Module 27- Motivation Notes

• Motivation - the process by which activities are ______, directed, and continued so that physical or psychological ______or wants are met.

• Extrinsic motivation - type of motivation in which a person performs an action because it leads to an outcome that is ______from or ______to the person.

• Intrinsic motivation - type of motivation in which a person performs an action because the act ______is rewarding or satisfying in some ______manner.

• Instincts - the ______determined and innate patterns of ______that exist in both people and animals.

Instinct Theory

• Instinct approach - approach to motivation that assumes people are governed by ______similar to those of animals.

Drive Reduction Theory

• Need - a requirement of some material (such as food or water) that is essential for ______of the organism.

• Drive - a psychological tension and physical ______arising when there is a need that motivates the organism to act in order to fulfill the need and ______the tension.

• Drive-reduction theory - approach to motivation that assumes behavior arises from physiological ______that cause internal drives to push the organism to satisfy the need and reduce tension and arousal.

• Primary drives - those drives that involve needs of the body such as ______and thirst.

• Acquired (secondary) drives - those drives that are learned through ______or conditioning, such as the need for ______or social approval.

• Homeostasis - the tendency of the body to maintain a ______state.

Three Types of Needs

• Need for achievement (nAch) - a need that involves a strong desire to succeed in attaining ______, not only realistic ones but also challenging ones.

• Need for affiliation (nAff) - the need for ______social interactions and relationships with others.  Need for power (nPow) - the need to have ______or influence over others.

Arousal Approach to Motivation

• Stimulus motive - a motive that appears to be ______but causes an increase in stimulation, such as ______.

• Arousal theory - theory of motivation in which people are said to have an optimal (best or ideal) level of ______that they seek to maintain by increasing or decreasing stimulation.

• Yerkes-Dodson law - law stating performance is related to ______; moderate levels of arousal lead to ______performance than do levels of arousal that are too low or too high.

• This effect varies with the ______of the task: easy tasks require a high- moderate level while more ______tasks require a low-moderate level.

• Sensation seeker - someone who needs ______arousal than the average person.

Incentive Approach

• Incentives - things that ______or lure people into action.

• Incentive approaches - theories of motivation in which behavior is explained as a ______to the external ______and its rewarding properties.

• Expectancy-value theories - incentive theories that assume the actions of humans cannot be ______or fully understood without understanding the beliefs, values, and the importance that a person attaches to those ______and values at any given moment in time.

• Expectancy - in expectancy-value theory, a belief about what will happen in the ______based on ______experiences.

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

• Self-actualization - according to Maslow, the point that is seldom reached at which people have sufficiently ______the lower needs and achieved their full human potential.

– Deficiency needs - in Maslow's theory, these are ______survival needs, such as the need for food.

• Self-actualization – (continued)

• Growth needs - in Maslow's theory, these are psychological needs, such as the need for ______or accomplishments.

• Peak experiences- according to Maslow, times in a person's life during which self-actualization is ______achieved. Self Determination Theory

• Self-determination theory (SDT) - theory of human motivation in which the ______context of an action has an effect on the type of motivation existing for the action.

• Three universal needs that help people gain a sense of self and healthy relationships.

• Autonomy - the need to ______one's own behavior.

• Competence - the need to ______the challenging tasks of one's life.

• Relatedness - the need for belonging, intimacy, and ______in relationships.

Hunger: Bodily & Social Causes

• Insulin - a hormone secreted by the pancreas to control the levels of fats, proteins, and carbohydrates in the body by ______the level of glucose in the bloodstream.

• Glucagons- hormones that are secreted by the pancreas to control the levels of fats, proteins, and carbohydrates in the body by ______the level of glucose in the bloodstream.

• Weight set point – the particular level of ______that the body tries to maintain.

• Basal metabolic rate (BMR) - the rate at which the body ______energy when the organism is ______.

• Social ______for when meals are to be eaten.

• Cultural ______.

• Food ______.

• Use of food as a ______device or escape from unpleasantness.

• Some people may respond to the anticipation of eating by producing an insulin response, increasing the risk of ______.

Eating Problems

• Obesity - a condition in which the body weight of a person is ______percent or more over the ideal body weight for that person's ______(actual percent’s vary across definitions).

• Anorexia nervosa - a condition in which a person ______eating to the point that a weight loss of 15 percent below the ideal body weight or more occurs.

• Bulimia - a condition in which a person develops a cycle of “______” or overeating enormous • amounts of food at one sitting, and “purging” or deliberately ______after eating

Sexual Orientation

• Sexual orientation - the ______of a person's sexual attraction and affection for others.

• Heterosexual - person attracted to the ______sex.

• Homosexual - person attracted to the ______sex.

• Bisexual - person attracted to ______men and women.

View of Self

• One's view of self can affect the understanding of how much a person's ______can influence his or her success.

• Internal locus of control - the assumption that one generally has ______over one's life.

• External locus of control - the assumption that one's life is generally controlled by ______forces, such as powerful others, luck, or fate.

Motivation to Love and Belong

• Motivation to love.

– Oxytocin - a hormone released by women during labor and ______, and by both sexes during sexual activity. Oxytocin is also a neurotransmitter within the brain, where it plays similar roles.

• Motivation to belong.