North and South

U.S. History Fort Burrows North and South 1820 -- 1860 14.1 - Industry in the North Time Line: 1820s - skilled workers began to organize unions 1829 - a steamed powered locomotive in England travels 30 miles per hour 1830s - the growth of railroads changes the way goods are shipped; goods can be shipped quickly and cheaply 1840s - the invention of the cotton gin increases the production of cotton; the cotton boom increases the spread of slavery 1844 - Samuel F. B. Morse patents the telegraph 1850s - Conditions in Europe caused millions of Irish and German people to immigrate to the United States Presidents: 1st 1789 – 1797 (2 terms) George Washington - 57 2nd 1797 – 1801 (1 term) John Adams - 61 3rd 1801 – 1809 (2 terms) Thomas Jefferson - 57 4th 1809 – 1817 (2 terms) James Madison - 57 5th 1817 – 1825 (2 terms) James Monroe – 58 6th 1825 – 1829 (1 term) John Quincy Adams - 57 7th 1829 – 1837 (2 terms) Andrew Jackson - 61 8th 1837 – 1841 (1 term) Martin Van Buren - 54 9th 1841 – 1841 Died William Henry Harrison - 68 10th 1841 – 1845 (1 term) John Tyler - 51 11th 1845 – 1849 (1 term) James K Polk - 49 12th 1849 – 1850 Died Zachary Taylor - 64 13th 1850 – 1853 (1 term) Millard Fillmore - 50 14th 1853 – 1857 (1 term) Franklin Pierce - 48 15th 1857 – 1861 (1 term) James Buchanan - 65 16th 1861 – 1865 (2 terms) Abraham Lincoln - 52, assassinated in office

Why does it matter to you today ? As you have read, regional differences arose in the United States during the early 1800s. Sectionalism seemed more alarming by mid-century, especially as the slavery issue split the nation into two increasingly militant camps. However, other forces were at work that over the long term would bind the regions together and create the land we know today. Railroads did more than carry goods. They promoted economic interdependence between Southern cotton growers and Northern textile manufacturers, between Western farmers and Eastern markets. The railroads also promoted movement of people among regions. Cultural convergence--the sharing of ideas, skills, and arts—followed. This interaction eventually created a national identity. In addition, the telegraph made news of national interest available almost instantly everywhere. This communication revolution also had a unifying effect on the nation.

1 of 14.1 Printer Copy FEB 2017 U.S. History Fort Burrows As the Northern economy grew, new inventions and faster transportation changed the way goods were manufactured and shipped. telegraph – communications device that sends electrical signals along a wire locomotive – engine that pulls a railroad train clipper ship – fast-sailing ship of the mid-1800s primitive – very simple or not advanced vital – extremely important revolutionize – to change in an extraordinary way artificial – made by human beings

New Inventions “In Massachusetts and Connecticut,” a European visitor exclaimed, “there is not a laborer who has not invented a machine or a tool.”  1846, Elias Howe patents a sewing machine  Isaac Singer -Singer Sewing Machines- makes improvements and gets the recognition for the sewing machine of today  A worker could now make a dozen shirts compared to the time it took a tailor to make one  Farm Machines  1825, Jethro Wood manufactured the iron plow, with replaceable parts  John Deere made a light weight steel plow (verses the old school iron plows); this allowed horses to be used verses the slower oxen ?? Advantage of Oxen ?______?? Advantage of Horse ? ______ Cyrus McCormick - Born February 15, 1809 Rockbridge County, Virginia, Died May 13, 1884 Chicago, Known for International Harvester  1847, McCormick produces a mechanical reaper; a horse drawn machine that mowed wheat and other grains  Mechanical drill for quickly planting seeds into the ground  Threshing machines which ‘beat’ the grain from its husk (stalk)  One man doing the work of 5 men  Country boys left their father’s farm and moved West to begin their own farms or they migrated to the city to become ‘factory workers’

¿¿ What were the effects of new inventions on farming ? 1.______2.______3.______4.______2 of 14.1 Printer Copy FEB 2017 U.S. History Fort Burrows

 The Telegraph or ‘Talking Wire’  1844, Samuel F. B. Morse received a patent for the telegraph  Telegraph is dots, dashes, and spaces sent by electrical signal through electric wires (Have student turn to page 412 for picture - telegraphwire)  Morse Code is the ‘alphabet’ for the dots, dashes, and spaces  May 24, 1844, Morse set up his telegraph in the Supreme Court in Washington and typed a signal to an operator in Baltimore  A few seconds later the Baltimore operator returned the same message  “ What have GOD wrought!”  Thousands of miles of electrical wire ran all across America  Merchants and Farmers now had instant access to the ‘market’  Supply of products in the different markets, the cost of tomatoes in Georgia verses New Jersey, and which markets farmers should send their product to for the greatest $$ returns

The First Railroads  In The Beginning… MAN… built railroads to transport to and from canals  Horses and/or mules pulled cars along wooden rails covered with iron  In 1829, an English family developed a steam-powered locomotive to pull rail cars  Called the ‘Rocket’, it could travel up to an amazing 30 mph

RAILROAD 1840 1845 1850 1855 1860 Total Miles 3,476 4,890 8,491 16,304 31,303  Early Difficulties  Concern from new competition – horse-drawn wagon operators and canal owners feared they would lose business and opposed the new technology  Accidents were caused by soft roadbeds and weak bridges  Locomotives often broke down and ‘road-side’ assistance was not readily available  The smokestacks belched thick black smoke and hot embers, sometimes burning holes in passengers’ clothing or setting nearby buildings on fire  Instead of two tracks being laid --one for each direction-- only one was used; this increased the likelihood of head-on collisions

 A Railroad Boom  Early problems were solved, wood was replaced with metal, travel became safer and faster, more tracks allowed further travel  Concentrated in the North and West  New York, Chicago, and Cincinnati were major rail centers  More choice of goods and faster delivery of products 3 of 14.1 Printer Copy FEB 2017 U.S. History Fort Burrows  Not much track in the South Yankee Clippers In 1845, an American named John Griffiths launched the Rainbow, the first of the clipper ships. These sleek vessels had tall masts and huge sails that caught every gust of wind. Their narrow hulls clipped swiftly through the water. In 1840s, the American clipper ships broke every speed record. The golden age of the clipper ships was brief.  Tall mast, lots of sails, narrow hulls, built for speed  Used to carry goods; cotton, fur, wheat, lumber, and tobacco to trade for wives  New York to Hong Kong in 81 days compared to the old ships 150 days  Not to be out done, the Brits create an iron steam ship that is faster, carries more cargo, and is sturdier on the seas  The Clipper’s life span is very short ¿¿ How did new ways of transporting goods change the economy ? ______.

The Northern Economy Expands  Steam power verses Water-flow power  With the invention of steam-powered engines, factories could be built anywhere  Produce more goods at lower costs  Families bought factory made items; instead of making mom do all the work  Railroads could transport large quantities of ‘raw’ materials to the factories; which reduced the end cost of goods  Railroads linked more and more towns together creating a larger market for ALL products that were being produced  Railroads also brought ‘cheaper’ produced items to New England; grain, wheat, corn, and Texas longhorn beef

¿¿ How did technological innovations cause the economy to change ? ______. 1. How did new inventions change manufacturing and farming in the North ? ______. 2. What difficulties did the first railroads face ? ______. 3. How did railroads and clipper ships help the Northern economy ?

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