CH5 19th CENTURY CHANGES (THE FLOWER)

Environment (Geography) 1. ______was the belief or doctrine that it was the destiny of the U.S. to expand its territory over the whole of North America and to extend and enhance its political, social, and economic influences. 2. The term for this expansion westward was coined in 1845 by a New York journalist, ______. 3. Texas gained its’ independence from Mexico in 1836. Two of the most famous battles in this revolution were ______and ______. Texas was ______(or added) by the United States in 1845. 4. Things such as fur trading, mining, ranching, and the very famous ______of 1849 led to a tremendous migration westward. 5. Of the main overland migration routes on the North American continent, the most famous was the ______.

Seed (People) 1. Reasons for immigration and migration can be placed into one of two categories: a. ______factors b. ______factors 2. United States immigration was led largely by northwestern Europeans such as those from ______who fled to avoid the tragic potato famines of the 1840’s. 3. Although congress banned the importation of slaves in 1808, slaves accounted for ______of the roughly 31 million people at the start of the Civil War. 4. The two most populous states in 1790 were ______and ______. The two most populous states at the start of the Civil War were ______and ______.

Roots (Loyalty, Emotion, Cohesion) 1. ______wrote what became known as The Star Spangled Banner in 1814. 2. ______conflict became a major concern as the North, South, and West became deeply divided over politics, economics, and social standards.

Stem (Culture) 1. Various forms of recreation were enjoyed throughout the 19th century including the emergence of the early stages of ______(as codified by Alexander Cartwright). 2. American Artists (Music, Painting, Writing) a. ______: PA. artist; Birds of America b. ______: The War For the Union; 1862 c. ______: The Raven; 1845 d. ______: Uncle Tom’s Cabin; 1852 e. ______: Leaves of Grass; 1855 f. ______: PA born; Father of American Music g. ______: The Legend of Sleepy Hollow; 1820 h. ______: The Last of the Mohicans; 1826 Leaves (Groups) 1. The temperance movement was ______. 2. The abolitionist movement was ______. 3. ______was a part of the reform movement to help the mentally insane and was instrumental in the founding of the first public mental hospital in PA. 4. ______(who helped write the Declaration of Sentiments) and ______who lead the suffrage movement were both important in the women’s rights movement. 5. The ______, led by Joseph Smith and Brigham Young, exemplify the idea of community and religious reform in the 19th century. 6. The ______was a religious movement, characterized by staged revivals and a focus on Christian thought, which swept throughout the United States.

The Petals (GEEF) Government 1. ______was the most critical political issue of the 19th century and was the greatest reason for a Civil War in 1861. 2. From the first existence of political parties in the late 1700’s, to the creation of the ______Party in 1854, a constant political theme centered on state’s rights. 3. The ______, which led to the Trail of Tears, was a law with tragic results. Education 1. ______was a great American education reformer who pushed for compulsory education. 2. In addition to the thoughts of Jefferson who stressed the importance of learning citizenship, another common thread among many educational systems was to teach reading, writing, and arithmetic, often simply referred to as ______. Economy 1. As the 19th century progressed, the Northern economy was fueled by ______and the Southern economy was fueled by ______. 2. Slavery, a huge commodity in the south, helped make ______the most widely produced export in the United States. 3. The Industrial Revolution brought with it not just an increased upper and lower class but a new class of merchants, professionals, and manufacturers called ______. 4. The industrial revolution (whether in agriculture, transportation, communication, business, military etc.) greatly improved technology and expanded the economy throughout the 19th century: a. ______: invented the cotton gin b. ______: created the Lowell System for factories c. ______: first major National Road (highway) d. ______: Bucks, PA. resident; first recorded steamboat e. ______: PA resident; first successful steamship operation f. ______: Father of the American Industrial Revolution g. ______: first transportation system linking east and west h. ______: first American-built steam locomotive i. ______: invented the of the single-wire telegraph system j. ______: most influential human-built U.S. waterway Family 1. Although the ______was the head of the household, the roles of women and children began to change throughout the 19th century. 2. The institution of ______otherwise known as the “peculiar institution” allowed for the splitting up of families whereby family members could be sold off never to be seen again. 3. Family name and wealth meant more in the Northeast and South than it did in the______. WORD BANK

Elizabeth Cady Stanton Eli Whitney Manifest Destiny Slavery Tom Thumb

John O’Sullivan baseball Oregon Trail The Alamo Republican

Battle of San Jacinto Samuel Morse annexed cotton slavery

Robert Fulton Gold Rush Push Second Great Awakening

Susan B. Anthony Ireland Cumberland Road Francis Cabot Lowell

Indian Removal Act Pull 4 million Mormon Religion

Pennsylvania Virginia Horace Mann Transcontinental Railroad agriculture New York Pennsylvania Francis Scott Key

Sectional Walt Whitman industry Edgar Allan Poe

John James Audubon father/man Winslow Homer Stephen Foster the 3 r’s western frontier John Fitch Harriet Beecher Stowe Dorthea Dix

Washington Irving Erie Canal the middle class movement against alcohol

Samuel Slater movement to end slavery James Fenimore Cooper