shown when two recessive alleles for that trait are inherited 138. renewable resource – a natural resource that can be used and can be replaced 139. resistance force – any force that opposes the motion of an object, it tries to stop the object from moving 140. Richter scale – a scale used to measure an earthquake’s strength 141. rock cycle – the slow, continuous process that changes rocks from one type to another type 142. runoff – water that flows over the surface of the ground into rivers and streams 143. satellite – a natural or man-made object that revolves around another object in space 144. scientific evidence – information that either supports or disputes a scientific theory or hypothesis 145. secondary consumer – an organism that eats primary consumers 146. sediment – small particles of rock, soil, sand, etc deposited by wind, water, ice or gravity 147. sedimentary rock – rock formed by layers of sediment pressed together and cemented by heat, pressure and dissolved minerals 148. seismic wave – a vibration that travels through Earth, usually caused by an earthquake; recorded by a seismograph 149. SI system of measurement (the metric system) – the worldwide system of measurement based on multiples of 10 using meters, liters, grams 150. simple machine – a device that makes work easier by changing the direction or size of the force needed (lever, wheel and axle, screw, pulley, inclined plane, wedge) 151. solar system – the Sun, the planets and moons, and all other bodies orbiting the Sun 152. species – organisms that can produce offspring (babies) that can produce more offspring (grandbabies) 153. specific heat – the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of a substance by 1 degree C 154. spring scale – a tool used to measure a force, such as gravity, on an object 155. stratosphere – the second layer of the atmosphere, above the troposphere, 16-50 km high 156. succession – the rebuilding in populations of organisms in an ecosystem after severe environmental change, such as volcanic eruption, fire, flood 157. surface water – usable freshwater on the Earth’s surface for drinking, animals, recreation, etc., such as lakes, rivers, ponds 158. symbiosis- a close ecological relationship between two or more species. 159. tectonic plates- giant, irregular pieces of Earth’s outermost layer that move around on the softer mantle below. 160. telescope- an instrument that magnifies distant objects and makes them appear closer. 161. test tube – a cylindrical glass tube used in science experiments 162. topographic map – a map that shows contour lines to show the elevation of the ground 163. triple beam balance – a scale that uses three bars (beams) and sliding weights to measure the mass of an object 164. tropism – a plant’s growth response to an external stimulus, such as light, water, or gravity 165. troposphere – the lowest layer of the atmosphere up to about 16 km 166. unbalanced force – a force that is stronger in one direction than the forces in the opposite direction 167. uplift – the pushing up of sections of the Earth’s crust by forces inside the Earth 168. vacuole – a fluid-filled storage sac within a cell 169. vacuum – a space that contains no matter 170. variable – a condition or factor that can be changed in an experiment, can be independent, dependent or the control 171. velocity – the speed and direction of a moving object 172. water cycle – the continuous movement of water between Earth and the atmosphere 173. water vapor – the invisible, gaseous state of water 174. watershed – the region of land drained by a river system 175. wave – a vibration that transfers energy from one place to another 176. wavelength – the distance between the same parts of two consecutive waves