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Details of the Eucalypt Species studied in this thesis

Main eucalypt alliances on the Northern Tablelands.

Alliance Suballiance Main Minor Species forming association association ecotonal associations

E. melliodora - E. melliodora E. bridgesiana E. albens E. blakelyi E. blakelyi E. conica E. caliginosa • E. viminalis E. sideroxylon

E. pauciflora E. pauciflora E. pauciflora E. acaciiformis E. stellulata E. viminalis E. stellulata E. stellulata E. pauciflora . E. viminalis E. nova-anglica

E. dalrympleana E. dalrympleana E. andrewsii § E. caliginosa E. radiata E. pauciflora E. acaciiformis

E. viminalis E. viminalis E. viminalis E. obliqua E. pauciflora E. laevopinea • E. caliginosa E. dalrymplearu E. dalrymplecuu E. nova-anglica E. stellulata E. melliodora

E. radiata E. acachformis E. dalrympleana E. youmanii

E. nova-anglica E. nova-anglica E. stellulata E. acaciiformis E. viminalis E. pauciflora E. melliodora E. bridgesiana

E. laevopinea - E. laevopinea E. laevopinea Wetter. E. caliginosa - E. laevopinea E. pauciflora E. youmanii E. cameronii E. viminalis - E. obliqua E. saligna E. deanii E. dalrympleana Drier: E. macrorhyru ha , - • • E. bridgesiana E. caliginosa E. caliginosa E. caliginosa E. melliodora E. caliginosa - E. blakelyi E. nicholii E. bridgesiana E. laevopinea , E. youmanii E. dalrymplecui

Based on information in Beadle (19811_ * Not included: E. obliqua - E. fastigata alliance; E. macrorhyncha - E. rossii alliance; E. cypellocarpa alliance; E. youmanii suballiance; E. camvanulata alliance; E. andrewsii alliance.

§ E. dalrympleana in all cases is ssp. heptantha. Details of the Eucalypt Species 245

Blakelys Red Gum (Eucalyptus blakelyi Maiden)

SUBGENUS: SYMPHYOMYRTUS SECTION : EXSERTARIA (Red Gums) SERIES : TERETICORNES GENERAL APPEARANCE

Medium sized tree, 10-24m high. Trunk diameter 70-100 cm. Short trunk, large crown, often drooping branches. Typical "gum" bark - shed in irregular patches, greyish colour.

DISTRIBUTION

Widespread on inland side of dividing range in N.S.W. -lower levels of Southern Tablelands; higher levels of Northern Tablelands; Western Slopes and edges of Western Plains. In Victoria on gentle slopes of N.E. area. Also Qld, as an extension of N.S.W. range. Altitudes 170-1200 m. Common and widespread on N. Tablelands - replaced by E. amplifolia in Eastern areas and by E. caliginosa on ridges.

TOPOGRAPHY

Gentle - moderate slopes usually. Not upper slopes, steep country or river banks. Mid to low slopes on N. Tablelands.

GEOLOGY AND SOILS Granite, slate or sedimentary rocks. Variety of soils. Usually deep soils and compact loams of moderate quality. Not basalt soils usually.

CLIMATE Inland climate, cool winters (frosts and occasional snow). Warm to hot summers (over 40° at times). Rainfall not as reliable as coastal areas..450-750 mm per year. Frost and drought resistant species.

ECOLOGY Open forests and woodlands. With Boxes and Ironbarks and occasionally Stringybarks.

COMMON ASSOCIATES ON THE NORTHERN TABLELANDS Most common with :E. melliodora, E. bridgesiana, Angophora floribunda. In Western areas: E. macrorhyncha, E. sideroxylon, E. hemiphloia, E. caleyi, E. dealbata, E. youmannii, E. bancroftii etc. In area with: E. albens, A. floribunda. On basalt and sedimentary rocks with E. melliodora, E. nova-anglica. Details of the Eucalypt Species 246

On granite in central and eastern area with: E. caliginosa, E. melliodora.

GENERAL Most closely related to E. tereticornis, E. dwyeri, E. dealbata, E. camaldulensis. Likely to hybridize with the last two. Timber similar to other red gums - hard, durable, interlocking grain. Useful for construction work, fence posts. Not milled to a great extent because long lengths of timber are hard to obtain, though is grown for timber in N.Z. Also useful for shade, shelter, honey and firewood.

DIEBACK ON THE NORTHERN TABLELANDS Had severe dieback over much of its range on the N. Tablelands. One of the worst affected species, and in many places large proportions of trees died. Less affected in western areas. Also severely affected in other areas eg. .

Apple Box (Eucalyptus bridgesiana R.T. Baker ssp bridgesiana) (= E. bridgesiana RT Baker, = E. stuartiana F. Muell)

SUBGENUS: SYMPHYOMYRTUS SECTION : MAIDENARIA (Gums) SERIES : VIMINALES (White Gums, Apple Boxes etc) GENERAL APPEARANCE

Medium sized tree, 8-25 m high. Trunk 0.5 - 1 m diameter. Short bole, large drooping crown. Bark greyish, typical "box" type, corky and persistent to the branches.

DISTRIBUTION

Similar to E. melliodora. N.S.W. - Western slopes and parts of the tablelands. Vic - eastern areas at low to medium altitudes. Also a short way into S.E. Qld. Altitude : Low to intermediate, 170 - 1200 m. Wide distribution on the N. Tablelands.

TOPOGRAPHY

Flats, lower slopes and rises. Moist sites. Details of the Eucalypt Species 247

GEOLOGY AND SOILS Granites, fine grained sedimentary rocks (eg. slates and cherts). Deep soils and heavy alluvial soils.

CLIMATE As with E. melliodora...hot summers, cold frosty winters. Rainfall 625 - 1125 mm. Occasional snow at higher altitudes.

ECOLOGY Woodlands and open forests. Not usually a dominant. Grows with Boxes, Ironbarks and Gums.

COMMON ASSOCIATES ON THE NORTHERN TABLELANDS Most common with E. melliodora, E. blakelyi.

GENERAL Closely related to E. angophoroides which is coastal in southern N.S.W. and eastern Victoria. Also closely related to E. bridgesiana ssp malacoxylon. Shade tree, good honey (regular flowerer). Soft brittle wood of little commercial value.

DIEBACK ON THE NORTHERN TABLELANDS Variable susceptibility. Some areas very badly affected or the worst affected species in a stand. In better condition west of divide where dieback is less severe. Also one of the worst affected species on the Central Tablelands.

Yellow Box (Eucalypus melliodora A. Gunn. ex Schauer)

SUBGENUS: SYMPHIOMYRTUS SECTION : ADNATARIA (Boxes) SERIES : MELLIODORAE GENERAL APPEARANCE

Medium tree 12-30 m high. Trunk diameter 70-100 cm. Trunk a third to a half of the tree height. Large spreading crown. Bark yellow-brown, between a "gum" and a "box" type - flakey, fibrous, coming off in small strips higher up to reveal smooth bark underneath.

DISTRIBUTION - • Similar to E. blakelyi. N.S.W.- widespread on inland side of

divide, western slopes an N. Tablelands. Vic - widespread, inland side of divide c" and a little on the coastal side and northern foothills of the divide. Also

extends into S.E. Qld. Altitude mainly 700-1140 m. Details of the Eucalypt Species 248

TOPOGRAPHY

Gentle slopes and foothills. Usually mid to lower slopes. On western edge of occurrance grows on flats near watercourses.

GEOLOGY AND SOILS Variety of rocks: granite, sedimentary rocks and basalts sometimes. Soils light to moderate heavy alluvial soils, loarns, sandy foams. Not poor sands. Indicates better class agricultural soils, thus extensively cleared.

CLIMATE Warm dry summers, cool frosty winters. Annual rainfall 375-900 mm. Frost and drought resistant.

ECOLOGY Woodlands, sometimes in open dry sclerophyll forest. Usually with other Boxes, Ironbarks, E. macrorhyncha, and E. blakelyi.

COMMON ASSOCIATES ON THE NORTHERN TABLELAND Commonly with E. blakelyi, E. bridgesiana, Angophora floribunda. In western areas on basalt also with: E. albens, E. melanophloia, Callitrus and on granite with: E. macrorhyncha, E. andrewsii, E. dealbata, E. bancroftii. With E. caliginosa and E. viminalis on Tenterfield plateau and with E. nova-anglica on basalt and red soils in central and eastern areas.

GENERAL Most closely related to E. sideroxylon (with which it hybridizes) and E. polyanthemos. Wood yellow/brown - hard, strong and durable. Heavy construction, fence posts. Excellent firewood and honey tree. Attractive, fast growing. Useful for shade and shelter.

DIEBACK ON THE NORTHERN TABLELANDS Severely affected but not usually as bad as E. blakelyi with which it commonly grows. Large proportions dead in many areas. Also affected in other areas eg. Central Tablelands, where it is usually less affected than associated species.

New England Peppermint (Eucalyptus nova-anglica H. Deane et Maiden

SUBGENUS: SYMPHYOMYRTUS SECTION : MAIDENARIA (Gums) SERIES : VIMINALES GENERAL APPEARANCE Details of the Eucalypt Species 249

Small to medium tree, 15-20 m high, sometimes 30 m. Not a true Peppermint. Bark Rough, fibrous, deeply furrowed on trunk and smooth on upper branches. Distinct blue/grey juvenile foliage.

DISTRIBUTION

Limited to N. Tablelands of N.S.W.and the high country of S.E. Qld. Common near Armidale. Chiefly east and north parts of Tablelands - not much in western areas. Altitude 500-1500 m

TOPOGRAPHY

Frosty valley floors and lower slopes. Prefers high moisture and conditions and frequently grows in badly drained places.

GEOLOGY AND SOILS Granite and basalt. Moderately heavy soils eg. clay loams. Because it is on better soils in valleys it is common in settled areas and consequently is heavily cleared often.

CLIMATE Warm summers, cold frosty winters. Annual rainfall 625-875 mm.

ECOLOGY Woodlands, dry sclerophyll forests. Often in pure stands.

COMMON ASSOCIATES Frequently with E. paucifiora, E. stellulata, E. blakelyi, E. melliodora, E. viminalis, E. caliginosa and various Peppermints.

GENERAL Most closely related to E. cinerea. Useful for shade and shelter. Wood is light red and not highly regarded, though sometimes used for fencing etc.

DIEBACK Worst affected species on the N. Tablelands and was the first to suffer. By 1970 large proportions were dead in Salisbury Plains and Guyra Plateau areas. Often was the only species affected. Not affected over its entire range, and in western and southern areas it is in better health. In cultivation in Central Tablelands it is reported to be in good health. Details of the Eucalypt Species 250

Snow Gum or White Sally (Eucalyptus paucifiora Sieber ex Sprengel ssp paucifiora)

SUBGENUS: MONOCALYPTUS SECTION : RENANTHERIA SERIES : OBLIQUAE (Ashes and Sallees) APPEARANCE

Small to medium tree, 10-20 m high. In higher altitudes has a shrub or mallee habit. In lower altitudes is a short boled tree, much branched and with a spreading crown. Trunk 0.5 - 1 m diameter. Smooth white "gum" bark.

DISTRIBUTION

High country of N.S.W., Vic, Tas, and S.E. Qld. I Altitude 1700-3000m, extends from sea-level in parts of Tas and Vic. Largely alpine to subalpine. Widespread on N. Tablelands, in central and eastern areas, in higher or frosty areas.

TOPOGRAPHY

Varied. Mountain slopes, exposed ridge tops, broad valleys.

GEOLOGY AND SOILS Various. Shallow rocky soils on ridge tops and moderate quality drier type alluvials from basalts, granites etc.

CLIMATE Cool summers, cold winters..frost and snow frequent. Moderate rainfall 625- 1250 mm - usually reliable.Winter rainfall in southern areas and summer rainfall in northern

ECOLOGY Woodlands, often in pure stands.

COMMON ASSOCIATES ON THE NORTHERN TABLELANDS Often with E. stellulata on cold exposed sites. Also with E. viminalis, E. nova-anglica, E. dives in different areas.

GENERAL Most closely related to E. niphophila (=E. paucifiora ssp niphophylla), E. paucifiora ssp debeuzevillei) and E. stellulata. Timber little used though valued locally for fencing and firewood. Good for shade and shelter. Low density honey. Prevents erosion in Details of the Eucalypt Species 251

alpine areas.

DIEBACK ON THE NORTHERN TABLELANDS Suffered over extensive areas. Shows some resistance compared with associated species, eg. E. blakelyi, E. melliodora, E. nova-anglica, E. viminalis. Was worst affected where it grew on exposed frosty sites. Also showed some resistance on the Central Tablelands.

Manna Gum or White Gum or Ribbon Gum (Eucalyptus viminalis Labill.)

SUBGENUS: SYMPHYOMYRTUS SECTION : MAIDENARIA (Gums) SERIES : VIMINALES (White Gums etc) APPEARANCE

2 forms. Medium to tall tree of tall woodlands and grassy forest and a taller form of wet sclerophyll forest. Commonly 30-40 m high and with a trunk diameter of 1 m but may reach 60 m with a 1.7 m diameter trunk. Open spreading crown. Typical "gum" bark, smooth, white, coming off in ribbons. Often rough at base.

DISTRIBUTION

Wide distribution in S.E. Aust. N.S.W.- scattered through Northern and Southern Tablelands on well watered cold sites. Vic-common in N.E. area. S.E. Qld and Mt Lofty Ranges of S.A. also. N. Tablelands-common and widespread above 900m. Altitude range sealevel (S.A.) to 1500m (Northern N.S.W.)

GEOLOGY AND SOILS

Variety of rocks; basalts, granites etc. Prefers good soils, moist and well drained alluvial or sandy podzolics.

CLIMATE Wide range. Mostly mild summers and cool to cold winters with frosts. Snow rare. Winter rainfall in south, summer rainfall in north of its range. Rainfall 625-1375 mm. Details of the Eucalypt Species 252

ECOLOGY Tall woodlands, grassy forests, wet scleophyll forests. In WSF may be associated with E. regnans, E. delegatensis, E. fastigata, E. obliqua and various Peppermints.

COMMON ASSOCIATES ON THE NORTHERN TABLELANDS E. pauciflora, E. melliodora, E. blakelyi, E. nova-anglica.

GENERAL Similar to E. dalrympeana, E. rubida in appearance. Related to E. aromaphloia, E. pryoriana, E. nova-anglica. Hybrid swarms of it and E. nova-anglica sometimes called E. huberiana. Wood pale, moderately hard, but not strong or durable. Grain open and straight. Useful for posts and rails. Reports vary on wood quality, dependant on site. Some say it twists and warps while others say it seasons well and is useful for boards, light construction, panelling etc. Young trees used for pulp and fibreboard.Koalas eat the . Coppices readily. Grows well in the nursery, fast growing, responds to fertilizer. Manna collected from leaves. Can be propagated from cuttings. Good honey, nectar and pollen tree. Clinal variation in drought and frost resistance.

DIEBACK ON THE NORTHERN TABLELANDS Suffered over extensive areas. Variable susceptibility. Did not suffer until most recent outbreak (1975-80). Generally not as badly affected as E. blakelyi or E. melliodora. Amongst the worst affected species on the Central Tablelands.

Rough Barked Apple (Angophora floribunda (Sm.)Sweet)

APPEARANCE

Medium tree. Rough, fibrous bark - persistant to upper branches. Twisted gnarled appearance.

DISTRIBUTION

Widespread in N.S.W. (particularly Western Slopes). Also Qld and Vic. Occurs near coast in east Vic and southern N.S.W., while is more inland in northern N.S.W. On N. Tablelands is common at altitudes below 1100m. Scattered over central and western areas.

TOPOGRAPHY Details of the Eucalypt Species 253

Often on flats. Sometimes on hills.

GEOLOGY AND SOILS Usually slates and alluvium. Favours deep soils and alluvial soils.

CLIMATE Similar to E. melliodora.

ECOLOGY Woodlands

COMMON ASSOCIATED ON NORTHERN TABLELANDS Usually grows with E. blakelyi and E. melliodora

GENERAL Closely related to A. bakeri, A. subvelutina and hybridizes with both. Good shade tree and often seeked out by stock for this purpose. Profuse flowering.

DIEBACK ON THE NORTHERN TABLELANDS Sometimes heavily defoliated. Usually recovers well. Severe dieback in places, but generally not as bad as E. blakelyi or E. melliodora but occassionally worse, eg. Kingstown area.

REFERENCES USED TO COMPILE APPENDIX Ib

Some of these references give a good overview of species, while others may only be useful for one or two bits of information. The better reference books have been maked with .

Anderson (1956) Beadle (1976-1987) Beadle Carolin and Evans (1976) Blake and Roff (1958) Chippendale and Wolf (1981) - Distribution Costermans (1981) - General Morgan (1981b) - Distribution and ecology of N. Tablelands species Hall, Johnston and Marryatt (1963) - Distribution etc. Hall, Johnston and Chippendale (1975) - Complete information for each species Kelly (1974) - Illustrations Penfold and Willis (1961) - general Pratten C. - personal communication on dieback on the Central Tablelands of N.S.W. Pryor and Johnson (1971) - classification Williams (198i) - Eucalypts of the N. Tablelands. Williams and Nadolny (1981) - Distribution of dieback on the Northern Tablelands.

************************************************** Appendix II

Dieback Vitality Scale

This scale is the same as used by Christopher Nadolny (see Nadolny 1984 for full details). It is modified from E. Hoult (1970).

0 Dead (certain), heavy twig loss, bark splitting

1 Completely defoliated with no live foliage, but tree relatively intact; possibility of sprouting new growth from branches or bole; often dead leaves remaining on tree.

2 Epicormic growth no higher than main trunk; no mature foliage.

3 Epicormic growth no higher than lower branches; no mature foliage.

4 Foliage predominantly epicormic (usually no higher than upper branches) or greater than 75% of twigs on primary crown apparently dead.

5 Between 50-75% of twigs on primary crown apparently dead.

6 25-50% of twigs on primary crown apparently dead.

7 Less than 25% of twigs on primary crown dead, but not completely healthy; substantial epicormic growth or defoliation; little reproductive activity.

8 Apparently healthy.

254 Appendix III

Data Sheets and Calculations of Phenological Data: 1985-88

Phenological Data Trees were chosen with low branches, where possible. For higher trees binoculars were used and occasional destructive sampling. The different stages of the flowering cycle are illustrated in Figure 2 and Plate 6.1. Explanation of Data Sheet The classification "young buds" was later disregarded as being too subjective. Seed and chaff were put on a separate data sheet (Figure 3 below). "Health ratings" are explained in Appendix II. "Notes" included when seed traps were installed, what defoliation was experienced, and notes on the flowering stages. Relative sizes of . or fruit crops, leaf growth, or beetle attack are illustrated in Subsection 6.3.1. The following code was used in recording

3 very light crop - fruit or buds sporadic over tree not easy to find.

/3 moderate crop fruit or buds distinct and common on tree, easy to find.

high crop - fruit or buds dense throughout the crown - most possible sites are occupied.

Arrows between dates indicate the progress of each flower crop. Seed Trap Data buds, flower buds, immature and mature fruit, seed, and chaff were all counted. Values for seed and chaff were added and the mean taken over the two seed traps. This figure was converted to seed plus chaff per m2 using the following formula: n lo,000 453 = seed + chaff 111-2 where n = mean value of seed + chaff over the two seed traps. and 453 = the area of each seed trap.

255 Data Phenological 256

The arising value was then divided by the number of months over which the seed fall had taken place giving a value of average amount of seedfall per m2 per month: Young leaves, leaves, sticks, and unclassifiable fragments and dust were all weighed when dry and added together to give a value of litter fall. Insects were counted, classified, and weighted and the insect frass was weighed. These values were also converted to an amount per m2 per month.

51""les: Etc. viman a Its 6176• B,;-(4,„iet (zb) 4covE: 2 0,vi Nooks" 3

0 2... L41 ilea, 5.1 ci4f MI. R., 1. us fl,„.. .14 y ti. r NO TES id 6.1, bvis fi,. („,:i- --cru; ,,; t- P.4 1 i an DAZ fr. 4fti Q rowf g 1111 Seeot -Iry s ,.s AA/ 3 . 7-35 111 WA ‘- fm• 44-0. g no recr“ ;-bint e6s.,-,,e4 11 . 1 . 35 Ed IN= q _ g s..e L...$4.4f1,44- C)V .1,1145. Bill Mai 0...36 . NMI 11111110111 – /8 22. 44, lirialli i EMI / i .14 S $ ,,,.. c....r . 1•1o•14 ITINIMAINURIMIRIII r En spr

Ii.u . r. 11111/111111 la r I . s..,..- 6,34 FilM il v" S. ■111322IMMIIIM"

g ir1 4 • 4:: i " wt. 6 .07 ile II WM / g 0% in of,y J u,i4t...le .•.. s I •11.1 NE II " 333 Iii J., ve, ile 1,. 4 . 1544 ME I q 1 g

. .

,

Figure 1: Data Sheet for Phenological Observations Phenological Data 257

13.hh Frow.... 84, 01) •

tiollOrt 5t4;t* opiin 541, Se cc) Ch^ 4F,

a I • at,. • • APO

Figure : Stages of Fruit Development in Blakelys red gum (E. blakelyi)

Ice:

kcl. 11:, Ws Froweis pftrtIll . °Id J"J "64. i $WIS CilafF" kali ) Sid( _14skts enA. bvds. bud fioweis fig 4 44. • CS) le". Li Ik atfc. i NA(i) 6) 4`143) (3)

11 -

. .

Figure .3: Data Sheet for Seed Trap Contents 258

Appendix IV

Design of Seed Traps

The seed traps used as part of the phenology studies from 1982-1984 (Chapter 6.3) were based on a design by Margaret French who was working on seedfall in rainforests from the Botany Department of the University of Sydney.

Seed traps were 0.1 m2 in area, with inside lengths of 25 cm X 40 cm. The frame was constructed with 50 x 25 min pieces of hardwood held together with bent strips of 2 cm wide metal strapping. A fine nylon mesh was stapled to the bottom of the trap and joins were sealed with silicone sealant. The mesh was a Swiss Silk bolting cloth with a mesh count of 24.4 per cm. This was fine enough to catch the very finest particles but allowed passage of water. [Nylon mesh: Nytal Nylon Monofilament ASTM 60-250 u, Type 2188 Thread 160 u] Chicken wire was nailed to the top of the trap to prevent damage to the mesh from falling twigs. The traps were suspended from a lower branch of a tree with wire.

These traps proved to be too shallow and unstable to collect and hold sufficient numbers of seeds so the design was modified. New traps were made from plastic buckets with their bottoms cut out and replaced with the same fine nylon mesh as before, held in place with two doughnut shaped pieces of galvanized iron, pop rivetted through the bucket and sealed with silastic sealant. The traps were secured between two steel fence posts with wire and chicken wire was placed over the top to prevent damage from falling branchlets. Seed Traps 2E9

Top diameter bucket = 24cm Collecting area of one bucket = 453 cm 2 Height off ground about 1.5 in Two seed traps per tree. Total collecting are per tree of 905cm2

bucket

Bucket seed trap Not to scale. fi. ne ny 1 on gauze

metal rims, pop rivettet! together seal ant

deed trap and portable vacuum cleaner.

Appendix V

Phenology graphs of selected eucalypt trees

IE • 14ev 0 pin e,t #2- Pei - a 61. 1185 MG i /7 7 Ifirr 3" 6s ow DIFti Anra-ksoNIDn-FriAtiJS A 5 0 AlP t jfeal A v V tiollihrmi i1 ykotj fr,,, 9 ci,r 4-._ith 4.ft,1 L _ _ -fike . ‘-

Re/Jaw./ ktfpils PREPARED f OR ‘AcH 7A6t MOAJITOKCP

C loo AGO.

260 Appendix VI 261 Total area and trees established and monitored in the project Area No. trees No. trees No. trees % trees Mean ht Area No. Mean ht No. Euc. No. Acaci • Mean ht (ha) Monitored Planted surviving surviving (m) sown seedlings (m) seedlings and shrubs (m) for April 88 April 88 April 88 (ha) April 88 April 88 Regenerated Regenerated natural SI1E phenology (Approx.) • egeneration

BELHAVEN (la) 1 0 336 (83) 118 36 2.0 - - - 1

BELHAVEN (lb) 0.3 0 0 - - - 0.3 39 i 0.2 1 - 0.1 (1985,86)

BIRRAHLEE (2a) 2.9 0 0 - - - 0 - - 500 14,500 7

BIRRAHLEE (2b) 3.5 8 0 - - - 0.03 440 1.3 9 21 1.3

EASTLAKE (3a) 11 6 0 - - 0 - - 4,300 2,200

EASTLAKE (3b) 3 12 0 - - - 0.02 (86) 4 0.4 70 30 1.0

EASTLAKE (3c) 0.2 0 0 - - - 0.08 (87) 168 0.1 0 0 -

EASTLAKE (3d) 0.2 0 0 - - - 0.09 (87) 324 0.2 0 0 -

EASTLAKE (3e) 0.09 0 0 - - - 0.09 (86) 43 7 0 0 -

EASTLAKE (3f) 0.06 0 0 - - - 0.06 (86) 12 ? 0 0 -

EUROPAMBELA (4a) 4 3 0 - - - 0 - - 7 , ? EUROPAMBELA (4b) 1 0 0 - - - 0.5 37 (841 2.0 25 10. . 1.0 62 (85 1.5 9 (8 0.6

MALPAS DAM (5) 45 0 12,193 11,949 96.8 0.5 - 7 (approx.)

MIRAMOONA (6a) 0.45 7 - - 0.06 (85) 18 0.4 2 0 0.5 54 (86) 4 8 0.9 0.07 (86) 143 o.

MIRAMOONA (6b) 1.8 3 154 (85) 10 7 0.7 - - 12 0 0.7 332 (87) 276 83 0.10 (87) 38 0.2

MIRAMOONA (6c) 0.35 0 54 (85) 17 32 0.7 ------

PETAL! (8a) 7.2 12 0 - - - 0.02 (86) 0 - 73 160 0.3

PETALI (8b) 5.8 0 0 - - - 0 - - 7 0 ?

PETAL! (8c) 4 3 0 - - - 0 - - 7

RUBY HILLS (9a) 8.6 14 0 - - - 1.00 (85) 0 - 90 170 1.0 0.03 (86) 1,436 0.05 (87) 610

RUBY HILLS (9b) 0.1 0 192 83 43 7 0 - - 0 0 -

SALISBURY COURT (10) 4.8 6 456 (85) 99 22 0.6 0.20 (85) 58 0.3 7 0 0.7 332 (87) 295 89 7 0.02 (86) 21 0.1

TERRIBLE VALE (12a) 1.2 3 0 - - - 0 - - 264 360 1.8

TERRIBLE VALE (12b) 3.3 6 132 1 0.8 1.5 0.4 30 0.2 . 0 0 - (85, 86)

THE HILL (13) 8.8 0 0 - - - 0 - - 7 7 . 7

WOODPARK (15a) 10 3 0 - - - 0 - - 0 0 -

WOODPARK (15b) 5 2 332 302 91 7 0 - - 7 ? ?

YALGOO (16a) 3 6 0 - - - 0 - - 1,500 90 ?

YALGOO (16b) 10.6 10 0 - - - 0.80 (85) 0 - 0 0 - 0.40 (86) 207 0.8 .

YALGOO (16c) 2.6 0 386 (85) 52 14 0.7 1.30 (85) 0 - 3 0 0.5 401 (87) 308 77 1.0

TOTAL 150 100 15,354 13,514 88 Approx. 5.7 3,700 Approx. 6,800 17,500 1-2 1 0.5 .

Figures in () = sowing or planting dates. 262 Appendix VII

Details of Study Sites

1(a) I (lb) 2(a) I 2(b) 3(a) I 3(b) Property Belhaven Birrahlee • Eastlake

Eng: Bloomfield family Rob and Sally Taylor Williams family Location 15km NE Armidale 5km SE Kentucky 26km SE Uralla Property Size, 1,240 ha. 1,320 ha. Land= Sheep and cattle grazing Sheep and cattle grazing Sheep and cattle grazing SNOW GUM HILL ijeology Granite Basalt Porphyritic Palaeozoic Palaeozoic Palaeozoic leucodamellite metamorphic metasediments metasediments with sediments ("Trap") tertiary stream and gravel remnants.

Soil Grey lateritic podzal Chocolate podzolic Sandy Grey-brown podzolic Red podzolic Not classified intergrade

Slope 3-4. 2. 5-10° 2-5. 15. 2-3.

Position on slope Midslope Midslope Crest to upper slope Crest to mid slope Crest to mid slope Crest to mid slope

Aspect South North South, east, west South and west North, west West

Plant Community Grassland Grassland Sclerophyll shrub Grassy woodland Grassy woodland Grassy woodland Isolated trees nearby Isolated trees nearby woodland

Pasture Tvpe Natural Native None Highly improved Native pasture Natural pasture pasture

Density of trees + 0 0 Sparse 292/ha Sparse 48/ha Sparse 27/ha Sparse 89/ha Density of shrubs 0 0 Dense 5000/ha None 0 Sparse 204/ha Isolated plants 9/ha Eucalypt Regeneration 0 Isolated plants 3/ha Sparse 167/ha Isolated plants 2.6/ha Sparse 388/ha Sparse 23/ha Acacia Regeneration 0 0 0 Isolated clumps 6.0/ha Isolated plants Isolated plants 0.3/hr

Main Trees and Shrubs E. melliodora nearby E. dalrympleana near- E. pauciflora E. stellulata E. laevopinea E. nova -anglica in order of abundance by L. brevipes E. viminalis E. melliodora E. pauciflora (,* are dominant) Callitris endlicheri Angophora floribundc E. blakelyi E. dairympleana Exocarpus cupressy"ormis E. dalrympleana A. dealbata E. blakelyi Prostanthera nivea A. dealbata A. implexa E. radiata A. melanoxylon E. bridgeslana Lissanthe strigosa E. laevopinea A, filicifolia Daviesia genistifolia Daviesia genistifolia Lomatia fraseri + planted Pinus radiates Crataegus monogyna scopaha Lissantha strigosa Main herbaceous Eragrostis sp. Eragrostis leptostachya Poa sieberana Festuca arundinacea Poa sieberana Pinus radiata species Sporobolus elongotus Panicum effusum Rhagodia hastata Marrubium vulgare Stipa sp. Poa sieberruta in order of abundance Acetocella angiocarpa Pteridium esculeturn Cirsium vulgare Microlaena stipoides are dominant) Poa sieberana Lomandra long(/blia Cynodon dactylon Bothriochloa macro Hypochaeris radiata

Health of site All trees removed. All trees removed. Most trees good over- Many trees removed. Many trees removed. Many trees removed. ',Tree condition scale all health. (3) 17% dead, 40% poor, 27% dead. 46% trees dead. tee Table 8.18) 43% good. (2) Most other trees Most other trees good. (3) good. (3)

Area of site (ha) 1 0.3 2.9 3.5 11 ha. 3 ha. Studies carried out Tree planting trial Direct sowing trial Regeneration Phenology. Regenera- Phenology. Regenera- phenologv. Regal- observation tion. Direct sowing fllon • eration. Direct sowing

Previous history Had been cleared. Fenced off 1982. Fenced 1984. Rung Had not been Fenced for regenera- ask Unsupered sward of Was part of a 300 ac. 1920's;30's leaving supered since 1981 don Winter 1985. native pasture. Had paddock, rarely used belts of trees. Fenced 1983 for • been a low intensity by stock. Rung Regrowth-->existing regeneration. Pines sheep camp. 1920's and 30's. small trees. Pasture planted in 1983 (NE Aerially supered with improvement since corner), 1984 (W rest of paddock. 1960's. Sown pasture fence line) 1985 (S Since fencing fertilizer raised stock E fence lines). , vigorous regeneration. stock from 1 to 3.5 sheep/ac.

Short description "Island" of thick Improved pasture with Unproductive rocky shrubby regeneration a moderate number of hill fenced for amidst heavily trees and little regeneration and stock cleared pasture. regeneration. protection. 263

4(a) 4(b) I 5 6(a) I 6(b) Property Europambela Malpas Dam Miramoona (foreshore)

Owner Fenwick family (Mngr - McNeil family) Armidale City Council Barnet family Location 10km E. Walcha 27km NE Armidale 161cm NW Walcha Property size 3,200 ha. 150 ha. approximately. 1,796 ha. Land use Sheep and cattle Water catchment Sheep and cattle grazing (foreshore) THE CAVES SOWING SITE BERALA WOOKOO Geology, Fine grained Basalt and Sediment- Palaeozoic meta- Sediments ("Trap") palaeozoic meta- ary morphic. Grey wacke

Soil Lithosol Lithosol Red and yellow Red podzolic - not classified podzolic, chocolate, prairie, gravel

Slope 1-50° 7-10° 1-2° 5° Position on slope Crest - lower slope Crest - mid-slope Upper slope to Crest Crest to mid-slope Aspect West North, South, East depression North, East and West East and South South, East,West

Plant Community Shrub woodland and Isolated clump of Grassland (all wood- Isolated clump of Isolated clump of open woodland trees land cleared) trees trees

Pasture Type Natural Natural Natural pasture Improved pasture Improved pasture

Density of trees Mid.dense Isolated clump 23/ha. Isolated Isolated clump (50/ha) Isolated clump 9/ha. Density of shrubs Dense Very sparse 8/ha. Isolated 0 0 Eucalypt Regeneration Very sparse Very sparse 25/ha. Isolated Isolated 4/ha. Isolated clump 7/ha. Acacia Regeneration Very sparse Very sparse 10/ha. Isolated 0 0

Main Trees Shrubs E. radiata E. viminalis E. nova-anglica E. melliodora E. viminalis in order of abundance ' Casuarina littoralis A. filicifolia S. siliculiformis E. blakelyi (* are dominant) E. viminalis Crataegus monogyna Daviesia genistifolius *Olearia viscidula Rosa rubiginosa Nearby are: Leptospermum brevipes E. pauciflora A. dealbata E. stellulata A. falciformis E. caliginosa x Cassinia quinquenervia stellulata stellulata I Indigofera australis E. viminalis Main herbaceous *Poa sieberana Marrubium vulgare *Poa sieberana *Hordeum leporinum *Marrubium vulgare species Pteridium esculentum Cirsium vulgare *Conyza bonariensis *Lolium sp *Bromus molliformi: in order of abundance Rhagodia hastata Trifolium repens Verbascum *Bromus molliformis *Lolium sp (* are dominant) Conyza bonariensis Lepidum hyssopifolia Hordeum vulgare Phalaris aquatica Cirsium vulgare Cynodon dactylon Asperula conferta Marrubium vulgare Festuca arundinacea Trifolium repens Conyza bonariensis

Health of site • Few trees removed Many trees removed. Some trees badly Many trees removed. Most trees removed. Existing trees None dead. None dead. affected - most good. A few dead. None dead. Most trees in good or Most trees good. Most trees good. Most trees good. very good health. (4) (3) - (3) Some poor. (2) (3)

Area of site 4 ha. approximately 1 ha. Approx. 45 ha. 0.45 ha. 1.8 ha. Studies carried out ' Phenology, Regenera- Direct sowing Tree planting Phenology, Regenera- Phenology, Regener tion Regeneration • tion Direct seeding tion, Direct seeding, Planting

Previous history Settled in 1834. Most Part of a larger padd- Heavily cleared early of site of property cleared ock - fenced for trees this century. Area 1860-70. This site 1985. Pines planted nearby pasture uncleared because of in other sections 1985. improved. Water • steepness and rocks. Some native trees catchment 1985 - planted on site 1985. stock excluded since then.

Short description Island of scrub on Small outcrop of trees Reafforestation of Remnant trees in improved pasture. rocky hillside, in cleared country. Malpas Dam fore- surrounded by pasture. shores. 264

7(a) 7(b) 7(c) 8(a) 8(b) 8(c) property klewholme Fetali

Owner University of New England Oppehheimer family Location 10km North Armidale 17ktn N.W. Walcha Property size 1,200 ha. Land use sheep and cattle grazing. Sheep and cattle grazing.

"Sheep Camp" "Creek" 'Central Woodlot" "Dam Paddock" "House" "Possum"

Geology Adamellite, 10% Adamellite 10% Adamellite 10% Palaeozoic meta- palaeozoic meta- Palaeozoic meta- rock outcrop rock outcrop rock outcrop sediments sediments - chert sediments - grey wackes

Soil, Grey-brown podzolic, Sandy Grey-brown podzolic Yellow podzolic Yellow podzolic Not classified scattered alluvial sand

Slope Flattish 5-6° slope Drainage line and flat 2-5°, gentle 5-10° 6° Approximately 2-5° area beside creek

Position slope Mid slope Mid-lower slope Crest to mid slope Mid-slope Mid-slope

Aspect North West East East

Plant Community Grassy woodland Grassy woodland Grassy woodland Grassy sclerophyll Grassy woodland Grassy woodland forest

Pasture type Natural pasture Natural pasture Native pasture Natural pasture Natural pasture Natural pasture

Density of trees sparse sparse sparse Mid dense (45/ha) sparse (28/ha) sparse Density of shrubs Virtually none 0 Virtually none Very sparse (21/ha) 0 sparse Eucalypt regeneration 0 sparse Isolated clump Very sparse (10/ha) sparse clumps sparse clumps Acacia regeneration 0 0 0 Isolated (2/ha) 0 0

Main trees and_s_linibs E. blakelyi E. nova-anglica E. blakelyi E. melliodora E. blakelyi • E. blakelyi in order of abundance E. melliodora E. melliodora E. laevopinea E. melliodora E. melliodora (* are dominant) Rosa rubiginosa E. bridgesiana E. blakelyi E. viminalis E. viminalis E. bridgesiana E. bridgesiana E. viminalis nearby E. dalryrnpleana Lissanthe strigosa A. dealbata A. ulicifolia

Main herbaceot4 Exotic herbs adopted Native tussock grasses Vulpia bromoides Poa sieberana Bromus molliformis Poa sieberana 5pecies to sheep camps. dominated by Aristida Vulpia sp. Poa sieberana Asperula conferta in order of abundance Native tussock grasses ramosa Danthonia sp. Vulpia sp. (* are dominant) toward edge of camp Bromus mollifortnis Lepidium eg. Aristida ramosa hyssoptfolia

Health of site Badly affected. 74% Damage relatively mild 50% trees dead. The Many trees removed Many trees removed Many trees removed. standing trees dead. Most trees less than rest suffering from 50% dead. Most 30% trees dead. Most Most remaining trees All of remaining trees 50% damaged (DB6-8) dieback. Many trees remaining good. remaining good. good. " badly defoliated (2) quite healthy. (3) (3) (3) (DB4-8). (3) (1)

Area of site Approximately 2 ha. Approximately 3 ha. Approximately 3 ha. 7.2 ha. 5.8 ha. Approximately 5 ha.

Studies canied out Phenology (1982-84) Phenology (1982-84) Phenology (1982-84) Phenology, Regenera- RegeneratioR Plienology, tion. Direct sowing Regeneratioq

Previous history Sheep camp - heavily Fenced off from stock Grazed by cattle and Fenced 1985, grazed Probably never cleared Never been cleared - of site grazed - unfenced. to all regeneration, sheep. Is a small prior to that. Beginn- Some ringbarking always semi-woodec patch of grassy wood- ing to get badly affect- done in early days. Fenced posts taken land amidst cleared ed by dieback and out from time to paddocks. mistletoe. Fenced - time. Pasture Unfenced. improvement since 1950's ie. aerial super and seeding. Fenced-

Short description Sheep camp, S.E. Creek, E. part of Central part of Remnant forest fenced Remnant woodland, Woodland fenced oft of site cnr. of property (Land property (Land Unit 5 property (Land Unit 1 off for regeneration. light grazing to for regeneration. Unit 4 Sandy Creek of Sandy Creek of Sand Creek encourage regenera- Ecological Manage- Ecological Manage- Ecological Manage- don. ment Area). ment Area). ment Area). 265

9(a) I 9(b) 10 11 12(a) I 12(b) 13 Ruby Hills ,Salisbury Court Spy way Terrible Vale The Hilt

Burgess family Croft family Curtis family Fred Taylor and family John Vicki Taylor 10km West Walcha 10km SE Uralla 5km SE Armidale 5km SE Kentucky 5km SE Kentucky 2,080 ha. 600 ha. 0.1 ha. 960 ha. Sheep and cattle grazing Sheep and cattle House Sheep and cattle grazing Sheep and cattle grazing • "Woodlot" "Dam" "Snow Gum Hill" "Stingybark Hill"

Palaeozoic meta- Palaeozoic meta- Basalt Palaeozoic meta- Palaeozoic meta- Palaeozoic meta- morphic sediments - morphic sediments - morphic sediments. morphic sediments sediments - schist, Phyllites and chert chert mixed with ("trap") ("Trap") jasper, chert. ("Trap") granite

Lithosol Gley Podzolic Yellow podzolic soil Black earth Lithosol (rocky) Yellow Earth

1 on flat: 7°011 slope Flat 20 Flat 18-20° 7-100

Crest - mid-slope Lower slope Crest and upper slope Crest Crest to upper slope Crest to upper slope Crest to vale

West North East and West East West South and East East

Grassy schloerphyll Grassland Open woodland Isolated clump Isolated clump Grassy woodland Open woodland forest

Natural pasture Improved pasture Natural pasture Natural Native pasture Improved pasture Natural

Mid-dense (44/ha) 0 Very sparse 6/ha Isolated clump Isolated clump 18/ha sparse 27/ha sparse Very sparse (20/ha) 0 0 0 sparse 228/ha 0 Isolated clumps Very sparse 11/ha 0 Isolated clump 1/ha 0 sparse 220/ha 0 Isolated clumps sparse 102/ha 0 0 0 sparse 97/ha 0

E. caliginosa None E. blakelyi E. blakelyi E. pauciflora E. caliginosa E. stellulata E. radiata Nearby are: E. viminalis A. dealbata Angophora E. laevopinea A. dealbata E. stellulata Jacksonia scoparia floribunda. E. pauciflora E. pauciflora E. nova-anglica Pimelia linifolia . E. dalrympleana E. stellulata E. paucVlora Hibbertia linearis A. dealbata E. bridgesiana Brachyloma E. nicholii daphnoides E. pauciflora x Cryptandra amara radiata ' retorta

Poa sieberana Phalaris aquatica Poa sieberana Poa sieberana Themeda australia Silybum marianum Marrubium vulgare Pteridium esculentum Vulpia bromoides Eragrostis Phalaris aquatica Poa sieberana Lolium perenne Microlaena stipoides Cirsium vulgaris leptostachya Dichelachne sciurea Hordeum leporinum Cynodon dactylon Vulpia bromoides Marrubium vulgare Bromus molliformis Vulpia bromoides Asperula confena Trifolium repens

Few trees cleared. All trees removed. Many trees removed. Most trees removed. Most trees removed. Many trees removed. . Few trees dead. 80% dead, 10% good, Few dead. 50% trees dead. 25% dead. Most trees in good 10% poor - very poor. Most poor - good. Remaining trees good. Most remaining trees health. Many very (1) (2) (3) good (some poor). good. (3) (4)

8.6 ha. 0.1 ha. 4.8 ha. 0.1 ha. 1.2 ha. 3.3 ha. 8.8 ha.

Phenology. Regnera- planting phenology, Regenera- Direct sowing 1982- Phenojogy. Regenerg- Phenology. Regenerg- Phenologv, lion. Direct sowing lion. Direct sowing, 14.1 &a tion._ Direct sowing, Regeneration Planting

Purchased 1962. Mass Completely cleared, Heavily cleared and Originally timbered Was a sheep camp. Fenced off 1982 at of regrowth and rabbits open pasture, fenced grazed for sheep. Cleared since 1940's. Never excessively the end of the and poor stocking. for a large dam. Fenced 1982 for Trees gradually rung, trees removed drought for regener- Cleared 1962-64 all sowing trials, removed over time. gradually. Supered ation. Pines and young timber. 1970's Supered with other 1 cwt/ac/gr over 15. other exotics planted cleared out dead timber sites. Fenced May '85 years and aerially on all edges of site. - nothing killed after to allow regeneration. sown to clover. 1962. Present tree - May 1985. •

Regrowth has declined Exposed windy site Remnant trees in bad Remnant trees in bad Snow gum hill, fenced Remnant trees in 1 Remnant trees in since super (1964 beside irrigation dieback area. dieback area. to regenerate. improved pasture. improved pasture for onwards). Regener- dam. regeneration. ating grassy forest.

r,1 266

14 15(a) 15(b) 16(a) 16(b) 16(c) University of Woodpark Yalgoo New England

Amidale Steve Falconer and Karen Payten (manager) Nivison family 2km west of Annidale 101cm NW of Walcha Approximately 200 ha. 3,200 ha. Goat grazing. Sheep and cattle grazing.

"Goat Paddock" "Regeneration Paddock' "Stringybark Hill" "Hudson's E" "Black Ash"

Basalt Armidale sedimentaries Palaeozoic meta- Palaeozoic meta- Palaeozoic meta- morphic sediments morphic sediments. morphic sediments. with quartz veins.

Lateritic podzolic soils Yellow earth. Lateritic podzolic. Lateritic podzolic.

Approximately 10° Approximately 2-5° Approximately 2-5° 2-8° 2° Flat 1-2° Crest-midslope Upper to lower slopes Crest to lower slope Crest to mid slope Lower slope Lower slope South North, west North and east N,S,E,W East East and South

Grassy woodland Isolated trees Grassy woodland - Grassy sclerophyll Grassy woodland Isolated clump grassland forest

Natural pasture Natural pasture Natural pasture Natural pasture Improved pasture Improved pasture

Sparse Isolated clumps Sparse Mid dense (342/ha) Very sparse (47/ha) Isolated clump (53/ha) Very sparse 0 clumped, dense Very sparse (31/ha) 0 0 Sparse 0 Sparse Isolated clumps (500/ha) 0 Isolated (1/ha) ) 0 Sparse Isolated clumps 0 0 (20/ha)

E. viminalis E. blakelyi E. blakelyi E. laevopinea E. nova-anglica E. nova-anglica E. blakelyi E. viminalis Angophora E. blakelyi E. stellulata E. melliodora E. melliodora floribunda E. melliodora E. pauciflora Ang. floribunda Crataegus monogyna E. viminalis E. bridgesiana E. pauciflora E. melliodora E. viminalis . Hawthorn, Black A. dealbata . berry, Lespedezia, Exocarpus • Briar Rose, Cassinia cupressiformis quinquenervia, Jack- Indigofera australis sonia scoparia, Cassinia Cryptandra amara quinquenervia Vulpia bromoides . Poa sieberana Cirsium vulgare Phalaris aquatica Bothriochloa macra s ' ,Microlaena stipoides Bromus molliformis Festuca arundinacea Chloris truncata Marrubium vulgare Polygonum aviculare Panicum effusum Cynodon dactylon Poa sieberana Hordeum leporinum Sporobolus elongatus Trifolium repens

Badly 70% dead; 8% very About 40% trees dead. Few removed. Many trees removed Many removed. poor, 22% poor; 0% Remaining trees badly Few dead. Few dead. Most Few dead. Most good. Many trees affected by dieback. Most in good health. remaining trees in remaining trees in removed. good health. good health. (1) (2) (3) (3) (3) 3 ha. 10.6 ha. 2.6 ha. Phenology 1982-84 Phenology and natural regeneration (1982-84) Phenology and Phenology. Regenera- Direct Sowing, Unfenced Tree planting trial, Regeneration tion. Direct sowing Planting

Continuous sheep and Fenced off from stock Probably cleared about Paddock cleared about Cleared and grazed goat grazing for many to allow regeneration 30 years ago and 30 years ago and let go and.pasture improved. years. Highly cleared 1978. allowed to regenerate. since. Wooded Fenced from stock and badly affected by Existing trees would previously. Rung, July 1984. Planted dieback. be coppice from then. suckers cleared. 400 trees, most died Grazed since then. Present trees regrowth or killed by mistake. Fenced to allow from then. Fenced regeneration July 1984 from stock June 1984. Grassy forest remnant Grazing continued allowed to regenerate. from time to time. DETAILED SPECIES LIST OF EACH SITt,

Belhaven Birrhalee Eastlake Europambela M 1p Miramoona Newholme Pauli Ruby Hills Salis- Spy- Terrible Vale The tiNE Woody k Yazoo bury way Hill Court la lb 2a 2b 3a 3b 3c 3d 4a 4b 5 TREES AND SHRUBS 6a 6b 7a 7b i 7c 8a 8b 8c 9a 9b 10 11 12a 12b 13 14 15a 15b 16a 16b 16c Acacia dealbata 4 4 1 , , 4 4 . J. 4 Acacia falciformis q Acacia filicifolia 4 4 Acacia implexa 4 Acaica melanoxylon 4 4 l 1 Angophora floribund , 4 4 4 4 4 ; Callitrus endlicheri 4 , Casuarina littoralis J I Eucalyptus blakelyi . 4 4 4 4 4 4 - Eucalyptus bridgesiana 4 JJ 4 4 4 1 4 J 4 4 4 4 4 Eucalyptus dalrympleana 4 , 4 4 J 4 . Eucalyptus laevopinea 4 4 Eucalyptus melliodora 4 Eucalyptus nicholii 4 4 J 4 4 4 4 4 -4 4 Eucalyptus nova-anglica q Eucalyptus pauciflora 4 4 J 4 4 4 li 4 Eucalyptus pauciflora x radiata , 4 Eucalyptus radiata 4 4 Eucalyptus stellulata 4 . 4 4 4 Eucalyptus viminalis 4 4 4 4 -4 Exocarpus cupressiformis 4 4 4 4 4 . 4 SHRUBS Acacia ulicifolia 4 Arnyemia pendulum J 4 1 Billardiera scandens 4 1 1 Brachyloma daphnoides 1 4 4 Cassinia quinquefaria J i . Crataegus monogyna 4 4 4 4 4 Cryptandra amara . 4 4 Davesia genestifolia 4 4 4 4 Daviesia lanfolia Dillwynia retorta . Hibbertia linearis 4 .._ Hibbertia sp. 4 •4 li 3 Hibbertia obtusifolia I Indigofera australis 11 4 4 1 Jacksonia scoparia .4 .4 4 Leptospermum brevipes 4 4 4 4 Lespedezia juncea Lissanthe strigosa 4 4 . . Lomatia frazeri .4 4 4 4 Olearia viscidula -4 - 1,7; Pandorea pandorana 4 4 Pimelia linifolia 4 Prostanthera nivea e 4 .4 4 r Pultenaea microphylla - Pultenaea sp. I 4 4 Pyracantha I -4 1 Rosa rubiginosa -4 4 4 4 Rubus parviflorus .4 4 Rubus procerus 4 4 .. 4 4 HERBS Acaena ovina 4 J 4 4 4 Acetocella angiocarpa 4 -4 J 4 J 4 J 4 J 4 4 . Agropyron scabrum 4 4 4 Agrostis capillaris 4 Aira cupaniana 4 4 4 Ajuga australis 4 Amaranthus viridis 4 I 4 4 4 Ammobium alatum 4 q 4 Anagallis arvensis 4 4 Anthoxanthum odoratum . -4 Apium tenuifolium -4 4 Aristida ramosa . 4 f . =J Asperula con erta 4 4 -4 -4 4 - 4 4 .4 Bothriochloa macra -4 - .4, 4 4 Briza minor 4 4 1 Brornus brevis 4 4 -4 4 4 4 Bromus diandrus .si 4 4 Bromus molliformis 4 4 4 4, 4 4 4 4 4, 4 .4 4, Bromus uniloides 4 . •%1 N 4 Bulbine bulbosum 4 4 4 Capsella bursa-pastoris 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 Carduus tenifolius J Carex inversa . Centaurium minor 4 4 4 Cerastium glomeratum 4 4 ..... I• 4 . 4 Chenopodium alba i 4 Chenopodium carinaturn 4 4 4 11 4 4 4 Chloris runcata 4 . Cirsium vulgare 4 4 -4 4 4 4 -4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 -4, Convolvulus erebescens , 4 4 . V Conyza bonariensis 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 J J 4 Canyza sp. 4 Cucwnis myriocarpus 4 4 Cymbonotus lawsonianus 4 J , 4 Cynodon dactylon 4 4 . 4 J4 4 DactDactylsglomerata 4 4 4 4 Danthania pilosa 4 J 4 Danthonia racemosa . 4 Danthonia richardsonii . 4 Desmodium brachypodum 4 Desmodium rhytidophyllum Desmodium varians 4 .4 Dianella 4 4 4 4 , • , ; .4V44016100000110011000000i00.4 1: ,r • i• • I, 4 ••1••;e0•64. 6•2,41.4,41,:+t-.,..,, -0 • ,,1-id•ool. ,•,04,.:0,,,,,r.11,v•1ro,,,,,••,.

Bent:van Binhalee Eastlake Europambela Alpert Miramoona Newholme Pauli Ruby Hills Solis- Spy- ramble Vale The 11€ Woodpark Yalgoo bury way Court la 1 3b 3c 3121 4b 6a 6b 7a 15b Plc • r micrant U 11121 _!1 87 I I a I I U 1111 In 11121 II 16a 16b 16c Dichondra repens Echinopogon caespitosus Drosera 4 Echium lycopsis Eleusine tristachya Epilobium billardierianum ssp. 4 Epilobium cinereum Eragrosth leptostachya Erodium crinatum Eulalia fulva Festuca arundinacea Geranium solanderi 4 Glycine tabacina 4 Glycine sp. 4 4 Gnaphthalim japonicum Gnaphthalim purpureum Gnaphthalium sp. Goodonia hederacea Haloragis leterophylla Hardenbergia violacea 4 Helichrysum apiculatum 4 Helichrysum scorpioides Hemarthria uncinata Hirschfeldia incana I Holcus lanatus Hordeum leporinum 4 4 heterophylla Hovea lanceolata 4 Hydrocotyle bonariensis Hypericum gramineum Hypochaeris glabra Hypochaeris rathcata 4 4 lmperata cylindrica 4 Isotoma axillaris Juncus homalocaulis Juncus sp. Lagenifera bellioides 4 Lepidium hyssopifolia Leptorhynchos squamatus Leucanthemum vu!gare Lolium perenne Lolium rigidurn Lomandra long folio Lomandra multiflora Malva neglecta Marrubium vulgare Medicago lupulina -4 Medicar saliva Mentha strigosa Microlaena stipoides Modiola caroliana Murdannia graminea Oxalis corniculata 4 Panicum effusum 4 AJ Paronychia brasiliana Paspalum dilatatum Pennisentm alopecuroides 4 Petrorhagia nateuilii Phalaris aquatica 4 4 Phyllanthus filicaulis Plantago debilis Plantago gaudichaudi Plantago lancedlata Plecttonthus parviflorus Poa pratensis Poa sieberana -4 4 Polygonum aviculare 4 4 Poranthera microphylla Portulaea oleracea Prasyphyllum sp. Rhagodia hastata 4 Runes brownii Scleranthus biflorus Silybum marianum Solanum sp. 4 Solanum nigrum 4 Sonchus oleaceus 4 Sorghum leiocladurn 4 Sporobolus elongatus 4 4 4 4 Stellaria media Stipa scabra • Stylidium Swainsona galegOlia Swainsona oroboides 4 Tagetes minuta 4 Taraxicum officinak Themeda australis Trachymere incisor 4 Tricoryne elatior Trifolium arvense Trifolium glomeratwn 4 Trifolium pratense Trifolium procumbens 4 Trifolium repens 4 4 -4 4 Trifoliwn subterraneum Urtica incisa 4 4 4 Verbascum thapsus 4 4 Veronica Viola betonicifolia Vinadinia triloba Vulpia bromoides Wahknbergia sp. 4 4 4 4 Zornia dictiocarpa FERNS Asplenium flabellifolium 4 Cheilanthes tenuifolia Dcrvallia pyxidata Pellaea Pteridium esculentum 4 4 Pyrossia rupestris 4 Appendix VIII Seed viability data for the species used in the direct sowing trials

Species Provenance Mean No. Mean seed/g Range viable Species Provenance Mean No. Mean seed/g Range viable viable seed/g viable seed/g seed/g seed/g

Acacia baileyana CAE Amiidale 42 42 42 E. melliodora Eastlake 224 137 49-224

A. dealbata Walcha 74 74 74 Armidale 49

A. filicifolia N.P.W.S. 38 52 38-51 E. nicholii Eastlake 534 534 534

Eastlake 67 E. obliqua N.P.W.S. 26 26 26

Arding 51 E. pauciflora Salisbury Plain 37 85 37-123

A. fimbriata N.P.W.S. 41 41 41 Yalgoo 94

A. melanoxylon N.P.W.S. 79 44-79 Eastlake 123

Whitfield, Vic. 44 62 E. radiata Eastlake 191 177 125-234

Angophora floribunda Kentucky 0.8 0.8 0.8 Ruby Hills 159

Casuarina Eastlake 125 cunninghamiana Blue hole 196 196 196 Yalgoo 234 C. littoralis Eastlake 242 298 242-352 E. stellzdata Ruby Hills 62 122 62-251 Eastlake 352 Yalgoo 251 E. blakelyi 15km W. 299 431 290-592 Amiidale Kentucky 81

Miramoona 398 Yalgoo 170

U.N.E. 337 E. viminalis Kentucky 124 280 134-572

Petali 592 Salisbury Court 134

Puddledock (1) 570 Walcha 259

Puddledock (2) 290 Miramoona 309

Miramoona/ 535 Eastlake 572 Petali E. youmanni Walcha 50 50 50 E. caliginosa Armidale 96 125 9-154 Leptospermum Kentucky 3,882 3,882 3,882 Eastlake 154 brevipes

E. laevopinea Eastlake 29 37 22-64 L. flavescens Puddledock 1,190 1,190 1,190 Petali 64

Miramoona 32

Eastlake 22 270 Appendix IX

Details of individual direct sowing trials: sowing details and results

GRADED TREATMENTS ■■•■■■4-■••••■••••

Site: Petali (8a) - Natural pasture. Sown: 6.10.1986

Preparation: Graded bare, about lm wide.

win: Seed sprinkled over graded area by hand. Bulked with: Sand. Ara: 160 x lm =160m2 Total length: 160m

Sowin; Rate 1 month after sowing 5 months after sowing Species and Provenance gin/in seed/m seedlings/m % survival seedlings/m % survival Mean ht.(m)

E. hlakelyi 1.25 740 0 0 0 0 - (Petali 2.8.1986)

E. laevopinea 0.88 56 0 0 0 0 - (Petali 5.6.1985) TOTAL 2.1 796 0 0 0 0 -

Site: Ruby Hills (9a) - Natural pasture. Sown: 5.9.1986

Preparation: Graded off topsoil; chisel ploughed.

win : Seed sprinkled along row by hand and lightly covered with soil by hand.

Bulked with: Rice hulls (1 bucket). Am: 86 x 3m = 260m2 Total length: 86m

Sowin; Rate 8 months after sowing 19 months after sowing Species and Provenance gm/m seed/m seedlings/in % survival seedlings/m % survival Mean ht.(m)

Acacia dealbata 19.8 12.1 61 9.5 49 1.2 (Walcha 1/1986)

E. caliginosa 5.8 1.5 26 0.7 12 0.4 (Ruby Hills)

E. pauciflora 7 7 7 0.1 7 0.6

E. radiata 16.3 3.1 19 1.4 9 . 0.4 (Ruby Hills)

Total Eucalypt 22.1 4.6 21 2.2 10

TOTAL 41.9 16.7 40 11.7 28 •

Site: Ruby Hills (9a) - Natural pasture. .Sow 18.9.1987

Treatment: As above.

Sowing: as above, same seed lot except for addition of E. youmanni.

Am: 100 x 5m = 500m2 Total length: 85m

Sowin; Rate 7 months after sowing Species and Provenance gm/m seed/m seedlings/in % survival Mean ht.(m)

A. dealbata 17 5.3 31 0.2 (Walcha 1/1986)

E. caliginosa 5 0.2 4 0.2 (Ruby Hills)

E. radiata 14 0.1 0.7 0.2 (Ruby Hills)

E. youmannii (20m) 150 0.5 0.3 0.1 (Walcha)

Total Eucalypt 169 0.8 0.5 •

TOTAL 186 6.1 3.3 . 271

GRADED 7E,A,TMENT

Europambela (4b) - Natural pasture. Sown: July 1984 Treatment: Top soil graded July 1984, for width of 2m and Ripline down centre. Sowing: Seed sprinkled in row. Bulked with: Sand. Am: 3 x 30m = 90m2Total length: 90m

Sowin; Rate 24 months after sowing 46 months after sowing Species and Provenance gm/m seed/m seedlings/m mean ht.(m) seedlings/m mean ht.(m) A. dealbata ? 1 0.02 1.2 0.02 1.3 (Europambla)

A. filicifolia • 0.36 1.0 0.37 2.1 (Armidale)

Casuarina cunninghamiana 0 - 0 - (Apsley)

C. littoralis 0 - 0 - (Europambela) E. blakelyi 0 - 0 - (Annidale)

E. laevopinea 0 - 0 - (Inglebar)

E. pauciflora 0.02 0.3 0.02 2.0 (Europambela)

E. stellulata 0 - 0 _ (Inglebar)

Leptospermum brevipes 0 - 0 - (Europambela) DOTAL 0.40 0.41

Europambela (4b) - Natural pasture. October 1985 Treatment: Graded in July 1984. Any weed growth was sprayed just prior to sowing.. Sowing: Spot sown - spots about lm apart.

Ate: 6 x 30m =180m2Total length: 180m

No. of length 4 months after sowing 29 months after sowing Species and Provenance spots sown (m) seedlings/m % of spots with seedlings/m To spots mean ht.(m) - seedlings A. filicifolia 143 100 0.7 14 0.6 13 1.5 C. cunninghamiana 143 100 0 0 0 0 - C. littoralis 143 100 0 0 0 0 - E. globulus bicostata 143 100 0 0 0 0 - E. laevopinea 143 100 0.02 0.7 0 0 - E. nova-anglica 19 13 0 0 0 0 ' - E. pauciflora 19 13 0 0 0 0 - E. radiata 86 47 0 0 0 0 - L. brevipes 19 13 0 0 0 0 - 272

CULT TNATED TREATMENTS

Site: Salisbury Court - Natural pasture Sown: 10.10.1985

Preparation: Deep ripped to 60cm depth. Worked several times with discs.

Sowing: Hand sown. 2 rows: seed sprinkled along row and raked with back of rake, 5 rows spot sown - spots 1.5m and pressed by foot. Depth of sowing lcm or less.

Bulked with: Coarse sand, 1 bucket. Area sown: 7 rows, 140m long = 0.4ha Total length: 1000m

Sowing Rate 5 Months after sowing 30 months after sowing Line Sowing Spot Sowing Line Sowing Spot Sowing gm/m seed/m seed/m % seed/m % seedlings/ % mean seedlings/ % mean Species and Provenance survival survival m survival ht.(m) m survival ht.(m)

A. baileyana 0.15 6.3 .48 7.6 .94 14.9 .004 .06 .1 .007 .1 .2 (Armidale 1984)

Ang. floribunda 0.2 0.16 0 0 .02 12.5 0 0 - 0 0 - (Kentucky 1985)

E. blakelyi 0.2 60 .02 .03 .5 .03 .05 .4 (15km W. Armidale 1983)

E. melliodora 0.06 13 .04 .28 .4 .02 .15 .3 (Eastlake, Uralla 1985)

Total Eucalypt 0.26 73 .8 1.1 .76 1.0 .06 .08 .05 .07

Total 0.61 80 1.28 1.6 1.72 2.2 .064 .08 .057 .07

Site: Salisbury Court (as above) Sown: 30.10.1986

Preparation: Disced several times to depth of 15cm. Soil scraped away manually, forming a trench with partitions to prevent wash.

Sowing: Spot sowing. Seed covered lightly and trodden in by foot. Each spot staked, 0.5m apart.

Bulked with: 1 bucket dry sand. Area: 1 row, 100m long by lm = 100m2 Total length: 100m

Sowing Rate 6 Months after sowing 17 Months after sowing Species and Provenance gm/m seed/m seedlings/m % Survival Seedlings/m % Survival Mean ht.(m)

A. filicifolia 0.80 41 0.6 1.5 0.18 0.44 0.2 (Arding 1986)

E. blakelyi 0.90 358 0.03 0.008 0.02 0.006 0.2 (Miramoona 1985)

E. pauciflora 0.90 33 0 0 0 0 - (Salisbury Plain 1986)

E. viminalis 0.08 11 0.02 0.19 0.01 0.09 0.1 (Salisbury Court 1986)

Total Eucalypt 1.88 402 0.05 0.01 0.03 0.008 0.2

TOTAL 2.68 443 0.65 0.15 .21 0.05 273

RIPPED WITH MULCHING BLADE

Site: Belhaven (lb) - Native pasture Sown: November 1984, November 1985, May 1986 and August 1986. Preparation: No treatment; a normal sward of native pasture. Never been supered. Line ripped with chisel tyne fitted with a mulching blade. Tyne penetrated 20cm, blade was 5cm deep and cut under grasses on each side of row. Sowing: Seed spread by hand into row immediately behind plough and loosely covered by foot. Bulked with: Coarse sand; 1-2 buckets. Area: 0.5 ha

November 1984 sowing (3120m) November 1985 sowing (360m) Sowin3 Rate % survival Sowing Rate % survival Mean ht. Species and Provenance gm/m seed/m 12 months gm/m seed/m 20 months (m) 20 months A. dealbata .005 0.4 0 .04 3.6 .03 0.2 (Canberra 1984)

A. melanoxylon .001 0.05 0 .009 0.4 0 - (NE Victoria 1983)

C. cunninghamiana .0006 0.1 0 .005 1.0 0 - (Blue hole 1982) E. melliodora .018 4.1 0 0.15 35.9 .08 0.2 (20km W. Armidale 1983) L.flavescens .0005 0.2 0 .004 1.9 0 - (Ebor 1982) Total Eucalypts .018 4.1 0 .015 35.9 .08

TOTAL .03 5 0 0.2 42.8 .01

November 1985 sowing (370m) May 1986 sowing (290m) August 1986 sowing (96m) Sowing rate 20 months Sowing rate 12 months Sowing rate 9 months % mean % mean % mean Species and Provenance gm/m seed/m survival ht.(m) gm/m seed/m survival ht.(m) gm/m seed/m survival ht.(m) A. filicifolia 0.1 4 1.0 .1 0.1 5 1.0 0.1 .4 15 0.4 0.1 (Armidale)

A. firnbriata 0.1 4 .6 .1 0.1 5 0.8 0.1 .4 16 0.3 0.1 7 A. melanoxylon 0.01 1 0 - 0.01 1 0 - .04 3 0 -

E. blakelyi 0.1 36 0 - 0.1 41 0 - 0.4 124 0 - (Armidale 1985) • E. caliginosa 0.06 5 0 - 0.06 6 0 - 0.2 19 0 - (North of Armidale 1983)

E. obliqua 0.04 1 0 - 0.06 1 0 - 0.2 4 0 -

L.flavescens 0.02 28 0 - 0.04 45 0 - 0.1 136 0 - (Belhaven 1984)

Total Eucalypts 0.2 43 0 - 0.2 49 0 - 0.8 148 0 - TOTAL 0.4 79 .08 0.5 104 .08 1.7 317 0.03 HERBICIDE TREATMENTS 274 51e: Birrhalce (2b) - Improved pasture. am_vn: 11.9.1985

Preparation: Grass eaten short. Boom sprayed with Roundup (31/ha) over whole site one week before sowing. Sowing: Begg sod seeder. Blocked every second tyne to give 8 rows 35cm apart. Furrow 3cm deep, seed sprinkled on surface and soil and leaf material fell on top - depth about 1cm.

Bulked with: 14kg bran plus 14kg wheat to aid flow. a: Sha. Total length: 16,600m.

Sowing Rate 6 months after sowing Species and Provenance grtitni seed/m seedlings/m % survival A. dealbata 0.002 0.2 0 0

Angophora floribunda 0.01 0.008 0 0

E. stellulata 0.008 0.35 0 0 Leptospennum brevipes 0.001 3.9 0 0 TOTAL 0.02 4.5 0 0

,Bile: Ruby Hills (9a) - Natural pasture. Sown: 18.9.1985 Preparation: Sprayed Roundup (4 L/ha) plus Dicamba (1.8 L/ha) June and Roundup (3.5 L/ha) September.

Sowing: Gyral air seeder, 2.5m wide with lucerne points, chisel tyne. Width between rows 20cm. Bulked with: 15kg rice hulls. AtraI: lha. Mall:oar 3,333m

Sowing Rate 6 months a ter sowing Species mid Provenance gni/m seed/m seedlings/m % survival

A. dealbata 0.01 0.9 0 0 E. calignosa 0.03 2.9 0 0

E. radiata 0.04 6.6 0 0 E. stellulata 0.01 0.7 0 0

TOTAL 0.09 11.1 0 0

Site:Yalgoo (16b and c) - Improved pasture. Bo: 26.9.1985 Preparation: Site 16b grazed flat, sprayed Roundup (6 Ulm) 4 weeks before sowing. Site 16c, burnt August, sprayed Roundup (6 L/ha) 4 weeks before sowing. Burnt again the following day (accidentally). Ploughed twice (discs) in week before sowing.

Sowing: Duncan 734 multi seeder 2.5m wide. 15 tynes 15cm apart. Machine cuts groove, 2 wheels open groove, seed falls in soil closes over. Depth 1- 2cm.

Bulked with: 20kg rice hulls. Lam: (both sites pooled): l.9ha. Total length: 7,600m.

Sowing Rate 6 months after sowing Species and Provenance gm/m seed/m seedlings/m % survival

A. baileyana 0.01 0.6 0 0

E. blakelyi 0.03 10.6 0 0

E. stelhdata 0.004 1.0 0 0

Leptospermum flavescens 0.05 5.7 0 0

TOTAL 0.05 17.9 0 . 0

Silt: Yalgoo (16b) - Improved pasture. Sown: 20.10.1986 Preparation: Sprayed Roundup 2 months (August) and 3 weeks (early October) before sowing.

Sowing: Duncan 734 multisecder. All tynes blocked except 3 spaced 1.5m apart. Depth about 1cm.

Bulked with: 5 L rice hulls. 150 x 3m = 450m2 Total length: 450m Follow up: Hand weeding December; Mown and Roundup wiped in February.

Sowing Rate 8 months after sowing 29 months after sowing Species and Provenance gm3In seed/m seedlings/m % survival seedlings/m % survival Mean ht.(m)

A./I/Walla 0.3 13.6 0.49 3.6 0.4 2.6 1.8 (Arding 1/1986)

E. pauciflora 0.07 6.3 0.002 0.04 0.004 0.07 1.5 (Yalgoo 5/1986)

E. radiata 0.2 57.2 0.0004 0.008 0 0 - (Yalgoo 2/1986)

E. stellulata 0.04 7.6 0.007 0.09 0 0 - (Yalgoo 5/1986)

Total Eucalypts 0.36 71.0 0.01 0.02 0.004 0.006

TOTAL 0.62 84.6 0.51 0.6 0.4 0.42

Ere: Eastlake - Natural pasture. Sown: 22.9.1986

Preparation: Slashed areas 1 and 3 in February. All 3 areas sprayed Roundup in April and again 2 weeks after sowing.

Bossin g: Machine built by G. J. Williams. Coulter blade to make a cut, a flange to open the trench, a Bakers Boot seeding foot, a bolt dragged behind to cover the seed and a seedbox on top (Plate 10.1). Single row sowing. Bulked with: 321.. laying mesh, ltsp Terrasorb 1005 graphite seed coating, ltsp diazanone insecticide.

Ares: Area 1: 405m long; Area 2: 106m long; Area 3: 300m long. Total length: 810m. Total arca: 2ha.

Sowing Rate 7 months after sowing 34 months after sowing Species and Provenance g /m seed/m seedlings/m % survival seedlings/m % survival I Mean ht.(m)

A. filicifolia 0.13 9.0 .13 1.5 .06 .7 1.5 C. torahs 0.03 7.3 0 0 0 0 -

E. laevopinea 0.15 4.3 .003 .09 .001 .03 1.0

E. radiata 0.31 39.1 .001 .02 .006 .02 1,0

Total Eucalypts 0.46 43.4 .004 .03 .007 .02 1.0

TOTAL 0.59 59.7 .13 .22 .07 .12 275

BURNT TREATMENTS

Site: Europambela (4b) - Natural pasture, October 1986.

Preparation: Site burnt the day before sowing. Thick sward of dead thistles, grass, horehound, verbascum.

Sowing: Spot sown using pepper pot. Individual spots staked. Fruit containing brush laid on some.

Area: 0.5ha.

Species and provenance . AT 3 MONTHS AT 17 MONTHS No. spots % spots Total no. % survival % spots Total No. % survival Mean sown with seedlings seedlings of seedlings with seedlings seedlings of seedlings ht.(m)

E. radiata (brush) 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 - (Europambela) Casuarina littoralis (brush) 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 - (Europambela) E. viminalis (brush) 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 - (Europambela)

Eucalypt and Casuarina mix 28 11 10 ? 0 0 0 - C. cunninghamiana (Apsley) C. littoralis E. blakelyi (Miramoona) E. globulus bicostata E. laevopinea E. pauciflora E. radiata E. stellulata E. viminalis Hakea eriantha . L. brevipes

A. filicifolia 12 spots 100 114 1.9 58 9 0.15 0.6 (6120 seeds)

TOTAL 48