Topic: Age of Revolutions
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Topic: Age of Revolutions Questions: Notes:
SCIENCE:
One result of the Renaissance was that people began to question authority and long- standing teachings
The church taught that the earth was the center of the universe because man lived on the earthGod created man in his own imageman had a special place in God’s hearttherefore the earth held a special place in the universe-at its center.
1. Scientific Revolution
a. Copernicus- Polish clergyman who went against the official church teachings that the earth was the center of the universe.
-Used reason and observation to conclude that the sun and not the earth was the center of the universe.
-He understood the power of the church and refused to allow his findings to be published until after his death. Geocentric Heliocentric
b. Kepler-observed that the planets follow an elliptical pattern around the stationary sun.
c. Galileo- using a telescope, he confirmed Copernicus’ idea of a heliocentric universe. He felt that heliocentric supported God’s perfect universe much better than geocentric.
d. Bacon- promoted the scientific method. As scientists worked they wrote down their hypotheses, experimentations, observations and conclusions.
- future scientists could do the same experiments and check their conclusions against other scientists.
e. Descartes- felt that deductive reasoning was more important than observation-“I think, therefore I am” USE YOUR BRAIN
f. Newton- created a new system of mathematics -CALCULUS
-Explained gravitational force -Keeps objects on the earth -Keeps planets in orbit around the sun
1 ABSOLUTISM:
England… from an absolute monarchy to a limited monarchy
2 1. From 1215 and the signing of the Magna Carta, the monarchy of England went from absolute to limited.
2. Until the death of Elizabeth I (1603), the last of the Tudor family, the monarchs of England had a working relationship with Parliament. Law Making Body of England
3. Elizabeth had no children when she died, so her cousin James I (King of Scotland) takes over the throne of England.
4. James I is an absolute monarch. He is a Catholic, sitting on the throne of a Protestant country. He refuses to deal with Parliament.
5. Charles I (1625-1649), son of James, succeeds him. He too is an absolute monarch and rules by divine right.
a. Charles finally has to call Parliament because he must pay for the wars he is waging and only Parliament can authorize the money (from Magna Carta)
b. Parliament forces Charles to sign the Petition of Right before releasing any money. This document also limits the power of the monarch.
c. Charles refused to consult Parliament after he got the moneycivil war breaks outthe forces of Parliament(roundheads) led by Oliver Cromwell defeat the forces of the king (cavaliers).
d. Charles is beheaded and Cromwell rules for 5 years until his death.
e. The throne is restored to the Stuart family when Charles ll is put on the throne (Restoration)
f. James II (1685-1688) , brother of Charles II, is an unpopular, Catholic absolute monarch.
g. James II is replaced by William and Mary (1689-1702) (James’ daughter) after they sign the English Bill of Rights This bloodless overthrow of a monarch is known as the 3 Glorious Revolution ENLIGHTENMENT: 1650s-1780s
-Challenged traditional authority in the area of government. Use pgs. 144-148 149-153 A. Thomas Hobbes - wrote Leviathan
- Felt men were cruel, evil and selfish
-They would kill each other if not controlled
-Best government was an absolute monarchy
2 B. John Locke- wrote Two Treatises of Government
-Felt man was naturally good Questions: -Said all men have basic natural rights-life, liberty and property
-If the government did not protect those rights, then the people had the right to overthrow it.
C. Montesquieu
-Advocated for the separation of powers
-Checks and balances- so that one branch of the government would not become too powerful.
D. Voltaire-Hated the Slave Trade… Promoted Religious TOLERANCE
-Advocated for freedom of speech
-“I do not agree with a single word you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it.”
E. Rousseau- wrote “The Social Contract”
-People would enter into a social contract- they would give up some of their rights to serve the common interests of all the people.
The philosophers of the Enlightenment inspired many to look at their own governments. Some included colonists living under British rule in the Americas
Thomas Jefferson, the principal author of our Declaration of Independence, used Locke’s ideas of natural rights to explain the colonies’ decision to separate from the autocratic rule of England.
When a constitution for the newly formed United States of America was drafted, Montesquieu’s separation of powers and checks and balances was included.
The first amendment to the Constitution borrowed from Voltaire’s advocacy of freedom of speech.
3 Questions: THE FRENCH REVOLUTION 1789
I. Background: CAUSES 1. Inequality
a. The French population was divided into classes called estates.
b. The first estate consisted of high ranking clergy (1%).
c. The second estate was occupied by the nobility (2%).
d. The third estate included the middle class (bourgeoisie), city workers and peasants (97%). e. Although the first and second estates accounted for only 3% of the population - they controlled almost 40% of the land.
f. For members of the third estate, there was no social mobility.
g. The lawmaking body of France, the Estates General, represented all three estates but it rarely met. France was an absolute monarchy. Therefore, all three estates lacked political power.
2. The Economy
a. Louis XIV’s (14th) “ THE SUN KING” extravagant lifestyle and wars against Great Britain and Spain had depleted France’s treasury.
b. The support France gave to the American Revolution had been very costly.
c. Only the third estate was forced to pay high taxes
3. Unjust Legal System
a. People could be thrown in jail for life without ever being charged with a crime.
II. The Beginning of the Revolution
1. Louis XVI, (16th) unable to finance the government, called together the Estates General. They had not met for 175 years.
a. Even though the Third Estate’s representatives out-numbered the First and Second by 2-1, each estate had only one vote. Therefore, the first two estates could always outvote the third.
b. The Third Estate wanted each representative to get one vote but the First and Second Estate voted it down, so the Third Estate left the Estates General and moved to the tennis court.
TENNIS COURT OATH- 3rd Estate Members meet, and make a
4 Questions: PROMISE to continue meeting until a new Constitution is written, giving them rights.
2. The National Assembly
a. The Third Estate formed the National Assembly and vowed that they would remain united until they had a constitution that would limit the power of the king and give more rights to the common people
b. Most French citizens supported the aims of the National Assembly.
c. The king did not. He threatened to arrest the leaders. This caused riots throughout the country and culminated in ………
d. The Storming of the Bastille on July 14, 1789. The Bastille was a symbol of royal tyranny. It was a prison that held, often without cause, those that disagreed with the king.
3. Social Unrest
a. 1791 yields a poor harvest. The price of bread doubles, the people of Paris are starving and they riot.
b. In the countryside there is also uprising.
-peasants broke into manor homes
-They robbed granaries
1 Question -They destroyed feudal records -They drove out land owners 4. DECLARATION OF RIGHTS; (to protect natural rights)
POLITICAL
a. National Assembly pushed on with its work (creating reforms) b. Clergy and nobles accepted some reforms because they feared what might happen if they did not c. August 4, 1784 - feudal dues and tithes had ended
{The people followed & accepted this declaration: the king did not }
**** Declaration of Rights followed Enlightenment thinking -- Freedoms of speech, press, and religion -- “People are born equal” 1 Question III. CONSTITUTION OF 1791:
A) Unicameral- one house legislature- gave the right to vote to all males who paid a small tax
B) Constitution included (National Assembly) reforms- a new limited monarchy (King Louis XVI and Queen Marie
5 Questions: Antoinette were forced to accept)
C) Constitution pleased few of the French -- Church placed under government control
D) Leads to split the church, - one group loyal to government, - one group loyal to the Pope
E) WAR:
SUPPORT FOR & AGAINST THE FRENCH REVOLUTION SPREADS ACROSS EUROPE
1) April 1792, National Assembly declares war on Austria, Prussians joins Austria in the war
2) Results French revolution becomes more violent a. killed many counterrevolutionaries- enemies of the Revolution 1 Question b. Radicals ( Jacobins) were in the majority
F) REIGN OF TERROR --- BLOODIEST STAGE OF THE REVOLUTION
1. SOCIALLY:
a. Efforts were made to create a new society “ a democratic republic of honest, good citizens”
2. RESULTS:
a) Churches closed, turned into temples of reason
b) Aristocratic fashions were forbidden (wigs, knee britches)
c) Time measured on a new calendar (year 1 - 1st year of the republic-- 1792-1795)
1 Question d) Weights and measures made uniform- “metric system”
*** END OF REIGN OF TERROR***
--Death of Maximillian Robespierre (he led the committee of Public safety - Radical)
Less radical members of the Middle Class took over the convention.
G. THE DIRECTORY Under the constitution year 3
a. middle and upper classes now control the Government
b. Executive authority was given to the committee of 5 members known as the “DIRECTORY” (weak and corrupt)
c. Overthrown by Coup d’ etat (led by Napoleon Bonaparte)- 1 Question * radicals violently brought the directory down in 1799
WHY COUP D’ ETAT
6 Questions: Because the French army suffered defeats in Germany & Italy - 1 Question losses were building and supporters turned against the Directory
H. NAPOLEAN BONAPARTE: began his career as a general in the French army. In 1799 helped with the overthrow of the Directory - Became known in 1802 as FIRST CONSUL-military leader (age 30) for life
1) School life- from poor family on Corsica --- Military school--excelled at math and geography --- Age 16 artillery officer --- Moves up to general
2) Consul life - Concerned with restoring order & stability to France
1 Question a) RELIGIOUS REFORMS: Made peace with the Pope and improved position of the French Roman Catholics
-Napoleon named the bishops but the French government paid the salaries of all church officials (Catholic & Protestant)
b) NAPOLEONIC CODE--backed “Declaration of Rights”-- declares all men equal before the law.
[ **GENDER ROLES} decreases rights of women --gave husbands authority over wives’ property & children {**SOCIAL CLASS} --Code created a society based on Individual talents rather than social classes.
c) EDUCATION TAX REFORM-- schools supported by public taxes. All classes had to pay them. 1 Question -- NATIONAL BANK established
3) HIS GOAL” GRAND EMPIRE”
a) To unite Europe into one empire = by 1810 he had brought most of Europe under his control, Or into alliances with France.
b)CONTINENTAL SYSTEM {Economy}
1. Aimed to destroy British trade by banning British ships and goods from European ports as well as Russian & Prussian ports.
-- Spain & Portugal refused -- Napoleon attacked the two nations and placed his brother as king
-- British shipping and Industry were hurt.
-- Russia and Prussia could not receive their goods (wheat) they became very angry with FRANCE--joined Britain in protesting 1 Question the blockade.
I) INVASION OF RUSSIA (May 1812) In September he captures Moscow, a day later Moscow was destroyed by fire. (Russians)*** Scorched Earth Policy***
Napoleon had to move his men out of Russia before the winter.-- He was to late, the Russians attacked *** Russians were used to the harsh winter, the French were not***
7 Questions: 1) NAPOLEONS DEFEAT a. After Russia’s victory Napoleon needed a new army (young & old soldiers lost the brilliance of his first group)
c. March 1813 –allies won control of Paris, Louis XVI’s brother became King Louis XVIII.
d. Napoleon was exiled to the island of Elba 1 Question
J) Hundred Days “Napoleon Returns” 1. March 1, 1815 Napoleon escaped from Elba & returned to France-- Louis 18th left Paris
** Battle of Waterloo (June 1815) British, Prussian & armies of the Netherlands advanced on to France to bring down Napoleon down— Napoleon is exiled to St. Helena in the South Atlantic-- died 1821 1 Question
Realties of the French Revolution & its impact:
1) Ended the old order of Absolute Monarchy
2) Released new ideas & energies that would influence Europe
3) Increased a sense of Nationalism among people
4) Napoleon helped spread liberal ideas to other lands which increased Patriotism . 1 Question
K. Europe After Napoleon
Three different viewpoints
1. Liberals- professionals and businesspeople who made up the middle class. They supported efforts to make governments more democratic. (THEY ARE OPEN TO DEMOCRATIC CHANGE)
2. Radicals- believed democratic reforms did not improve society enough. Felt s ocialism was the way to cooperation and even distribution of wealth among the population. This group was led by intellectuals and consisted mainly of workers and other disadvantaged people. ( WANT CHANGE ABRUPTLY AND QUICKLY)
3. Conservatives- those who benefited from the old forms of government and society and wanted to stop or slow the rate of changes. (THEY WANT TO CONSERVE THEIR WAY OF LIFE) 1 Question L. Reaction Against Revolutionary Ideas
1. Congress of Vienna- September,1814
-Powerful European aristocrats gathered to discuss ways to prevent political and social unrest. a. Representatives from most European countries, including France.
b. Metternich of Austria dominated the conference
8 Questions: c. Prussia, Britain, Russia and Austria (Quadruple Alliance) made most of the decisions 1 Question
M. Aims of the Congress:
1. Balance of Power- to prevent any one nation from becoming militarily stronger than its neighbors. 2. Legitimacy- an absolute monarchy was the most stable form of government
-royal power was restored to families who had ruled before the French Revolution and Napoleon. -A call for limiting royal power or increasing political rights for citizens was dangerous and revolutionary.
-Compensation was given to those countries who had lost the most or fought the hardest in the Napoleonic Wars. 1 Question 3. Nationalism
-The stronger European countries tried to repress nationalism for fear of more and greater conflicts.
This attempt failed- as smaller national groups were deprived of political power and freedom to express their native cultures, the more nationalistic they became.
-This movement lasted well into the 21st century.
1 Question Effect on France
-France lost all territory it had won in the Napoleonic Wars
-France had to pay reparations for war damages
-France had to pay to keep victorious nations armies along its borders. The victors wanted to confine France within 1 Question its traditional boundaries.
N. Revolutions of 1848 (France, Germany, Italy and Austria)
1. France a. Poor economy, corruption in government and limited voting rights.
b. Riots broke out -monarch (Louis Philippe) fled to Britain. c. Second Republic formed and new constitution created 1. Election of president and legislature
2. Louis Napoleon (nephew) elected president in 1848 3. In 1852, he turns Second Republic into Second Empire
4. President Louis Napoleon becomes Emperor Napoleon III and rules until 1870.
2. Germany
a. Germans wanted the rights guaranteed in their
9 constitution and they also wanted to unify the many German states into one nation.
b. Opposition by Frederick William, king of Prussia (largest German state)- if he were elected by the people, he could not be king by “divine right”
1 Question 3.Austria and Italy also failed to establish republics, democracy failed
IV. Russian Absolutism and Reform
A. Alexander l (1801-1825)
1. Influenced by the Enlightenment - tried to reform social injustices and to modernize.
2. Put better trained officials in the bureaucracy
3. He was weak and indecisive, unlike his grandmother - Catherine the Great
4. Could not bring Russia out of economic and political upheaval due to Napoleon’s invasion
B. Alexander II (1855-1881)
1. Freed the serfs in 1861
-Serfs had to pay high prices for the land they were allotted. They had no opportunity to better themselves and in effect still remain tied to their land.
2. Established local governments (Zemstvos)
-These elected bodies made decisions on how to handle the district’s education, health and welfare
-They did not have the power to collect taxes to make improvements
3. Russians allowed to have a trial by jury
Reactions by Russians to these reforms was that they were inadequate. Students who advocated socialist ideas, turned to terrorism to achieve them. They were put down by Alexander III (1881-1894). He persecuted liberals, minorities- especially 1 Question the Jews.
Russian Nationalism
C. Through imperialism- more land equals more power.
1. Russia fought for the land between the Black and Caspian Seas (Caucasus) and Muslim areas in central Asia. They also signed a treaty with China giving them land along their common border.
10 Questions: 2. Crimean War- Russia wanted to control the route from the Black Sea to the Mediterranean Sea (Bosporos and Dardanelles straits)
a) Russia said they wanted to protect Eastern Orthodox Christians living in the Ottoman Empire.
b). Turkey refuses
c). Russia sends troops to the Crimean Peninsula
d). Britain and France support Turkey.
e). Russia loses-lack of supplies, railroads and reinforcements
f). Treaty of Paris- Russia has to give back some territory taken from the Ottoman Empire and it can not have warships or fortifications on the Black Sea.
D. Through Pan-Slavism- Slavic unity
1. Russia felt that they had the right to protect all Slavs 1 Question (Those who spoke the Slavic language)
E. Through discrimination against non-Russians
1. Tried to force non-Russians to change their culture.
F. Through anti-Jewish actions
1. Government supported discrimination against the Jews.
2. Limited where the Jews could live and took away their freedom to attend school 3.Failed to protect the Jews from violent attacks (pogroms)
11 Questions:
V. Independence Movements in Latin America 2 Questions Inspired by the American and French Revolutions
A. Toussaint L’Overture
1. Led a slave uprising in the French colony of Santo Domingo in 1791
2. Fed up with the harsh treatment, the African slaves who outnumbered the French decided to revolt
3. L’Overture used the timing of the French Revolution, knowing the French would be too busy at home to worry about an outlying colony.
4. Touissant L’Overture defeated the colonial army and remained in control until 1802 when Napoleon sent an army to retake the island.
5. Independence was gained in 1804 when the French were finally driven out and Santo Domingo was renamed 2 Questions Haiti. B. Independence from Spain 1. The hierarchy in Spanish Latin America a) Peninsulares b) Creoles c) Mestizos d) Mulattos ("Muladi", which is from Arabic " Muwaladeen", which means white mixed with Moor. It comes from medieval times. e) African Slaves f) Native Americans
2. The Creoles (wealthy educated landowners, and business people)- children of Spanish parents
a. Well-versed on Enlightenment ideas
1 Question b. While Spain was busy with Napoleon, the Spanish colonies in the new world began their revolt
3. Great Liberators a. Miguel Hidalgo- Mexican priest
-Began movement for independence -Won some battles but could not free the whole country -Executed in 1811
b. Iturbide- won freedom for Mexico in 1821tried To rule as an emperoroverthrownMexico becomes a republic in 1824 1 Question c. Simon Bolivar-helped to win the freedom of Venezuela, Columbia and Ecuador. These three joined together to form Gran Columbia. It was ruled by Bolivar (called the Liberator)
12 1 Question Bolivar dreamed of a united Latin America but nationalism, ambitious leaders of individual states and isolating geography prevented this.
d. Jose de San Martin- freed Argentina, Chile and Peru from Spanish control V. Achievements and Problems of Independence
A. Creoles had political power and freedom from Spanish 1 Question control.
-- They now had trading rights with other countries.
B. The new leaders in Latin American countries were unable to establish governments that appealed to all citizens.
-As a result, revolutions and dictatorships became common in Latin America
-The military would take over in a state of emergency and the military leader would rule as a military dictator (Caudillo) 1 Question -The poorest people in Latin America were the peons (Native Americans and mulattos) who wanted a fairer distribution of land.
-Land, power and wealth continued to be controlled by Iron Triangle landowners, caudillos and the Catholic Church 1 Question VI. Economics
-Latin American wealth came mostly from mines and large plantations
-They sold mostly to foreign markets because Latin Americans were too poor to afford the goods 1 Question -Each country relied on one or two sources of wealth. Examples: Bolivia-tin Chile-copper Brazil-sugar, coffee
-If demand for these goods decreased, the economy suffered- also a natural disaster could also wipe out the 1 Question economy
A. The Mexican Revolution
1. Porfirio Diaz became dictator of Mexico in 1876.
a. To attract investors he brought order to Mexico
b. He used force and violence to bring about order
c. Foreign investors developed businesses in Mexico
d. The rich got richer and the poor got poorer
13 Questions: e. The majority of Mexicans protested the repressive government of Diaz and the fact that foreigners had too much control over their economy 1 Question
2. Revolutionary Leaders
a. Francisco “Pancho” Villa- led revolution in northern Mexico
b. Emiliano Zapata -led forces in the south of Mexico
c. Madero- backed by the middle class- replaced Diaz with 1 Question a democracy
3. Results of the Revolution
a. Despite political democracy, farmers want land reform and continue to fight the landowners
b. Mexico continues to attract foreign investment rather than solve the problems at home.
c. The gap between the rich and poor increases. 1 Question
VII. Global Nationalism
A. Nationalism is pride in one’s country. It can be practical- the people support the country in return for services and protection
More often than not it is emotional- often not paying attention to practical matters and following their hearts and not their heads, blindly following inspirational leaders. It is often a force for unity and self-determination 1 Question 1. Unification of Germany
Frederick William of Prussia wanted to be head of a united Germany- but on his terms.
a. Otto von Bismarck was enlisted by King Frederick to achieve this goal
-“Blood and Iron”- von Bismark’s slogan that he would go to war to unify Germany
-Started three wars and won all
1) With Denmark over Schleswig-area where many Germans lived
2) With Austria- Austro-Prussia War-over administration of German provinces
3) With France- Franco- Prussian War- France forced to give Germany border country of Alsace and part of Lorraine- both rich in coal and iron.
14 Questions: 1 Question
B. Unification of Germany
1. At Versailles, the leaders of the German states met with Bismarck- the southern German states joined with the Northern German Confederation to form the German Empire (Reich)
2. King William I of Prussia became the Kaiser (emperor) of all Germany
1 Question 3. Bismarck was named chancellor.
4. Written constitution with a two-house legislature
C. Germany after Unification
1. Germany became one of the strongest nations in Europe with Increased military and naval power
2. Abundant natural resources helped in the growth of industry
3. High standard of living and high rate of literacy
4. Despite democracy- Kaiser held all authority in government
5. Imperialism 1 Question D. Unification of Italy
Leaders of Unification
1. G. Mazzin i- in the 1830’s founded Young Italy- secret society that called for a unified Italy under a representative government
2. C. Cavour- Risorgimento or reawakening to unification
- Stirred anti-Austrian feelings in Italy
- Set foundation for unification
3. G. Garibaldi- led many attempts to secure unified independence for Italy 1 Question -Worked with Mazzini in the 1830’s
-Led northern Italy in an unsuccessful revolt against Austrian rule
-Led effort to replace pope’s rule over Rome
-Went into exile to keep his freedom
-In May 1860, he landed in Sicily with an army of Red Shirts
-After victory in SicilyGaribaldi moved up the peninsula and by 1871 Italy was united
15 1 Question into one country with the pope having control over a small portion of Rome- Vatican City
E. Italy After Unification
1. Limited constitutional monarchy
2. Only wealthy could vote -1912 all men could vote
3. Widespread corruption (vote-selling) 1 Question 4. Imperialism
VIII. Non-Western Nationalism
A. India
1. Colony of Britain (since 1700s)
2. Britain built India’s infrastructure
3. Britain brought their government and legal system to India
4. Britain treated the Indians as lower class- they had no respect for their religion or way of life
1 Question 5. Many wealthy Indians were educated in Britain, learned British ways, civil rights, and government -felt that they should be able to run their own country Gandhi will be one of these people
6. Sepoy Mutiny When Indian soldiers who fought for the British, refuse to fight
-East India Company had a trading monopoly in India. It represented English interests in India and acted as a government from 1757-1858, when the British gov’t then took control 1 Question
*****In 1857 sepoys (Indian soldiers who fought for the British and protected their interests) were given new ammunition for their rifles.
-The cartridges were greased with beef and pork fat. The ends had to be bitten off before they could be inserted into the rifle.
-Hindus were forbidden to touch beef products and Muslims could not eat pork
-Some were jailed for not using the cartridges and in response, thousands rebelled against the British
-Regular army from Britain arrived in 1858 and the fighting lasted another year with Britain victorious
-Government of Britain took over from the East India Co.
16 Questions: -Nationalism took hold of India with the mutiny 1 Question
7. Indian National Congress
-1885- formed by middle class Hindu professionals and scholars 1 Question who wanted self-rule
8. Muslim League
-1906-formed with same goals as the Indian National Congress but was made up of those who followed Islam
Indians, led by Gandhi, Nehru and Jinna used civil disobedience 1 Question and non-violent , non-cooperation to achieve their goals Examples: Amritsar Massacre and Salt March
B. Turkey
-For centuries the Ottoman or Turkish Empire unified the Middle East politically
-Over the years, the central government in Constantinople grew weak and lost respect and loyalty
-A New constitution was created in 1876 but the sultan refused to abide by it and dissolved the lawmaking body in 1878
-1908 a group of army officers, Young Turks, staged a revolution to restore the constitution and the sultan agreed 1 Question -After WWl, the Ottoman Empire was divided among European nations
-The Young Turks under General Kemal Ataturk, resisted invasion by Europeans and formed the republic of Turkey in 1923 1 Question with Kemal as president of the new government.
C. Israel -The Jews had remained a nation despite their centuries of persecution and scattering across the continents.
-In the late 1800’s Theodore Herzl, an Austrian Jew, led a nationalist movement called Zionism - the move to create a Jewish state in the region of Palestine.
-They wanted a safe haven for the Jewish people after the Russian persecution
-During WWl, Britain agreed to help- however, Arabs outnumbered Jews 8/1 in Palestine.
-During the Holocaust, Britain limited immigration into Palestine
-Jews in Palestine worked to force Britain out
-1947-UN divides Palestine into a Jewish state and an Arab state -1948-Britain leaves and Zionists declare themselves the
17 state of Israel. TEST #1
IX. Industrial Revolution:
A. Began in England: Group #8 1. WHY? --> An abundance of coal and other natural resources Use pgs. 196-198 199-202 a. Before most people worked the land using hand made tools
1) Made own clothes
4 Questions 2) Grew own food
Work varied according to the season
2. In 1750, many people worked in mines and built factories because they were not needed on the farms
3. Agricultural Revolution: --> Improved methods of farming
a) Combined smaller fields into larger ones to make better use of the land
b) Used fertilizer from livestock to renew the soil
c) Crop Rotation Charles Townshed “Turnip Townshed”
Urged farmers to grow turnips which restored the soil
d) Jethro Tull: Seed drill that deposits seeds in rows instead of scattering seeds wastefully
e) R. Bakewell: Bred stronger horses for farm workers and fatter sheep and cattle for meat Store grain for animals during the winter
4. Enclosure Movement: Process of taking over and fencing off land formerly shared by peasant farmers
a. Reason: Enclosed land to gain pastures for sheep to increase wool output
b. Large landowners gained more money and small farmers lose their farms and move to the cities.
5. Population Explosion:
a. Population increased 50 million through Europe from 1715 - 1789. b. WHY? Declining death rates
1) Reduced the risk of famine because of the Agricultural Revolution
18 2) People ate better stronger babies
3) Better hygiene and sanitation
4) Demanded more goods 6. Energy Production:
a. Water: new and more efficient means water wheels powered machines Questions: b. Coal: Used to develop steam engines
1) Thomas Newcomen: Steam engine powered by coal to pump water out of mines
2) James Watt (1769) : Improved the steam engine
7. Technology:
a. Important part of Industrial Revolution:
1) Skilled mechanics eager to meet growing demand for new inventions
2) Iron Industry: needed for machines and steam engine and fuel
Darby : developed England’s iron industry discovered how to remove impurities from iron better quality and cheaper
8. Textiles: England’s largest Industry:
A. Before: Peasants would produce cloth in their homes, hand spinning the cotton
1) Problem? it took them too long and the demand for cloth grew
B. Inventions:
1. James Hargreaves : The Spinning Jenny (1764)
a) spun many threads at once
2. Richard Arkwright : the water frame
a) used waterpower to speed up spinning
C. Factories Begin:
Places that brought workers and machines together to produce large quantities of goods
1. 1st ones were long sheds near fast moving streams
D. Increased amount of goods produced new methods of transportation :
1. George Stephenson : Steam locomotive
19 2. Robert Fulton (1807 ): American used Watt’s steam engine to power a boat
Industrial Revolution: Section 2
Questions: X. The Cities Group #9 A. Urbanization: The movement of people to cities from farms Use pgs. 203-207 1. WHY?
a) Changes in farming
b) Growing population 3 Questions c) Enclosure Movement d) Demand for workers in the cities
2. Cities grew around coal and iron mines and factories
3. Leads to Problems:
a) Overcrowded cities --> slums ( no running water, no sewage )
b) Air pollution --> coal vapor
c) Noise pollution
d) Pollution of waterways
B. Factories:
1. Workers:
a) Workers now face rigid schedule
b) Hours of man, women and children were 12-16 hours per day c) Dangers: --> dangerous machines --> coal dust destroyed lungs of the miners
d) If the workers got sick or injured --> lost their jobs
2. Women:
a) Factories liked women workers
-> Easier to control -> Adapted to the machines easier
b) Paid less wages ($)
c) Worked all day then went home and cooked and cleaned
d) Peasant life was hard for rural people and tougher for city people
20 3. Child Labor:
a) Changed spools in textile mills
b) Worked in narrow mine shafts pushing carts
c) Orphans worked for food
Questions: C. New Middle Class:
1. Entrepreneurs : benefited the most --> they set I.R. in motion
D. Middle Class: made up of merchants, inventors, skilled artisans
1) Lived in well furnished houses 2) Dressed and ate well 3) Opposed any effort to regulate factories and start unions
4) Women needs to be “ladies”
-> Drew, embroidered, played piano -> Daughters were educated -> Sons became businessmen
5. Benefits of the Industrial Revolution:
a. Reformers pressed for laws to improve working conditions
b. Unions set up better wages and hours for workers
c. Working class gained the right to vote --> Get into politics
d. Wages eventually grew because of the demand for mass production goods and new factories opened
21 Industrial Revolution: Section 3
XI. Laws of Business: Group #10 A. Laissez - Faire Economics: “Hands off” approach Use pgs. 208-211 1. Belief that government should not interfere in the free operation of the economy.
2. Free Market: Unregulated exchange of goods 4 Questions 3. Adam Smith: Believed a free market would help everyone not just the rich
a) More goods would be produced at lower price, making them affordable for everyone
b) Wrote “Wealth of Nations”
4. Thomas Malthus: “Essay on the Principle of Population” -> Predicted that population would outpace food supply
a) As long as the population kept increasing, the poor would suffer
-> Urged the poor to have fewer children
b) Felt individuals should be left to improve their life through thrift, hard work and limiting family size with NO GOVERNMENT HELP! Questions:
B. Utilitarianism: The goal of the society is to bring about greatest happiness for the greatest number of people.
1. Utilitarian: See the need for the government to interfere at times
a) John Stuart Mills: Wanted the government to improve lives of workers, happiness of workers and give women the right to vote
Today’s Democratic Government absorbed many ideas from Mills and other Utilitarians C. Socialism: 1. Socialism: People as a whole, rather that private individuals would own and operate the means of production (farms, factories, and railways)
2. Believed in basic goodness of human nature and concern for social justice D. Utopians: Built self-sufficient communities
1) All work is shared
22 2) Property owned is common
3) NO difference between rich and poor
4) Robert Owen: refused to use child labor Fought for child labor laws and labor unions
E. Karl Marx: condemned Utopian ideas
Questions: 1. German who wrote “ Communist Manifesto”
a) Communism is a form of socialism that sees class struggle between employers and employees as inevitable
2. Struggle between “Haves” and “Have-nots”
a) Haves: owned the means of production and controlled society and its wealth.
b) Have-nots: “ proletariat” or working class
-> Marx felt they would win the battle and set up classless societies by taking control of means of production. -> Wealth and power would be equally shared
Marx hated capitalism “workers of the world unite”
Marx felt his ideas were based on Scientific Laws. Predictions that worker would unite for warfare. Nationalism wins out the people feel stronger ties to nation than to communist movement
XII. Global Economy -Western imperialism in the 19th century set the stage for a global economy
-Imperialist nations used their colonies as a source of raw materials and as new markets for manufactured goods. (MERCANTILISM)
-Improvements in communication and transportation made Group 11 worldwide trade possible (INFRASTRUCTURE) Use pgs. 309-310 298-300 A. Global Migration -19th century, people started leaving European countries for former colonies ex. America, Asia and Africa
-Many went to the United States- Atlantic Migration
-They left for job opportunities, to escape revolutions, religious persecutions or famines
-Improved technology (transportation and communication) helped to accomplish this massive migration
23 B. The Great Irish Famine 1. Between 1845 and 1851 one million Irish emigrated to the United States a) During this period, Ireland was part of Britain
b) Most of the land was controlled by a few wealthy Protestant landowners (the BRITISH)
c) The landowners used their land for cash crops
d) The poor Catholics worked on the land for little or no wages and the small amount of land they rented from the landlord was all that supported their families
-Because of limited space, the Irish grew potatoes- nourishing, easy to plant and take care of and thrived in Irish climate.
-A fungus killed the potato crop (1845-51-“Black 47”) and 25% of the population starved to death
-the poor were evicted from their land because they could not pay their rent
-With nothing left in Ireland-the poor Catholic Irish fled to what they hoped would be a better life in Questions: America Group #12 Use pgs. 342-347
XIII. Japan and the Meiji Restoration
A. The Opening of Japan
1. 1853-Commodore Matthew Perry of the United States landed in Tokyo Bay asking for trading privileges.
2. The shogun could not resist the superior technology and agreed to trade with the U.S.
3. Increased contact with the west made the Japanese aware of wealth and military power that they lacked because of their
isolation policy
4. As a result, dissatisfaction with Tokugawa rule increased.
B. Meiji Restoration
1. 1868- the Meiji emperor took power from the shogun
2. Rapid industrialization and modernization followed
3. 1889-first constitution created
24 -Parliament formed (diet)
-Emperor seen as a god
-Code of Bushido revived-stressed honor, loyalty, fearlessness and absolute obedience to the emperor
C. Japan as a global power
1. Japan lacked natural resources necessary to keep up with its industrialization….WHY?????
2. Became imperialistic
3. Sino-Japanese War (1894-5) over Korea- Japan won and Questions: gained Formosa (Taiwan) and part of Manchuria and Group #13 controlled Korea until 1945.. (this was WAR WITH CHINA) Use pgs. 316-318 319-324 4. Russo-Japanese War (1904-5), Japan victorious and controls southern half of Sakhalin Island and has rail rights in Manchuria
D. Western Imperialism
1. Reasons for imperialism- political, social and economic
-The desire for one country to extend its dominance over another
-Need for raw materials, new markets and urge to spread their ethnocentric cultures to those not so fortunate
2.British in India -The British, although they helped India with its infrastructure, were not welcome
-Under British rule, Indians lacked political rights in their own country
3. Congress of Berlin (1884-5)-Europeans divide up Africa
-Three types of imperial control
a. Colony-owned and governed by imperial country
b. Sphere of influence-sole investment and trading rights
c. Protectorate-keep its own ruler, but policy set by the imperial colony Result: *** SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA (1881-1914)
25 4. Most European countries were given African colonies but France and Britain gained the most territory
-The boundary lines were drawn arbitrarily without consideration of tribes
-Many tribes were split by the Europeans and conversely enemy tribes were forced in the same colony.
a. Zulu Empire- African resistance-
-Not all Africans let the Europeans have their way without a fight
-Boers (Dutch settlers in South Africa) had invaded the kingdom of the Zulu.
-The Zulu fought a great fight for their territory, but the Boers, using rifles, were backed by the British. The Zulu had only spears.
b. Boer War Questions: -Boers resented British rule in South Africa and in 1899 they Group #14 revolted. Use pgs. 333-337 -It took three years for the British to defeat the Boers and to prevent further uprisings, the British gave the Boers more political rights.
XIV. European Spheres of Influence in China
A. Opium War
1. The British began having imperialist ideas about China in the early 1800’s
2. China’s huge population and raw materials were too good for the British to pass up
3. The British began selling opium to China (from India and Turkey) to get money to buy tea, silk and porcelain)
4. China objected to the sale of opium and went to war (Opium War)
5. The British won and obtained “ spheres of influence” -areas of China under British economic control
B. Chinese Reactions to European Imperialism
1. Taiping Rebellion
-The Chinese rebelled against the dynasty because it had become weak and allowed foreign influence to invade their country 2. Boxer Rebellion
-Many Chinese hated the foreigners in their country
-One group the “Righteous and Harmonious Fists” wanted to drive
26 all foreigners out of China
-The westerners called them “Boxers”
-In 1900, the Boxers set out to eliminate foreign influence in China by killing Chinese who supported western ideas and attacking western embassies
-American, British, French, German, Russian and Japanese forces worked together to put down the rebellion.
-As a result, China was forced to pay damages and give foreign nations additional privileges in China.
3. Sun Yixian (Yat Sen) overthrew the Manchu Dynasty and formed a republic
-Formed new political party Kuomintang (Guomindang) or nationalist party. The three principles of the party were: a. Democracy- Desire for a popularly elected form of government Questions: b. Nationalism- Overthrowing the Manchu dynasty and ending foreign dominance over China
c. People’s Livelihood- Helping the common people through the regulation of the ownership of the means of production and land (socialism) C. Effects of Imperialism on the Colonies
1. Improved medical care, transportation, communication and education 2. Disrupted traditional way of life 3. Discrimination
D. Effects of Imperialism on Europe 1. Wealth
2. Increased standard of living
3. Balance of power in Europe shifted-Britain had always been the leader but now concentrated on its colonies abroad
4. Triple Alliance-agreement between Germany, Italy and Austria-set up to keep France from gaining too much power in Europe-became catalyst for WWl.
XV. The Anatomy of a Revolution
A. Causes Of A Revolution 1. Writers point out the problems of society
2. There is unhappiness among people who feel held down by restrictions in society.
3. The government experiences economic failures- bankruptcy, heavy and unfair taxation.
27 4. There is a weak ruler.
B. Pattern of a Revolution 1. A violent act occurs 2. A new government is formed. It is moderate and fails to satisfy those who want further changes. 3. Power is gained by more radical groups. A strong man Assumes great power and tries through radical means to create a “heaven on earth.” This second government punishes severely all their opponents.
4. After a reign of terror, power is taken back by a more moderate group.
5. A new leader appears who says he respects the ideas of the revolution and will bring the peace, security and glory to the people.
C. Results of a Revolution
1. All the goals of the revolution are not achieved.
2. A revolution in one country causes fear in other countries that the revolution might spread. These outside countries try to stop the revolution.
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