Grade 7 Final Review Topics

Classification 1. History of Classification - Aristotle, Carolus Linnaeus - Taxonomy

2. Levels of Classification - domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus species - write scientific name correctly (know acceptable abbreviation)

3. Interpreting evolutionary diagram.

4. Use of Dichotomous key. Viruses 1. Characteristics of living and nonliving

2. Classification a. type of disease b. life cycle c. genetic material d. basic shape 1. crystal 2. sphere 3. cylinder 4. spacecraft (bacteriophage)

3. Lytic cycle (pictures) 4. Lysogenic cycle Domains and Kingdoms 1. Domain Archaea- prokaryotic - over 3 billion years old- oldest organisms - extreme environments a. methane makers (swamps) b. heat lovers ( ocean rift vents) c. salt lovers (Dead Sea)

2. Domain Bacteria- prokaryotic - includes most bacteria - largest kingdom - present for over 3.5 billion years - classified by food gathering- decomposer, parasite, producer - cyanobacteria undergo photosynthesis- Helped plants evolve? ********************************************************** - If bacteria is grouped together, it is called the Kingdom Monera. - all bacteria - smallest and simplest organisms - use cellular respiration - reproduce by binary fission ( pictures) - different bacteria reproduce at different rate in different temps and humidities. - some can form endospores Grade 7 Final Review Topics

- bacteria shapes- a. bacilli b. cocci c. spirilla ( have flagella) - Good for the environment- a. nitrogen-fixing b. recycling c. bioremediation -Good for people a. antibiotics b. drug production c. food-yogurt, cheese, sauerkraut - Harmful bacteria (pathogenic bacteria)- cause strep throat, TB, Lyme’s disease - botulism - Vaccines/ antiseptics (Joseph Lister)

3. Protista - eukaryotic - all eukaryotic organisms that are not plants, animals, or fungi - most are single celled - reproduce by asexual reproduction (fission) or sexual reproduction (conjugation) - three types- a. Producer Protists (plantlike) - producers- use photosynthesis to make food - almost all live in water - multicellular- seaweed/kelp - unicellular- phytoplankton -types- 1. red algae- likes tropical climates 2. brown algae- likes cool climates 3. green algae- most diverse group 4. diatoms- cell wall made out of cellulose and silica

5. dinoflagellates- 2 flagella - red tide 6. euglenoids (picture)- eyespot, flagella, contractile vacuole, chloroplasts, nucleus - can make own food or hunt it b. Heterotrophic Protists that move protozoa (animal-like) - consumers/parasites -types 1. amoeba like protists- pseudopodia - engulfs food - Radiolarians, Foraminiferans 2. flagellates- have flagella - Giardia lamblia

3. ciliates- most complex - cilia, macronucleus, micronucleus - Paramecium 4. spore-forming- all parasites - no cilia/flagella -complicated life cycle - Plasmodium vivax (malaria) c. Heterotrophic Protists that do not move - obtains food from dead matter Grade 7 Final Review Topics

- types a. slime molds -sporangia -scrambled egg mold/pretzel mold b. water molds - Grape water mold/ fish water mold - obtains food as parasite- a. spore-forming- all parasites - no cilia/flagella -complicated life cycle - Plasmodium vivax (malaria)

4. Fungi - eukaryotic -complex multicelluar (except for yeast) organisms - absorb nutrients from surroundings (decomposers or parasites) -some are symbiotic - hyphae, mycelium, spores, stalk, gills, cap - types- a. threadlike fungi b. sac fungi- ascus - budding in case of yeast c. club fungi- basidia d. imperfect fungi- asexual reproduction only. - Lichens- symbiotic relationship between algae and fungi.

5. Plantae - eukaryotic - complex multicellular organisms - autotrophic (make their own food) via photosynthesis - water + carbon dioxide ---> glucose (sugar) + oxygen - usually green (chlorophyll) -cells have cell walls made out of cellulose

6. Animalia A. INVERTEBRATES 1. general characteristics a. body plan- bilateral, radial, asymmetrical b. All have nerves except sponges.--ganglia c. Most have a gut. (coelom) 2. types a. Sponges- Porifera -asymmetrical - spicules (protection and skeleton) - classes (silicates, bath sponges, calcium carbonate) - reunite cells in some species -pore cells, collar cells, osculum to filter feed.

b. Cnidarians- Cnidaria - radial symmetry - stinging cells- nematocyst - gut - nervous system- nerve net, nerve ring (in medusa only) - reunite cells in some species - medusa and polyp body plans Grade 7 Final Review Topics

-Jellyfish life cycle- planula, polyp,strobila, ephyra, adult medusa -Classes- 1. hydras- polyp 2. jellies- medusa 3. sea anemone and coral- polyp c. Flatworms- Platyhelminthes - simplest group of worms - 2 eyes which can sense light but not focus it - sensory lobes used to find food - ganglia in simple nervous system -Classes- 1. big-eyed flatworms -ex-planarian which can regenerate if cut in half or in segments 2. flukes-parasite with no eyespots or sensory lobes -complex life cycles -ex- sheep liver fluke 3. tapeworms- parasite with special suckers d. Roundworms- Nematoda - bilateral symmetry - simple nervous system- ring of ganglia - most are parasite - pseudocoelom - ex-ringworm, hookworm

e. Segmented worm- Annelida - most complex worm - coelom -simple nervous system with a primitive brain and ganglia - closed circulatory system - Classes 1. Leeches 2. Bristleworms 3. Earthworms - # of segments stay same-whole life - nocturnal - castings - counter shading - body parts- prostomium, anus, clitellum, nephrida, setae, septum, sex organs, digestive system (mouth, esophagus, crop, gizzard, intestine, anus) f. Mollusks- Mollusca - second largest phyla of animals - bilateral symmetry - all have foot, visceral mass, and mantle or shell - Classes 1. Gastropods - slugs and snails - foot secretes mucus to slide on - radula (teeth-like) to scrape algae - open circulatory system (sinuses) Grade 7 Final Review Topics

- ganglia to control breathing, movement, and digestion Most Complex of all invertebrates 2. Cephalopods - squid and octopus - use tentacles to capture prey - closed circulatory system - brain (very smart) 3. Bivalves - clams, oysters, etc. - filter-feeders - ganglia to control breathing, movement, and digestion - open circulatory system (sinuses) - body parts of a clam- umbo, siphon, gill, valve, labial palps, anterior and posterior muscles, mantle, foot

g. Arthropods-Arthropoda - largest phylum- 75% of all animal species - bilateral symmetry - adapted to nearly every environment - jointed legs - segmented body parts - exoskeleton (chitin, molting) - well-developed nervous system - coelom - metamorphosis- complete (egg, larva, pupa, adult) - butterflies, beetles - incomplete (gradual) (egg, nymph, adult) -grasshopper, cockroaches

- Classes 1. Centipedes – one pair of legs per segment 2. Millipedes – two pairs of legs per segment

3.Arachnids -spiders, ticks - 8 legs with 2 body parts - chelicerae- fangs 4. Crustaceans -lobster, shimp, crayfish - crayfish parts- cheliped, telson, maxilla, cephalothorax, abdomen, swimmerets, walking legs, mandibles, rostrum, compound eyes, antennae, antennules, carapace 5. Insects - grasshopper, butterfly, beetles - 6 legs -3 body parts - 1 pair of antennae - grasshopper parts- compound eye, simple eyes, spiracles, head, thorax (protothorax, mesothorax, metathorax), abdomen, ovipositor, antennae, jumping leg, wings (2 sets), mandibles, labial palps

h. Echinoderms- Echinodermata -spiny skin - marine animals - adults have radial symmetry while larvae have bilateral symmetry Grade 7 Final Review Topics

- endoskeleton - Classes 1. Sea stars (starfish) 2. Brittle stars 3. Sea urchins and Sand dollars 4. Sea lilies and feather stars 5. Sea cucumber -parts of a starfish - oral and aboral sides - nerve ring and radial nerves - water vascular system- sieve plate (madreporite), stone canal, ring canal, radial canal, tube feet - spines, mouth, arm/ray, ambulacral groove

B. VERTEBRATES -subphylum of Chordata with lancelets, and tunicates 1. All Chordates have the following: a. notochord b. hollow nerve cord c. pharyngeal pouches d. tail 2. Vertebrates have a backbone made up of vertebrae.

3. Classes of Vertebrates a. Agnatha- Jawless Fish -no true backbone - ectotherm -lamprey and hagfish

b. Chondrichthyes- Cartilaginous Fish - cartilage skeleton -ectotherm - denticles cover the skin - must swim to stay afloat- oily liver -sharks, skate, rays

c. Osteichthyes- Bony Fish -skeleton of bone -ectotherm - air bladder keeps it afloat - bony scales -trout, minnow, perch - perch parts - dorsal fin, pelvic fin, pectoral fin, anal fin, caudal fin, gills, gill cover or operculum, air bladder, lateral line

d. Amphibians -double life (embryo-water/ adult-land) -bilateral symmetry -ectotherm -thin, moist skin - development-eggs, tadpole, adult -internal and external fertilization -Kinds 1. Caecilians Grade 7 Final Review Topics

2. Salamanders 3. Frogs and Toads -army, knot, ranidophobia, bufonophobia -frog parts- heart, lungs, liver, gallbladder, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, bladder, kidneys, teeth, nares, tympanic membrane

e. Reptiles -bilateral symmetry -ectotherms - thick, dry, waterproof skin - amniotic egg (allantois, yolk, albumen, amniotic sac, embryo, shell, air space) -internal fertilization (sexual reproduction) -Kinds 1. Turtles and Tortoises -shell 2. Alligators and Crocodiles 3. Lizards and Snakes 4. Tuataras- similar to lizard but active when temps are low and no visible ear openings

Dissection 1. Equipment- dissecting tray, scalpel, scissors, forceps, probe, pins, goggles, gloves

2. Directions- anterior, posterior, dorsal, ventral