<p> Module 27- Motivation Notes</p><p>• Motivation - the process by which activities are ______, directed, and continued so that physical or psychological ______or wants are met.</p><p>• Extrinsic motivation - type of motivation in which a person performs an action because it leads to an outcome that is ______from or ______to the person.</p><p>• Intrinsic motivation - type of motivation in which a person performs an action because the act ______is rewarding or satisfying in some ______manner.</p><p>• Instincts - the ______determined and innate patterns of ______that exist in both people and animals.</p><p>Instinct Theory</p><p>• Instinct approach - approach to motivation that assumes people are governed by ______similar to those of animals.</p><p>Drive Reduction Theory</p><p>• Need - a requirement of some material (such as food or water) that is essential for ______of the organism.</p><p>• Drive - a psychological tension and physical ______arising when there is a need that motivates the organism to act in order to fulfill the need and ______the tension.</p><p>• Drive-reduction theory - approach to motivation that assumes behavior arises from physiological ______that cause internal drives to push the organism to satisfy the need and reduce tension and arousal.</p><p>• Primary drives - those drives that involve needs of the body such as ______and thirst.</p><p>• Acquired (secondary) drives - those drives that are learned through ______or conditioning, such as the need for ______or social approval.</p><p>• Homeostasis - the tendency of the body to maintain a ______state.</p><p>Three Types of Needs</p><p>• Need for achievement (nAch) - a need that involves a strong desire to succeed in attaining ______, not only realistic ones but also challenging ones.</p><p>• Need for affiliation (nAff) - the need for ______social interactions and relationships with others.  Need for power (nPow) - the need to have ______or influence over others.</p><p>Arousal Approach to Motivation</p><p>• Stimulus motive - a motive that appears to be ______but causes an increase in stimulation, such as ______. </p><p>• Arousal theory - theory of motivation in which people are said to have an optimal (best or ideal) level of ______that they seek to maintain by increasing or decreasing stimulation.</p><p>• Yerkes-Dodson law - law stating performance is related to ______; moderate levels of arousal lead to ______performance than do levels of arousal that are too low or too high. </p><p>• This effect varies with the ______of the task: easy tasks require a high- moderate level while more ______tasks require a low-moderate level.</p><p>• Sensation seeker - someone who needs ______arousal than the average person.</p><p>Incentive Approach</p><p>• Incentives - things that ______or lure people into action.</p><p>• Incentive approaches - theories of motivation in which behavior is explained as a ______to the external ______and its rewarding properties.</p><p>• Expectancy-value theories - incentive theories that assume the actions of humans cannot be ______or fully understood without understanding the beliefs, values, and the importance that a person attaches to those ______and values at any given moment in time.</p><p>• Expectancy - in expectancy-value theory, a belief about what will happen in the ______based on ______experiences. </p><p>Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs</p><p>• Self-actualization - according to Maslow, the point that is seldom reached at which people have sufficiently ______the lower needs and achieved their full human potential.</p><p>– Deficiency needs - in Maslow's theory, these are ______survival needs, such as the need for food. </p><p>• Self-actualization – (continued)</p><p>• Growth needs - in Maslow's theory, these are psychological needs, such as the need for ______or accomplishments. </p><p>• Peak experiences- according to Maslow, times in a person's life during which self-actualization is ______achieved. Self Determination Theory</p><p>• Self-determination theory (SDT) - theory of human motivation in which the ______context of an action has an effect on the type of motivation existing for the action.</p><p>• Three universal needs that help people gain a sense of self and healthy relationships.</p><p>• Autonomy - the need to ______one's own behavior.</p><p>• Competence - the need to ______the challenging tasks of one's life.</p><p>• Relatedness - the need for belonging, intimacy, and ______in relationships.</p><p>Hunger: Bodily & Social Causes</p><p>• Insulin - a hormone secreted by the pancreas to control the levels of fats, proteins, and carbohydrates in the body by ______the level of glucose in the bloodstream.</p><p>• Glucagons- hormones that are secreted by the pancreas to control the levels of fats, proteins, and carbohydrates in the body by ______the level of glucose in the bloodstream.</p><p>• Weight set point – the particular level of ______that the body tries to maintain.</p><p>• Basal metabolic rate (BMR) - the rate at which the body ______energy when the organism is ______.</p><p>• Social ______for when meals are to be eaten.</p><p>• Cultural ______.</p><p>• Food ______.</p><p>• Use of food as a ______device or escape from unpleasantness.</p><p>• Some people may respond to the anticipation of eating by producing an insulin response, increasing the risk of ______.</p><p>Eating Problems</p><p>• Obesity - a condition in which the body weight of a person is ______percent or more over the ideal body weight for that person's ______(actual percent’s vary across definitions).</p><p>• Anorexia nervosa - a condition in which a person ______eating to the point that a weight loss of 15 percent below the ideal body weight or more occurs.</p><p>• Bulimia - a condition in which a person develops a cycle of “______” or overeating enormous • amounts of food at one sitting, and “purging” or deliberately ______after eating</p><p>Sexual Orientation</p><p>• Sexual orientation - the ______of a person's sexual attraction and affection for others.</p><p>• Heterosexual - person attracted to the ______sex.</p><p>• Homosexual - person attracted to the ______sex.</p><p>• Bisexual - person attracted to ______men and women.</p><p>View of Self</p><p>• One's view of self can affect the understanding of how much a person's ______can influence his or her success.</p><p>• Internal locus of control - the assumption that one generally has ______over one's life.</p><p>• External locus of control - the assumption that one's life is generally controlled by ______forces, such as powerful others, luck, or fate.</p><p>Motivation to Love and Belong</p><p>• Motivation to love.</p><p>– Oxytocin - a hormone released by women during labor and ______, and by both sexes during sexual activity. Oxytocin is also a neurotransmitter within the brain, where it plays similar roles.</p><p>• Motivation to belong.</p>