V7075 Figures in Social Political Philosophy

V7075 FIGURES IN SOCIAL POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY Structure of the course 3rd year Philosophy course There will be a lecture but no seminars in week 5, so as to give you time to work on Autumn Term 2009 your coursework essays for submission the following week. I will be available in Course outline and reading list my office for individual consultations during the seminar times. I also hope to arrange a training session in the Library on ‘using Philosophy electronic resources’ Lecturer: Andrew Chitty, [email protected], tel. 678296, office Arts B241 week 5.

Office hours: Tuesdays 12.00-1.00, Thursdays 11.30-12.30 (variations in some Non-contributory coursework weeks) You will be asked to write an essay of 1800-2000 words, on a topic from the To book an office hour slot online please go to the wiki at course, which is to be submitted at the lecture on Tuesday 10 November (week 6). https://studydirect.sussex.ac.uk/mod/wiki/index.php?id=8260 This is a non-contributory essay, i.e. the mark given for it will not contribute to the assessment for the course. Please use one of the seminar/essay questions given Philosophy Programme Coordinator: Robbie Robb, [email protected], tel. under topics 1-5. 877378, office Arts A7 In one seminar you will also be asked to give a short presentation to introduce a Course description discussion of one of the seminar/essay questions. This course will examine Marx as a social and political philosopher deeply formed Assessment by the German idealist tradition. It will begin by looking at Hegel’s political thought and philosophy of history, focusing on his ideas of self-consciousness, The course is assessed by a dissertation (max 6,000 words) to be submitted by the recognition and spirit, his intersubjective conception of freedom, and his account of official BA and LLB Summer-term submission deadline for final-year courses. the modern state in the Philosophy of Right as the realisation of this freedom. We Dissertation titles are chosen by students and must be agreed by the lecturer. will go on to look at the ideas of species-being and alienation in Feuerbach and in Marx’s early accounts of the state and capital, and his theory of history. Finally we The generic assessment criteria for the Department of Philosophy are at the end of examine key sections of Marx’s Grundrisse, Capital, and later political writings, this course outline. focusing on the ideas of fetishism and reification, Marx’s conception of capitalism as a self-perpetuating system of human self-subjugation, and his account of how Please note that the authoritative source for formal assessment requirements is and why it must be superseded by communism. Sussex Direct. Go to ‘View my study pages’, then ‘Course results’, then to this course. The Philosophy BA assessment page at The syllabus page at http://www.sussex.ac.uk/philosophy/1-3-13.html provides further information on http://www.sussex.ac.uk/philosophy/syllabus/2009/25858.html gives the official the assessment of Philosophy courses, which is designed to co-ordinate with the course description and expected learning outcomes. requirements provided via Sussex Direct. Please do not rely solely on tutors’ information about assessment, as such information is not authoritative and may Teaching method occasionally be mistaken.

One 2-hour interactive lecture (for everyone on the course) and one 1-hour seminar Plagiarism (for seminar groups of 10-15) per week. See your Sussex Direct site for times and venues. In addition to the lectures and seminars, you should be doing 12 hours of The University’s definition of plagiarism is: reading each week for this course.

1 “Plagiarism is the use, without acknowledgement, of the intellectual work of other course readings. You can access it at people, and the act of representing the ideas or discoveries of another as one’s own https://studydirect.sussex.ac.uk/course/view.php?id=8982, or from your Sussex in written work submitted for assessment. To copy sentences, phrases or even Direct home page or Study Direct home page https://studydirect.sussex.ac.uk/my. striking expressions without acknowledgement of the source (either by inadequate citation or failure to indicate verbatim quotations), is plagiarism; to paraphrase Readings and seminar questions without acknowledgement is likewise plagiarism. Where such copying or paraphrase has occurred the mere mention of the source in the bibliography shall Readings marked # are essential reading. These are all in the Study Pack. Please not be deemed sufficient acknowledgement; each such instance must be referred read them before the lecture. (Students who have evidently not done this reading specifically to its source. Verbatim quotations must be either in inverted commas, are asked not to take part in the seminar discussion. The further readings for the or indented, and directly acknowledged.” topic (or sub-topics) are given roughly in order of recommendation. They are for you to use as background or as further reading when preparing for an essay or the There is a fuller discussion at http://www.sussex.ac.uk/academicoffice/1-4-1-2- dissertation. The seminar/essay questions are for discussion in the seminars, and the 1.html. Please consult this page and others on the University’s plagiarism site so as ones for topics 1-5 are for your coursework essay. to make sure that you do not commit plagiarism in an essay or dissertation, as doing so can have serious consequences. Most journal articles in this reading list are available via the electronic library.

References and bibliography Online resources

References and bibliographical details in essays and dissertations should follow the A Marx bibliography guidelines at http://www.sussex.ac.uk/philosophy/1-3-12-9.html. The essays will be Marx internet archive at marxists.org (has most of Marx’s works in English) returned with comments within three weeks of receipt. MLWerke (has the best collection of Marx’s works in German) Student feedback The Philosophy Department’s philosophy internet resources page

Anonymous informal written feedback will be taken mid-way through the course, Abbreviations and the lecturer and/or tutor will respond informally. A formal student evaluation # = essential reading for the seminar questionnaire will be completed at the end of the course. * = particularly recommended Books for purchase + = introductory [6] = 6 copies of this book in the library You will need to purchase the following two books: [el] = available via electronic library Karl Marx, Early Writings, ed. Lucio Colletti (Penguin) [sd] = available via Study Direct site Karl Marx, Capital Volume 1, trans. Ben Fowkes (Penguin) [sp 3] = in Study Pack, item 3 You will also need to purchase a Study Pack containing other essential readings for EW = L. Colletti (ed.) Karl Marx: Early Writings the course. Introductory and general reading

Study Direct Two descriptions of Marx: The Study Direct site for this course gives online access to a number of useful Eleanor Marx-Aveling, ‘Karl Marx’ in E. Fromm, Marx’s Concept of Man, 1966 [sd]

2 Interview with Karl Marx in the Chicago Tribune, 5 January 1879 [sd] Bazard, Saint-Amande [1828] ‘Exposition of the doctrine of Saint-Simon’ (excerpts) [sd] On reading Marx: Blanqui, Auguste [1834] ‘Who makes the soup should eat it’ [sd] Wood, A.W. (2004) Karl Marx , Preface to the second edition [sd] Fourier, Charles [1838] ‘The Phalanstery’ and ‘Attractive labour’ [sd] Osborne, P. (2005) How to Read Marx , Introduction [sd] Proudhon, Pierre-Joseph [1840] What is Property? , chapter 1 (introduction and Introductions to Marx’s thought: conclusion) [sd] McLellan, D. (1975) Marx, Fontana Modern Masters, 2nd ed. 1986 [11] Cabet, Etienne [1840] Voyage en Icarie ( excerpts) [sd] Singer, P. (1980) Marx, Pastmasters, reissued as Marx: A Very Short Introduction, Considérant, Victor [1843] Principles of Socialism: Manifesto of 19th Century 2001 [4] Democracy (part 1) McCarney, J. (1990) Social Theory and the Crisis of Marxism. chs. 6-8 Proudhon, Pierre-Joseph [1851] General Idea of the Revolution in the Nineteenth Century (study 6, part 3) [sd] Wolff, J. (2003) Why Read Marx Today? [6] Collier, A. (2004) Marx Introductory commentaries: Osborne, P. (2005) How to Read Marx Engels, F. (1843) ‘Progress of social reform on the continent’ (A succinct survey of communist and socialist thinkers in the early and middle 19th century by Marx’s Fuller commentaries: future collaborator) [sd] Avineri, S. (1968) The Social and Political Thought of Karl Marx [12] Berki, R.N. (1975) Socialism , ch. 3 ‘The emergence of socialism’ McLellan, D. (1971) The Thought of Karl Marx, 3rd ed. 1995 (an excellent Birchall, I. (2003) ‘On Alain Maillard’s La Communauté des égaux …’, Historical selection of passages from Marx on a range of central topics, with commentaries on Materialism 11(1) (a review of three recent books on Babeuf which is a very good each topic) [6] introduction to his ideas) [el] Kolakowski, L. (1978) Main Currents of Marxism, Vol. 1: The Founders (a classic) [4] Kreis, S. (2005) Lectures on Modern European Intellectual History (lectures 19-22 Wood, A. (1981) Karl Marx, 2nd ed. 2004 (the best discussion by an analytical are on early French communism and socialism) philosopher) [2] Fuller commentaries: Elster, J. (1985) Making Sense of Marx (a ‘rational choice’ interpretation, abridged as An Introduction to Karl Marx, 1986) [7] Cole, G.D.H. (1953) A History of Socialist Thought, Volume 1 The Forerunners 1789-1850 Communism and socialism before Marx Stein, L. von [1842] The History of the Social Movement in France, 1789-1850 (This book introduced young Germans of Marx’s generation to French communist Primary texts: and socialist ideas) Communist and socialist ideas before the French Revolution: some quotes [sd] Lichtheim, G. (1970) A Short History of Socialism, first chapters Maréchal, Sylvain [1796] ‘Manifesto of the equals’ [sd] Babeuf, Gracchus [1797] ‘Babeuf’s defence’ (excerpt) [sd] Marx’s relation to pre-Marxist communism and socialism: Owen, Robert (1813) A New View of Society (excerpts) [sd] Engels, F. [1880] Socialism: Utopian and Scientific, part 1, in editions of Marx and Engels, Selected Works Hodgskin, Thomas (1825) Labour Defended against the Claims of Capital (introduction and conclusion) [sd] Leopold, D. (2005) ‘The structure of Marx and Engels’ considered account of utopian socialism’, History of Political Thought 26(3) [el]

3 1. Hegel on self-consciousness, spirit and the modern state Philosophy and Public Affairs 21(2) [el]

Marx’s philosophy is impossible to understand in isolation from Hegel’s On Fichte and self-consciousness: philosophy, and in particular his social and political philosophy. This week we will Wood, A. (1999) ‘The ‘I’ as principle of practical philosophy’, in S. Sedgwick (ed.) look at Hegel’s philosophical account of the modern state, tracing it back to its The Reception of Kant’s Critical Philosophy: Fichte, Schelling and Hegel (the first foundations in his concepts of self-consciousness, mutual recognition and spirit. two sections of the article)

# Fichte, J.G. [1796] The Science of Knowledge (Wissenschaftslehre), part 1, §1, On mutual recognition in Kant and Fichte: paras. 6-9 (pp. 97-99) (on the idea of the I as constituted by its own consciousness Kant, I. [1785] Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals, part 2, section on of itself) [sp 1] treatings others as ends and the kingdom of ends (427-36) # Hegel, G.W.F., passages on freedom [sp 2] Fichte, J.G. [1794] Some Lectures Concerning the Scholar’s Vocation, lectures 1-3 [sd] # Hegel, G.W.F. [1830] Philosophy of Mind, §§377, 424-438 [sp 3] # Hegel, G.W.F. [1821] Philosophy of Right, Preface, §§1-7, 29-31, 35-41, 71-75, Seminar/essay questions: 141-9, 182-202, 205, 257-67, 273, 279, 287-9, 294 [sp 4, except for the last 2-3 1. What does Hegel mean by ‘spirit’? pages on ‘World history’] 2. Why does Hegel think that mutual recognition is necessary for humans to become free? On mutual recognition and spirit in Hegel: 3. How does Hegel think that the modern state ‘actualises’ freedom? Solomon, R.C. (1970) ‘Hegel’s concept of “Geist”‘, Review of Metaphysics 23(4), reprinted in A. MacIntyre (ed.) Hegel: A Collection of Critical Essays (on the 4. Why does civil society need to be supplemented by the state, according to relation between Kant’s transcendental unity of apperception and Hegel’s spirit) Hegel? [el] Additional resources: + Chitty, A. (1998) ‘Recognition and social relations of production’, Historical Materialism 2 (sections 2-4 of this article) [el] The Study Direct site for the course Hegel 08/09, under topics 4 and 5, has two lectures with handouts on Hegel’s earlier (and more famous) account of the + Chitty, A. (2009) ‘Hegel and Marx’, section 1 ‘Humanity, mutual recognition and struggle for recognition and the master-servant relationship in his Phenomenology the state in Hegel’ [sd] of Spirit (1807).

On Hegel’s conception of freedom: 2. Hegel and Feuerbach on estrangement McCarney, J. (2000) Routledge Philosophy Guidebook to Hegel on History , ch. 5 ‘Freedom’ [2, sd] This week we will look at Hegel’s account of history as the ‘progress of the Pippin, R.B. (2000) ‘What is the question for which Hegel’s theory of recognition consciousness of freedom’, culminating apparently in the modern state. We will is the answer?’, European Journal of Philosophy 8(2) [el] focus in particular on the idea that this progress involves a period of ‘estrangement’ of individuals from their own shared spirit, which reachs a height in the Roman On Hegel’s political philosophy: Empire. Finally we will look at how Feuerbach, one of the ‘Young Hegelians’ who + Singer, P. (1983) Hegel , Pastmasters, reissued as Hegel: A Very Short developed Hegel’s ideas in atheistic and democratic directions, takes up Hegel’s Introduction 2001, ch. 3. ‘Freedom and community’ ideas of spirit and estrangement in his account of the human essence and religion, finally turning them against Hegel himself. Maletz, D.J. (1989) ‘Hegel on right as actualised will’, Political Theory 17(1) [el] Hardimon, M. O. (1992) ‘The project of reconciliation: Hegel’s social philosophy’, # Hegel, G.W.F. [1822-31] Lectures on the Philosophy of World History:

4 Introduction. Reason in History, pp. 27-8, 33-4, 42-65, 93-9, 119-23, 145-9 [sp 5] Pullman, P. (2001) ‘The kingdom of heaven’ (a recent lecture by the writer Philip # Hegel, G.W.F. [1821] Philosophy of Right, ‘World history’ §341, 353-60 [sp 4, Pullman with Young Hegelian themes) last 2-3 pages] Seminar/essay questions: # Hegel, G.W.F. [1807] Phenomenology of Spirit §§347-55, 475-86 [sp 6] 1. What does Hegel mean by saying that spirit ‘is its own product’ in the # Feuerbach, L. [1841] The Essence of Christianity, Introduction, ch. 16 (middle Introduction to the Lectures on the Philosophy of World History? part), ch. 23 [sp 7] 2. In what sense are people ‘estranged’ in the Roman world, according to Hegel, # Feuerbach, L. [1843] Principles of the Philosophy of the Future, §§53-63 [sp 8] and what are they estranged from? Hegel’s philosophy of history: 3. In the light of his philosophy of history, how should we understand Hegel’s statement in the Preface to the Philosophy of Right that ‘what is rational is actual Taylor, C. (1975) Hegel, ch. 15 ‘Reason and history’ [7] and what is actual is rational’? + Chitty, A. (1997) ‘The direction of contemporary capitalism and the practical 4. Why is a religion a necessary stage towards human self-knowledge, according to relevance of theory’, Review of International Political Economy 4(3) (see pp. 440- Feuerbach? 442) [el] 5. What is Feuerbach’s essential criticism of Hegel? Hegel on estrangement and the Roman world: 3. The early Marx on civil society and state (1843) Hegel, G.W.F. [1822-31] The Philosophy of History, part 3, ‘The Roman world’, introductory section, section on ‘The Elements of the Roman Spirit’, and section on Marx first converted to Hegelianism while at university, and joined the ‘Young ‘Rome under the emperors’ Hegelians’, using Hegel’s ideas to support a radical-democratic political outlook in Norman, R. (1976) Hegel’s Phenomenology: A Philosophical Introduction, ch. 5 [11] his Rheinische Zeitung articles of 1842. In 1843 he turned against Hegel and used Inwood, M. (1992) A Hegel Dictionary , entry on ‘alienation and estrangement’, pp. Feuerbachian ideas to develop a critique simultaneously of Hegel’s Philosophy of 35-38 [sd] Right and of the modern system of civil society and state. We will focus on these Chitty, A. (2009) ‘Hegel and Marx’, section 3 ‘Hegel on the Roman world’ [sd] 1843 writings, asking what Marx finds wrong with the modern civil society and state system, and what he thinks should replace it. Feuerbach on the human essence and religion: # Marx, K. [1842] Passages from the Rheinische Zeitung articles [sp 9] Althusser, L. [1960] ‘Feuerbach’s philosophical manifestoes’, in his For Marx, tr. 1969 [3] # Marx, K. [Mar-Aug 1843] Critique of Hegel’s Doctrine of the State, in EW (pp. 58-91, 185-191 only) Breckman, W. (1992) ‘Ludwig Feuerbach and the political theology of restoration’, History of Political Thought 13(3) [el] # Marx, K. [Autumn 1843] On the Jewish Question (part 1 only), in EW # Marx [Dec 1843] ‘A Contribution to the Critique of Hegel’s Philosophy of Right. Feuerbach’s critique of Hegel: Introduction’ (the ‘1843 Introduction’), in EW (the first place in which Marx Feuerbach, L. [1843] Principles of the Philosophy of the Future , §§1-31 [sd] mentions the proletariat and calls for communism) Feuerbach, L. [1843] ‘Provisional theses for the reform of philosophy’, in L. Supplementary texts: Stepelevich (ed.) The Young Hegelians [sd] Marx [1837] ‘Letter to his father’, in Collected Works vol. 1 (on Marx’s conversion Young Hegelianism: to Hegelianism at the age of 19) Löwith, K. [1941] From Hegel to Nietzsche (classic work on the Young Hegelians) Marx, K. [Mar-May 1843] ‘Letters from the Franco-German Yearbooks’, in EW, the 1st and 2nd letters (focus on Marx’s notion of the ‘inverted world’ and his view

5 of democracy) 4. In what sense does the Marx of 1843 think that we live in an ‘inverted world’?

On the Rheinische Zeitung articles: 4. The early Marx on species-being, estrangement and capital (1844) Chitty, A. (2006) ‘The basis of the state in the Marx of 1842’, in D. Moggach (ed.) The New Hegelians: Politics and Philosophy in the Hegelian School In 1844 Marx engaged for the first time in a serious way with ‘civil society’, i.e. the capitalist economy. He formulated the idea (one that has roots in Hegel and On the 1843 writings in general: Feuerbach) that human beings are ‘species-beings’ whose essential activity is production for each other and conceived money and capital as the ‘externalisation’ + Colletti, L. (1975) ‘Introduction’ to Marx, Early Writings, ed. L. Colletti (Entäusserung) of this activity so that it takes a form that dominates humans Berki, R.N. (1990) ‘Through and through Hegel: Marx’s road to communism’, themselves. He defines communism as the overcoming of this externalisation and Political Studies 38 [el] the realisation of humans as species-beings. We will investigate the connections between these ideas, and between his 1843 account of the modern state and his On the Critique of Hegel’s Doctrine of the State: 1844 account of money and capital. Avineri, S. (1967) ‘The Hegelian origins of Marx’s political thought’, Review of A note on translations of Entäusserung and Entfremdung: EW and the Collected Metaphysics 21(1) [el] Works all translate Entäusserung as ‘alienation’ and Entfremdung as Duquette, D. (1989) ‘Marx’s idealist critique of Hegel’s theory of society and ‘estrangement’, in contrast to Miller in his translation of Hegel’s Phenomenology politics’, Review of Politics 51(2) [el] of Spirit usually translates Entäusserung as ‘externalisation’ (usually) and Leopold, D. (2007) The Young Karl Marx: German Philosophy, Modern Politics, Entfremdung as ‘alienation’. For other translators’ practice see the appendix to C.J. and Human Flourishing , pp. 62-82 [sd] Arthur, Dialectics of Labour. Below I use ‘alienation’ as a vague term to cover both concepts. Democracy in the early Marx: Marx [Aug 1844] ‘Critical marginal notes on “The King of Prussia and social # Marx [Autumn 1843] On the Jewish Question (part 2), in EW reform”‘, in EW # Marx [Apr-Aug 1844] Notes on James Mill (i.e. ‘Excerpts from James Mill’s Fischer, N. (1981) ‘Marx’s early concept of democracy and the ethical bases of Elements of Political Economy’), in EW socialism’, in J.P. Burke et als. (eds.) Marxism and the Good Society # Marx [Apr-Aug 1844] Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts, in EW (please focus especially on pp. 322-379) Marx’s critique of rights: Marx and Engels [1944] The Holy Family , excerpt from the section on ‘The Jewish Supplementary text: Question no. 3’ [sd] Aristotle, Politics, book 1 chs. 1-2 [many copies in library] Lefort, C. [1980] ‘Politics and human rights’, in his The Political Forms of Modern On species-being, alienation and communism: Society Arthur, C.J. (1986) Dialectics of Labour: Marx and his Relation to Hegel, chs. 1-3 [2] Seminar/essay questions: Wood, A. (1981, 2nd ed. 2004) Karl Marx, chs. 1-4 [2] 1. What is Marx’s basic objection to the ‘abstract political state’ in the Critique of Chitty, A. (2009) ‘Species-being and capital’, in A. Chitty and M. McIvor (eds.) Hegel’s Doctrine of the State? Karl Marx and Contemporary Philosophy 2. What is Marx’s view of democracy in the Critique of Hegel’s Doctrine of the + Chitty, A. (2009) ‘Hegel and Marx’, section 2 ‘Species-being and communism in State? Marx’ and section 4 ‘Marx on the modern state and capital’ [sd] 3. Why does Marx object to the idea of human rights in On the Jewish Question?

6 Specifically on species-being: Arthur, C.J. (1986) Dialectics of Labour: Marx and his Relation to Hegel, ch. 9 Nasser, A.G. (1975) ‘Marx’s ethical anthropology’, Philosophy and ‘Marx and Feuerbach’ [2] Phenomenological Research 35(4) (section 1 of this article) [el] Seminar/essay questions: * Margolis, J. (1992) ‘Praxis and meaning: Marx’s species-being and Aristotle’s political animal’, in G.E. McCarthy (ed.) Marx and Aristotle: Nineteenth-Century 1. What does Marx mean by saying that humans are ‘species-beings’? German Thought and Classical Antiquity [sd] 2. What does Marx mean by saying that in modern society labour is entäussert Chitty, A. (1997) ‘First person plural ontology and praxis’, Proceedings of the (externalised)? Aristotelian Society 97(1) [el] 3. Does Marx think there is a connection between the ‘inverted’ character of capital Dyer-Witheford, N. (2004) ‘1844/2004/2044: the return of species-being’, and Hegel’s idealism? Historical Materialism 12(4) [el] 4. Is Marx’s 1844 conception of communism modelled on Hegel’s idea of mutual recognition? Specifically on alienation: 5. In On the Jewish Question Marx says that we should see the other as the Levine, A. (1978) ‘Alienation as heteronomy’, Philosophical Forum 8 [sd] ‘realisation’ rather than the ‘limitation’ on our freedom (EW 230). Could + Wolff, J. (1992) ‘Playthings of alien forces: Karl Marx and the rejection of the communism as he conceives it in 1844 achieve this? market economy’, Cogito 6(1), reprinted in N. Warburton (ed.) Philosophy: Basic Readings, 1999 [sd] 5. Materialism, social relations and history (1845-46) Schmitt, R. (1996) ‘Marx’s concept of alienation’, Topoi 15(2) [el] This week we will look at the Theses on Feuerbach, in which Marx attempts to Holloway, J. (1997) ‘A note on alienation’, Historical Materialism 1(1) [el] outline a new kind of materialism based on the idea of praxis that goes beyond the ‘standpoint of civil society’. We will then look at his writings of 1845-46, On communism and non-alienated labour in Marx’s early writings: especially The German Ideology, in which he first outlines the idea of ‘social McLellan, D. (1969) ‘Marx’s view of the unalienated society’, Review of Politics relations of production’ and that of history as a succession of sets of such relations 31(4) [el] (or of economic structures or modes of production), whose rise and fall is driven by Berki, R.N. (1990) ‘Through and through Hegel: Marx’s road to communism’, the development of human productive forces. (We will postpone a discussion of Political Studies 38 [el] Marx’s concept of ideology until next week.)

On Marx’s 1844 critique of Hegel: # Marx [1845] ‘Theses on Feuerbach’, in EW McCarney, J. (2009) ‘“The entire mystery”: Marx’s understanding of Hegel’, in A. # Marx and Engels [1845-46] The German Ideology, ch. 1 and excerpts from ch. 3 [sp 11] Chitty and M. McIvor (eds) Karl Marx and Contemporary Philosophy # Marx [1846] Letter to Annenkov, 18 December 1846 [sp 12] + Chitty, A. (2009) ‘Hegel and Marx’, section 5 ‘Marx on his relation to Hegel’ # Marx [1859] ‘1859 Preface’ (Preface to Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy) [sp 19] On the Young Hegelians, Feuerbach and Marx: Hess, M. [1845] ‘On the essence of money’, in J. Kovesi, Values and Evaluations: Supplementary text: Essays on Ethics and Ideology 1998 (although it was published later, the ideas of Stirner, M. [1844] The Ego and its Own, sections on ‘The spirit’ and ‘The this essay were probably an inspiration for part 2 of ‘On the Jewish Question’) possessed’ (The German Ideology is largely a response to the ideas of this book) Sass, H.-M. (1983) ‘The ‘transition’ from Feuerbach to Marx: a re-interpretation’, On the Theses on Feuerbach and Marx’s ontological materialism: Studies in Eastern European Thought (formerly Studies in Soviet Thought) 26(2) [el] Marx and Engels [Sep-Nov 1844] The Holy Family , ch. 6, sec. 3d ‘Critical battle

7 against French materialism’ production is replaced by another in history? Bender, F.L. (1983) ‘Marx, materialism and the limits of philosophy’, Studies in 4. Do the ideas of species-being and alienation still implicitly inform the theory of Soviet Thought (now Studies in East European Thought) 25(2) [el] history in the German Ideology? Kline, G.L. (1988) ‘The myth of Marx’s materialism’, in H. Dahm et al. (eds.) 5. Are Marx’s concepts of human society and human history ‘productivist’? Philosophical Sovietology: The Pursuit of a Science, reprinted in S. Meikle (ed.) 6. Are they sexist? Marx 2002 [sd] 6. Value, social form and fetishism On the theory of history in general: + Roberts, M. (1996) Analytical Marxism: A Critique , pp. 47-59 (a clear summary This week we will then work our way through chapters 1 and 2 of Capital, focusing of G.A. Cohen’s interpretation) [sd] on the ideas of commodity, use-value, exchange-value, value, abstract labour, and money. Our aim will be to grasp the idea of ‘social forms’ such as the commodity- On social relations of production: form, the money-form and the capital-form, to ask in what sense Marx thinks they Cohen, G.A. (1978) Karl Marx’s Theory of History, chs. 2.1, 3, 8 (this book has arise ‘logically’ from each other, and briefly to assess Marx’s labour theory of become the standard interpretation of Marx’s theory of history) [5] value. We will also look at Marx’s concept of commodity fetishism and ask how it is related to that of ideology. + Collins, H. (1982) Marxism and Law, pp. 77-85 (on distinguishing social relations of production from property relations) [4] # Marx [1873] Capital Volume 1, chapters 1-2 Chitty, A. (1998) ‘Recognition and social relations of production’, Historical # Marx [1857-58] Grundrisse, pp. 145-151 (on the derivation of the money-form Materialism 2(1) [el] from the commodity-form) [sp 18 excerpt 1] On Marx’s explanation of change in social relations of production: # Marx [1859] Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy, first two pages [sp 20] Marx [1867] Capital volume 1, chs. 26-30 (Marx’s fullest account of the transition # Marx [1868] Letter to Kugelmann, 11 July 1868 [sp 21] from feudalism to capitalism) Supplementary text (on the transition from commodity to money): Elster, J. (1982) ‘Marxism, functionalism and game theory: the case for methodological individualism’, Theory and Society 11(4) [el] Marx [1857-58] Grundrisse, pp. 145-151 [sp 18 excerpt 1] Cohen, G.A. (1982) ‘Reply to Elster on “Marxism, functionalism and game On social relations, social forms and economic categories: theory”‘, Theory and Society 11(4) [el] Marx [1846-47] The Poverty of Philosophy , chapter 2 section 1 second observation Wood, E.M. (1984) ‘Marxism and the course of history’, New Left Review 1/147 [el] Anton, A. (1974) ‘Commodities and exchange’, Philosophy and Phenomenological Critiques of Marx as productivist or masculinist: Research 34 [el] Baudrillard, J. [1973] The Mirror of Production , tr. 1975, chs. 1-2 [sd] Chitty, A. (2000) ‘Social and physical form: Ilyenkov on the ideal and Marx on the value-form’, in V. Oittinen ed., Evald Ilyenkov’s Philosophy Revisited (sections 1-2 MacKinnon, C.A. (1989) Toward a Feminist Theory of the State, chs. 1-2 [6] of this article)

Seminar/essay questions: On abstract labour: 1. Is Marx a materialist? Rubin, I.I. [1927] ‘Abstract labour and value in Marx’s system’, Capital & Class 5, 2. What distinguishes one set of social relations of production from another? 1978 [el] 3. Does Marx have a coherent explanation of why one set of social relations of Murray, P. (2000) ‘Marx’s ‘truly social’ labour theory of value: part 1, abstract

8 labour in Marxian value theory’, Historical Materialism 6 [el] memorial conference, 2008

On the labour theory of value: Seminar/essay questions: Bailey, S. (1825) A Critical Dissertation on the Nature, Measure and Causes of 1. What is the difference between value and exchange-value, according to Marx? Value, ch 1 ‘On the nature of value’ (Bailey’s empiricist theory of value is Marx’s 2. What are concrete and abstract labour, and why does Marx make a distinction chief object of attack in chapter 1 of Capital) between them? Marx [1846] Wage-Labour and Capital, section 2 ‘By what is the price of a 3. What kind of derivation is Marx’s derivation of the money-form from the commodity determined?’ [sp 14] commodity-form? * Rubin, I.I. [1928] Essays on Marx’s Theory of Value, tr. 1972, ch. 17 ‘Value and 4. Is Marx’s labour theory of value defensible? social need’ [2] 5. What is the fetishism of commodities, according to Marx, and who does it Arthur, C.J. (2001) ‘Value, labour and negativity’, Capital & Class 73 [el] affect? On fetishism: 6. Is fetishism an example of what Marx means by ideology? Marx [186-63] Capital Volume 3 , ch. 48 ‘The trinity formula’ (on fetishism of 7. Capital, subsumption and colonialism capital and land) * Geras, N. (1971) ‘Essence and appearance: aspects of fetishism in Marx’s This week we will look at the introduction to the Grundrisse, in which Marx gives Capital’, New Left Review 65 [el], reprinted with the title ‘Marx and the critique of his fullest account of his intended method in writing Capital. Then we will continue political economy’) in R. Blackburn (ed.) Ideology in Social Science [4] reading Capital itself, focusing on the idea of capital as self-expanding value, as Cohen, G.A. (1978) Karl Marx’s Theory of History: A Defence, ch. 5 ‘Fetishism’ [5] dependent on the exploitation of workers, and as a social relation which becomes an autonomous power over both worker and capitalist. We will also look at Marx’s Johnson, C. (1980) ‘The problem of reformism and Marx’s theory of fetishism’, argument (only fully developed by later Marxists) that the self-expansion of capital New Left Review 119 [el] drives capitalist countries to colonialist and imperialist policies. Finally we will Knafo, S. (2002) ‘The fetishising subject of Marx’s Capital’, Capital & Class 76 [el] raise the question of whether the ideas of species-being and alienation still underlie See also Marx’s remark in the Grundrisse, p. 687: ‘The crude materialism of the Marx’s analysis of capitalism in Capital. economists who regard as the natural properties of things what are social relations of production among people, and qualities which things obtain because they are # Marx [1857] Introduction to the Grundrisse, first page and section 3 ‘The method subsumed under these relations, is at the same time just as crude an idealism, even of political economy’ [sp 17] fetishism, since it imputes social relations to things as inherent characteristics, and # Marx [1867] Capital Volume 1, chapters 3-7 (ch. 3 can be skim-read) thus mystifies them.’ # Marx [1863-66] ‘Results of the Immediate Process of Production’, included in Penguin edition of Capital Volume 1 (originally planned as the final chapter of On ideology and ‘false consciousness’ in general in Marx: Capital volume 1) (pp. 1019-1038 only) Lichtheim, G. (1965) ‘The concept of ideology’, History and Theory 4 [el], # Marx [1853] ‘Future Results of the British Rule in India’, in Marx and Engels, reprinted in his The Concept of Ideology and Other Essays [2] Collected Works, Volume 12 [sp 16] Cohen, G.A. (1978) Karl Marx’s Theory of History: A Defence, pp. 289-293 [5] * McCarney, J. (2005) ‘Ideology and false consciousness’, in The Marx Myths and Overviews of Capital: Legends website Marx [1865] Value Price and Profit, in editions of Marx and Engels, Selected Clegg, J. (2008) ‘Rereading Marx on ideology’, paper given at the Joe McCarney Works (Marx’s own summary of the ideas of Capital)

9 Fine, B. (1975) Marx’s Capital, 3rd ed. 1989 [4] Marx [1853] ‘The British rule in India’, in Marx and Engels, Collected Works, Harvey, D. (forthcoming, 2009) Introduction to Marx’s Capital Volume 12 [sd] Marx, Capital Volume 1, ch. 31 ‘Genesis of the industrial capitalist’ On the method of Capital: Marx (1968) Karl Marx on Colonialism and Modernization, ed. S. Avineri [2] Marx [1873] Capital Volume 1, ‘Postface to the second edition’ (also known as the Kautsky, K. [1914] ‘Imperialism and the war’ ‘1873 Afterword’) Lenin, V.I. [1916] Imperialism: The Highest Stage of Capitalism, chs. 3-6 O’Malley, J. (1976) ‘Marx’s ‘Economics’ and Hegel’s Philosophy of Right: an essay on Marx’s Hegelianism’, Political Studies 24(1) [el] On species-being and alienation in Marx’s later writings (the ‘epistemological Wood, A. (1981) Karl Marx, 2nd ed. 2004, part 5 ‘The dialectical method’ [2] break’ debate): Rosenthal, J. (1999) ‘The escape from Hegel’, Science & Society 63(3) [el] Althusser, L. [1965] For Marx, Introduction, section 2 [3] Arthur, C. (2005) ‘The myth of “simple commodity production”‘, in The Marx Colletti, L. [1968] ‘Bernstein and the Marxism of the Second International’ in Myths and Legends website From Rousseau to Lenin (the sections on ‘The labour theory of value’ and ‘The theory of value and fetishism’) [2] On the concept of capital: Colletti, L. [1969] Marxism and Hegel, ch. 8 ‘Kant, Hegel and Marx’ Marx [1846] Wage-Labour and Capital, section 4 ‘On the nature and growth of Hammen, O.J. (1980) ‘A note on the alienation motif in Marx’, Political Theory capital’ [sp 14] 8(2) [el] Cohen, G.A. (1978) Karl Marx’s Theory of History, appendix 2 ‘some definitions’ [5] Seminar/essay questions: On capital as an autonomous power: 1. Is there a single principle behind the movement from commodity to money to Marx and Engels [1845-46] The German Ideology, two sections on ‘estrangement’ capital in Capital? [sp pp. 107-8 and 124-5] (on the idea of social relations in general becoming 2. Is Marx right that capital cannot exist without exploitation? autonomous of individuals) 3. Can Marx’s idea that capital is an autonomous power be explained using game Marx [1857-58] Grundrisse, pp. 450-55, 469-71 [sp 18 excerpts 8, 10] theory? Elster, J. (1980) Nuts and Bolts for the Social Sciences, ch. 11 ‘Equilibrium’ 4. Is Marx’s argument that capitalism inevitably leads to colonialism persuasive? (explains the idea of equilibrium in game theory) 5. Do the first few chapters of Capital implicitly rely on the ideas of species-being Arthur, C. (2001) ‘The spectral ontology of value’, Radical Philosophy 107 (pp. and alienation in Marx’s early writings? 32-35 only of this article, up to end of section on ‘Money’) [el – use subscription number 288640] 8. Crisis, the proletariat and revolution

On formal and real subsumption: This and next week we will look at the question of how and why Marx thinks Marx [1857-58] Grundrisse, pp. 585-7 [sp 18 excerpt 14] capitalism ‘must’ give way to communism. This week we will focus on the more Murray, P. (2004) ‘The social and material transformation of production by capital: empirical aspects of the question, specifically on the ideas that capitalism is formal and real subsumption in Capital volume 1’, in R. Bellofiore and N. Taylor necessarily prone to ever more severe crises, that the proletariat (the class of wage- (eds.) The Constitution of Capital: Essays on Volume 1 of Capital labourers) is inherently ‘universal’ in its outlook and so is the agent that will eventually overthrow capitalism, and that a post-revolutionary democratic state will On colonialism and imperialism: differ qualitatively from a capitalist state will eventually ‘wither away’.

10 # Marx [1873] Capital Volume 1, ch. 12 ‘The concept of relative surplus value’, ch. socialism’, Politics and Society 10(2) [el], reprinted in J. Roemer (ed.) Analytical 25 ‘The general law of capitalist accumulation’, ch. 32 ‘The historical tendency of Marxism (a rational choice approach) capitalist accumulation’ McCarney, J. (1990) Social Theory and the Crisis of Marxism, chs. 9-10 # Marx and Engels [1847] The Communist Manifesto, sections 1 and 2 [sp 15] # Marx [1847] The Poverty of Philosophy, chapter 2 section 5 ‘Strikes and On the capitalist state, the post-revolutionary state, and democracy: combinations of workers’ (the last few pages of the book) [sp 13] Marx [1852] The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte, ch. 7 (on the idea of the # Marx [1871] The Civil War in France (first draft), section on ‘The character of capitalist state becoming increasingly autonomous of society) the Commune’ [sp 23] Marx [1874-75] Conspectus of Bakunin’s Statism and Anarchy [sp 25] # Marx [1871] The Civil War in France (final version), section 5 ‘The Paris Lenin, V.I. [1917] The State and Revolution, in editions of Lenin’s Selected Works, Commune’ [sp 24] chs. 1, 4-5 Miliband, R. (1965) ‘Marx and the state’, Socialist Register 2, reprinted in T. On crisis tendencies in capitalism: Bottomore (ed.) Karl Marx 1973 Marx [1857-58] Grundrisse, pp. 421-3, 746-50 [sp 18 excerpts 7, 16] Draper, H. (1970) ‘The death of the state in Marx and Engels’, The Socialist Marx [1861-63] Capital volume 3, part 3 ‘The Law of the Tendency of the Rate of Register 7 Profit to Fall’ Mattick, P. (1981) Economic Crisis and Crisis Theory , ch. 2 ‘Marx’s crisis theory’ [sd] Seminar/essay questions: 1. Is the tendency to capitalist crisis contingent or necessary according to Marx? Excursus: Marx and the financial crisis of 2008: 2. Why should the proletariat be motivated to bring about socialism? McNally, D. (2009) ‘From financial crisis to world-slump: accumulation, 3. Is the idea of a ‘dictatorship of the proletariat’ compatible with that of financialisation, and the global slowdown’, Historical Materialism 17(2) [el] democracy? Choonara, J. (2009) ‘Marxist accounts of the current crisis’, International Socialism 4. Why does Marx think that after a socialist revolution the state will ‘wither 123 away’?

On immiseration (the ‘iron law of wages’) and the industrial reserve army: 9. Justice, freedom and the philosophical necessity of communism Marx [1867] Capital Volume 1, ch. 6 (pp. 274-5 only, beginning ‘The value of labour power is determined), ch. 22 ‘National differences in wages’ This week we will look Marx’s philosophical account of why communism must Baumol, W.J. (1983) ‘Marx and the iron law of wages’, American Economic replace capitalism. We will begin with by examining his views of how individuals’ Review 73(2) [el] moral outlooks and even self-conceptions are formed by capitalism. In the light of this we will look at the question of whether Marx condemns capitalism on moral On the proletariat and its motivations: grounds, on the grounds of its inadequate realisation of modernity, or on some other grounds. Finally we will look at his descriptions of communism in his later Marx and Engels [Sep-Nov 1844] The Holy Family, chapter 4 section 4 ‘Proudhon’ writings and at passages in which he suggests a logical connection between (excerpt) [sp 10] capitalism and communism. Lukacs, G. [1923] ‘Class consciousness’, in his History and Class Consciousness Avineri, S. (1968) The Social and Political Thought of Karl Marx, ch. 2 ‘The # Marx [1857-58] Grundrisse, pp. 156-65, 171-2, 239-47, 324-5, 408-10, 459-63, proletariat: the universal class’ [12] 487-8, 515, 539-42, 610-14, 831-2 [sp 18 excerpts 2- 6, 9-13, 15, 17] Przeworski, A. (1980) ‘Material interests, class compromise, and the transition to # Marx [1861-3] Passage on the realm of freedom, Capital volume 3, ch. 48 [sp 22]

11 # Marx [1875] Critique of the Gotha Programme, parts 1 and 4 [sp 27] Marx, K. [Sep 1843] ‘Letters from the Franco-German Yearbooks’, in EW, the 3rd letter Supplementary texts (on morality and freedom): * McCarney, J. (1990) Social Theory and the Crisis of Marxism, chs. 6-8 Marx and Engels [1844] The Holy Family, ch. 6.3b ‘The Jewish Question No. 3’ Chitty, A. (1997) ‘The direction of contemporary capitalism and the practical Marx and Engels [1845-46] The German Ideology, ch. 1 (see passages on morality), relevance of theory’, Review of International Political Economy 4(3) ch. 3 excerpts from ch. 3 on morality and humanity [sp 11 excerpts 1-3, 5] See also Marx’s statement in his letter to Lassalle of 22 February 1858: ‘The work I The capitalist formation of human beings: am presently concerned with is a Critique of Economic Categories or, if you like, a critical exposé of the system of the bourgeois economy. It is at once an exposé and, Marx and Engels, [1845-46] The German Ideology, in Marx and Engels, Collected by the same token, a critique of the system.’ Works, vol. 5, pp. 213, 245-256, 439 Marx [1857-58] Grundrisse, pp. 297, 471-497, 717-718 On communism and unalienated labour in Marx’s later writings (for this topic in Althusser, L. [1970] ‘Ideology and the ideological state apparatuses’, in Lenin and his early writings see week 4): Philosophy, and Other Essays, the section ‘Ideology interpellates individuals as Cohen, G.A. (1978) Karl Marx’s Theory of History, pp. 129-33, ‘Communism as subjects’ the liberation of the content’ [4] Sayer, D. (1991) Capitalism and Modernity: An Excursus on Marx and Weber , ch. * Maidan, M. (1989) ‘Alienated labour and free activity in Marx’s thought’, 2 ‘Power and the subject’ [sd] Political Science 41(1) Rikowski, G. (2003) ‘Marx and the future of the human’, Historical Materialism Zilbersheid, U. (2004) ‘The vicissitudes of the idea of the abolition of labour in 11(2) [el] Marx’s teachings - can the idea be revived?’, Critique: Journal of Socialist Theory 35 (or: vol. 32 no. 1) [el] On Marx, morality and justice: Wood, A.W. (1972) ‘The Marxian critique of justice’, Philosophy and Public On the logical relation of capitalism to communism: Affairs 1(3) [el] Cohen, G.A. (1974) ‘Marx’s dialectic of labour’, Philosophy and Public Affairs 3 [el] Lukes, S. (1984) Marxism and Morality, chs. 1-4 [7] * Gould, C.C. (1978) Marx’s Social Ontology: Individuality and Community in Geras, N. (1985) ‘The controversy about Marx and justice’, New Left Review 150 [el] Marx’s Theory of Social Reality , ch. 1 ‘The ontology of society’ [sd] * Berki, R.N. (1983) Insight and Vision: The Problem of Communism in Marx’s On Marx, modernism and human self-determination: Thought , ch. 4 ‘Fusion’ [sd] Berman, M. (1983) All that is Solid Melts into Air: The Experience of Modernity, Smith, T. (1990) The Logic of Marx’s Capital: Replies to Hegelian Criticisms , ch. 2 ‘Marx, modernism and modernization’ [8] chapter 1, section C Pippin, R. (1991) Modernism as a Philosophical Problem , 2nd ed. 1999, pp. 1-15 Chitty, A. (2009) ‘Capitalism and communism in the Notes on James Mill’ [sd] and 46-61 (on human self-determination as the central idea in modernist thought) [sd] + Kamenka, E. (1969) Marxism and Ethics, ch. 2 ‘The ethical impulse in the work 1. Does Marx condemn capitalism as unjust? of Karl Marx’ [2] 2. Is Marx’s fundamental value freedom? * McIvor, M. (2009) ‘Marx’s philosophical modernism: post-Kantian foundations 3. Could Capital provide a critique of capitalism that does not appeal to any of historical materialism’, in A. Chitty and M. McIvor (eds) Karl Marx and absolute moral values? Contemporary Philosophy [sd] 4. Why does Marx think that communism is better than capitalism? On Capital as a non-moral critique of capitalism: 5. Does Marx think that capitalism suffers from a fundamental contradiction that

12 logically drives it towards its supersession by communism? reprinted in K. Knight (ed.) The MacIntyre Reader 1998, also available online: part 1 and part 2 (written when MacIntyre was still a Marxist) 10. Two critics: Simone Weil and Alasdair MacIntyre * MacIntyre, A. (1981) After Virtue , 2nd ed. 1984, pp. ix-x (on the ‘moral This week we will stand back from Marx’s work to look at look at two influential impoverishment’ of Marxism), 1-13 (on emotivism as the characteristic moral critics of it, both of whom were at one time involved with radical socialist political outlook of modernity), 186-196 (on the ideas of a ‘practice’ and an ‘internal good’), movements, and both of whom wrote in the light of the emergence from the 256-63 (on Aristotle vs. Marx) [sd] Russian Revolution of a society and state that had very little in common with + MacIntyre, A. (1992) The ethical project of Alasdair MacIntyre: “a disquieting Marx’s original vision of communism. Weil’s critique of Marxism is many-sided suggestion”‘, Lyceum 4(1) (an introduction to MacIntyre’s critique of modernity) but a central point in it is that it fails to identify the real sources of the oppression of MacIntyre, A. (1995) ‘Introduction’ to second edition of Marxism and Christianity workers. MacIntyre’s critique of Marx is part of his critique of the modern world as [sd], reprinted as ‘Three perspectives on Marxism: 1953, 1968, 1995’, in his Ethics a whole, a world he argues in his After Virtue is characterised at root by a and Politics: Selected Essays Volume 2, 2006 ‘liberalism’ which has led to the abandonment of any belief in objective moral Knight, K. (1996) ‘Revolutionary Aristotelianism’ in I. Hampsher-Monk and J. truths and to the emotivist view that every moral assertion is simply the expression Stanyer (eds.) Contemporary Political Studies 1996, Vol. II, pp. 885-896 [sd] of the subjective feelings of the speaker. Marxism, he argues, has failed to get beyond this nihilistic moral standpoint. MacIntyre, A. [1997] ‘Politics, philosophy and the common good’, in K. Knight (ed.) The MacIntyre Reader 1998 [sd] # Weil, S. [1834] ‘Reflections concerning the causes of liberty and social oppression’ (sections 1-3 only), in her Oppression and Liberty [sp 27] 1. Is Simone Weil’s central critique of Marxism in the ‘Reflections’ a fair critique of Marx himself? # MacIntyre, A. [1994] ‘The Theses on Feuerbach: a road not taken’, reprinted in K. Knight (ed.) The MacIntyre Reader 1998 [sp 28] 2. How is Alasdair MacIntyre suggesting that Marx should have developed the ideas of the ‘Theses on Feuerbach’ in ‘The Theses on Feuerbach: a road not Simone Weil’s critique of Marx: taken’? Weil, S. [1933] ‘Prospects: are we headed for the proletarian revolution?’ in Oppression and Liberty Weil, S. [1933-38] ‘On the contradictions of Marxism’, in Oppression and Liberty [sd] Andrew Chitty Weil, S. [1943] ‘Is there a Marxist doctrine?’, in Oppression and Liberty 7 October 2009 Rosen, F. (1979) ‘Marxism, mysticism, and liberty: the influence of Simone Weil With subsequent minor corrections (in red) on Albert Camus’, Political Theory 7(3) [el] * Blum, L.A. and Seidler, V.J. (1989) A Truer Liberty: Simone Weil and Marxism, especially chapter 2 [sd] and chapter 3 McLellan, D. (1989) Simone Weil: Utopian Pessimist, reissued as Utopian Pessimist: The Life and Thought of Simone Weil 1990 Grey, C. (2007) ‘Towards a critique of managerialism: the contribution of Simone Weil’, Journal of Management Studies 33(5) [el]

Alasdair MacIntyre’s critique of Marx: MacIntyre, A. [1958-9] ‘Notes from the moral wilderness’, New Reasoner 7 and 8,