<p> Grade 7 Final Review Topics</p><p>Classification 1. History of Classification - Aristotle, Carolus Linnaeus - Taxonomy</p><p>2. Levels of Classification - domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus species - write scientific name correctly (know acceptable abbreviation)</p><p>3. Interpreting evolutionary diagram.</p><p>4. Use of Dichotomous key. Viruses 1. Characteristics of living and nonliving</p><p>2. Classification a. type of disease b. life cycle c. genetic material d. basic shape 1. crystal 2. sphere 3. cylinder 4. spacecraft (bacteriophage)</p><p>3. Lytic cycle (pictures) 4. Lysogenic cycle Domains and Kingdoms 1. Domain Archaea- prokaryotic - over 3 billion years old- oldest organisms - extreme environments a. methane makers (swamps) b. heat lovers ( ocean rift vents) c. salt lovers (Dead Sea)</p><p>2. Domain Bacteria- prokaryotic - includes most bacteria - largest kingdom - present for over 3.5 billion years - classified by food gathering- decomposer, parasite, producer - cyanobacteria undergo photosynthesis- Helped plants evolve? ********************************************************** - If bacteria is grouped together, it is called the Kingdom Monera. - all bacteria - smallest and simplest organisms - use cellular respiration - reproduce by binary fission ( pictures) - different bacteria reproduce at different rate in different temps and humidities. - some can form endospores Grade 7 Final Review Topics</p><p>- bacteria shapes- a. bacilli b. cocci c. spirilla ( have flagella) - Good for the environment- a. nitrogen-fixing b. recycling c. bioremediation -Good for people a. antibiotics b. drug production c. food-yogurt, cheese, sauerkraut - Harmful bacteria (pathogenic bacteria)- cause strep throat, TB, Lyme’s disease - botulism - Vaccines/ antiseptics (Joseph Lister)</p><p>3. Protista - eukaryotic - all eukaryotic organisms that are not plants, animals, or fungi - most are single celled - reproduce by asexual reproduction (fission) or sexual reproduction (conjugation) - three types- a. Producer Protists (plantlike) - producers- use photosynthesis to make food - almost all live in water - multicellular- seaweed/kelp - unicellular- phytoplankton -types- 1. red algae- likes tropical climates 2. brown algae- likes cool climates 3. green algae- most diverse group 4. diatoms- cell wall made out of cellulose and silica</p><p>5. dinoflagellates- 2 flagella - red tide 6. euglenoids (picture)- eyespot, flagella, contractile vacuole, chloroplasts, nucleus - can make own food or hunt it b. Heterotrophic Protists that move protozoa (animal-like) - consumers/parasites -types 1. amoeba like protists- pseudopodia - engulfs food - Radiolarians, Foraminiferans 2. flagellates- have flagella - Giardia lamblia</p><p>3. ciliates- most complex - cilia, macronucleus, micronucleus - Paramecium 4. spore-forming- all parasites - no cilia/flagella -complicated life cycle - Plasmodium vivax (malaria) c. Heterotrophic Protists that do not move - obtains food from dead matter Grade 7 Final Review Topics</p><p>- types a. slime molds -sporangia -scrambled egg mold/pretzel mold b. water molds - Grape water mold/ fish water mold - obtains food as parasite- a. spore-forming- all parasites - no cilia/flagella -complicated life cycle - Plasmodium vivax (malaria)</p><p>4. Fungi - eukaryotic -complex multicelluar (except for yeast) organisms - absorb nutrients from surroundings (decomposers or parasites) -some are symbiotic - hyphae, mycelium, spores, stalk, gills, cap - types- a. threadlike fungi b. sac fungi- ascus - budding in case of yeast c. club fungi- basidia d. imperfect fungi- asexual reproduction only. - Lichens- symbiotic relationship between algae and fungi.</p><p>5. Plantae - eukaryotic - complex multicellular organisms - autotrophic (make their own food) via photosynthesis - water + carbon dioxide ---> glucose (sugar) + oxygen - usually green (chlorophyll) -cells have cell walls made out of cellulose</p><p>6. Animalia A. INVERTEBRATES 1. general characteristics a. body plan- bilateral, radial, asymmetrical b. All have nerves except sponges.--ganglia c. Most have a gut. (coelom) 2. types a. Sponges- Porifera -asymmetrical - spicules (protection and skeleton) - classes (silicates, bath sponges, calcium carbonate) - reunite cells in some species -pore cells, collar cells, osculum to filter feed.</p><p> b. Cnidarians- Cnidaria - radial symmetry - stinging cells- nematocyst - gut - nervous system- nerve net, nerve ring (in medusa only) - reunite cells in some species - medusa and polyp body plans Grade 7 Final Review Topics</p><p>-Jellyfish life cycle- planula, polyp,strobila, ephyra, adult medusa -Classes- 1. hydras- polyp 2. jellies- medusa 3. sea anemone and coral- polyp c. Flatworms- Platyhelminthes - simplest group of worms - 2 eyes which can sense light but not focus it - sensory lobes used to find food - ganglia in simple nervous system -Classes- 1. big-eyed flatworms -ex-planarian which can regenerate if cut in half or in segments 2. flukes-parasite with no eyespots or sensory lobes -complex life cycles -ex- sheep liver fluke 3. tapeworms- parasite with special suckers d. Roundworms- Nematoda - bilateral symmetry - simple nervous system- ring of ganglia - most are parasite - pseudocoelom - ex-ringworm, hookworm</p><p> e. Segmented worm- Annelida - most complex worm - coelom -simple nervous system with a primitive brain and ganglia - closed circulatory system - Classes 1. Leeches 2. Bristleworms 3. Earthworms - # of segments stay same-whole life - nocturnal - castings - counter shading - body parts- prostomium, anus, clitellum, nephrida, setae, septum, sex organs, digestive system (mouth, esophagus, crop, gizzard, intestine, anus) f. Mollusks- Mollusca - second largest phyla of animals - bilateral symmetry - all have foot, visceral mass, and mantle or shell - Classes 1. Gastropods - slugs and snails - foot secretes mucus to slide on - radula (teeth-like) to scrape algae - open circulatory system (sinuses) Grade 7 Final Review Topics</p><p>- ganglia to control breathing, movement, and digestion Most Complex of all invertebrates 2. Cephalopods - squid and octopus - use tentacles to capture prey - closed circulatory system - brain (very smart) 3. Bivalves - clams, oysters, etc. - filter-feeders - ganglia to control breathing, movement, and digestion - open circulatory system (sinuses) - body parts of a clam- umbo, siphon, gill, valve, labial palps, anterior and posterior muscles, mantle, foot</p><p> g. Arthropods-Arthropoda - largest phylum- 75% of all animal species - bilateral symmetry - adapted to nearly every environment - jointed legs - segmented body parts - exoskeleton (chitin, molting) - well-developed nervous system - coelom - metamorphosis- complete (egg, larva, pupa, adult) - butterflies, beetles - incomplete (gradual) (egg, nymph, adult) -grasshopper, cockroaches</p><p>- Classes 1. Centipedes – one pair of legs per segment 2. Millipedes – two pairs of legs per segment</p><p>3.Arachnids -spiders, ticks - 8 legs with 2 body parts - chelicerae- fangs 4. Crustaceans -lobster, shimp, crayfish - crayfish parts- cheliped, telson, maxilla, cephalothorax, abdomen, swimmerets, walking legs, mandibles, rostrum, compound eyes, antennae, antennules, carapace 5. Insects - grasshopper, butterfly, beetles - 6 legs -3 body parts - 1 pair of antennae - grasshopper parts- compound eye, simple eyes, spiracles, head, thorax (protothorax, mesothorax, metathorax), abdomen, ovipositor, antennae, jumping leg, wings (2 sets), mandibles, labial palps</p><p> h. Echinoderms- Echinodermata -spiny skin - marine animals - adults have radial symmetry while larvae have bilateral symmetry Grade 7 Final Review Topics</p><p>- endoskeleton - Classes 1. Sea stars (starfish) 2. Brittle stars 3. Sea urchins and Sand dollars 4. Sea lilies and feather stars 5. Sea cucumber -parts of a starfish - oral and aboral sides - nerve ring and radial nerves - water vascular system- sieve plate (madreporite), stone canal, ring canal, radial canal, tube feet - spines, mouth, arm/ray, ambulacral groove</p><p>B. VERTEBRATES -subphylum of Chordata with lancelets, and tunicates 1. All Chordates have the following: a. notochord b. hollow nerve cord c. pharyngeal pouches d. tail 2. Vertebrates have a backbone made up of vertebrae.</p><p>3. Classes of Vertebrates a. Agnatha- Jawless Fish -no true backbone - ectotherm -lamprey and hagfish</p><p> b. Chondrichthyes- Cartilaginous Fish - cartilage skeleton -ectotherm - denticles cover the skin - must swim to stay afloat- oily liver -sharks, skate, rays</p><p> c. Osteichthyes- Bony Fish -skeleton of bone -ectotherm - air bladder keeps it afloat - bony scales -trout, minnow, perch - perch parts - dorsal fin, pelvic fin, pectoral fin, anal fin, caudal fin, gills, gill cover or operculum, air bladder, lateral line</p><p> d. Amphibians -double life (embryo-water/ adult-land) -bilateral symmetry -ectotherm -thin, moist skin - development-eggs, tadpole, adult -internal and external fertilization -Kinds 1. Caecilians Grade 7 Final Review Topics</p><p>2. Salamanders 3. Frogs and Toads -army, knot, ranidophobia, bufonophobia -frog parts- heart, lungs, liver, gallbladder, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, bladder, kidneys, teeth, nares, tympanic membrane </p><p> e. Reptiles -bilateral symmetry -ectotherms - thick, dry, waterproof skin - amniotic egg (allantois, yolk, albumen, amniotic sac, embryo, shell, air space) -internal fertilization (sexual reproduction) -Kinds 1. Turtles and Tortoises -shell 2. Alligators and Crocodiles 3. Lizards and Snakes 4. Tuataras- similar to lizard but active when temps are low and no visible ear openings</p><p>Dissection 1. Equipment- dissecting tray, scalpel, scissors, forceps, probe, pins, goggles, gloves</p><p>2. Directions- anterior, posterior, dorsal, ventral</p>