Biology CP HW Chapter 12

Biology (CP) HW Chapter 12 (April 1 Due April 16 Test April 17)

Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

____ 1. Which bacteria killed the mice in Griffin’s transformation experiment? a. live, harmless bacteria and heat-killed, harmful bacteria b. live, harmless bacteria and heat-killed, harmless bacteria c. live harmful bacteria and heat-killed, harmless bacteria d. live harmless bacteria, and live, harmful bacteria ____ 2. Griffith called the process he observed transformation because a. the mouse had been transformed. b. the harmful bacteria had been transformed. c. the harmless bacteria had been transformed. d. the experiment had been transformed. ____ 3. What did Avery conclude caused transformation? a. DNA was the transforming factor. b. A protein was the transforming factor. c. A carbohydrate was the transforming factor. d. A lipid was the transforming factor. ____ 4. What happened when Griffith injected mice with the harmless, R-strain bacteria alone? a. The bacteria transformed. b. The mouse lived. c. The mouse died. d. The bacteria died. ____ 5. What would have happened if Avery had added an enzyme that digested all the nucleic acids to the mixture of heat-killed bacteria, added the mixture to harmless bacteria, and injected the mixture into mice? a. The harmless bacteria would have been transformed, and the mice would have died. b. The harmless bacteria would not have been transfromed, and the mice would have lived. c. The harnless bacteria would not have been transformed, and the mice would have died. d. The harmless bacteria would have been transformed, and the mice would have lived. ____ 6. What property of DNA does bacterial transformation illustrate? a. Bacterial DNA cannot move into other bacteria and function. b. Bacterial DNA can move into another bacteria and function. c. Bacterial DNA uses four nucleotides bases that work in pairs. d. Bacterial DNA is found in a circular chromosome. ____ 7. In Griffith’s bacterial transformation experiments, a. harmless bacteria change into harmful bacteria. b. harmful bacteria change into harmless bacteria. c. harmless bacteria are infected by viruses. d. harmful bacteria are infected by viruses. ____ 8. What is inside a bacteriophage? a. protein b. nucleic acid c. lipid d. carbohydrate ____ 9. What do bacteriophages infect? a. mice. b. humans. c. viruses. d. bacteria. ____ 10. Why did Hershey and Chase label the viral DNA with radioactive phosphorous and not radioactive sulfur? a. DNA contains phosphorus and no sulfur. b. Proteins contain phosphorus and no sulfur. c. DNA contains sulfur and little phosphorous. d. Proteins acids contain sulfur and little phosphorous.

Figure 12–1

____ 11. Which part of the bacteriophage in Figure 12–1 contains genetic material? a. A b. B c. C d. D ____ 12. What happens when a piece of DNA is missing? a. Genetic information is stored. b. Genetic information is copied. c. Genetic information is lost. d. Genetic information is transmitted. ____ 13. In what way is DNA like a book? a. DNA has information organized with an kind of index. b. DNA has stored information, that can be copied and passed on. c. DNA has information wrapped in an identifying cover. d. DNA has information that is periodically updated. ____ 14. In which cells is the accurate transmission of information most important? a. nerve cells b. skin cells c. sex cells d. bone cells ____ 15. Which of the following is a nucleotide found in DNA? a. adenine + phosphate group + thymine b. cytosine + phosphate group + guanine c. deoxyribose + phosphate group + polymerase d. deoxyribose + phosphate group + cytosine ____ 16. Because of base pairing in DNA, the percentage of a. adenine molecules in DNA is about equal to the percentage of guanine molecules. b. thymine molecules in DNA is about equal to the percentage of adenine molecules c. adenine molecules in DNA is much greater than the percentage of thymine molecules. d. cytosine molecules in DNA is much greater than the percentage of guanine molecules.

Nitrogenous Bases (%) A G T C Human 19.9 29.4 Chicken 28.8 21.5 Bacterium 2 13.4 (S. lutea) Figure 12–3

____ 17. The table in Figure 12–3 shows the results of measuring the percentages of the four bases in the DNA of several different organisms. Some of the values are missing from the table. Based on Chargaff’s rule, the percentages of guanine bases in chicken DNA should be around a. 28.8% b. 19.9% c. 21.5% d. 13.4% ____ 18. Based on Chargaff’s rule, the percentage of cytosine in the DNA of the bacterium, S. Lutea in Figure 12–3, should be around a. 26.6%. b. 73.2%. c. 36.6%. d. 29.4%. ____ 19. What structural problem prevents adenine from pairing with guanine? a. The bases are both short. b. They lack phosphate groups. c. They lack the deoxyribose group. d. The bases are both long. ____ 20. Which two bases pair together in DNA? a. adenine and guanine b. guanine and thymine c. thymine and cytosine d. cytosine and guanine ____ 21. Avery’s experiments showed that bacteria are transformed by a. RNA. b. DNA. c. proteins. d. carbohydrates. ____ 22. What would Hershey and Chase have concluded if both radioactive 32P and 35S were found in the bacteria in their experiment? a. The virus’s protein coat was not injected into the bacteria. b. The virus’s DNA was not injected into the bacteria. c. Genes are made of protein and carbohydrates. d. Both the virus’s protein coat and its DNA were injected into the bacteria. ____ 23. Avery’s experiment worked because bacteriophages and bacteria share which component? a. proteins b. carbohydrates c. DNA d. lipids ____ 24. In the Hershey-Chase experiment, what happened to the bacteria that had been infected by viruses that had radioactive DNA, and to the bacteria that had been infected with viruses that had been marked with radioactive proteins? a. The bacteria infected with viruses that had radioactive DNA had become radioactive. The bacteria that had been infected with viruses marked with radioactive proteins were not radioactive. b. The bacteria infected with viruses that had radioactive proteins had become radioactive. The bacteria that had been infected with viruses marked with radioactive DNA were not radioactive. c. The bacteria infected with viruses that had radioactive DNA had become radioactive. The bacteria that had been infected with viruses marked with radioactive proteins had also became radioactive. d. The bacteria infected with viruses that had radioactive DNA had not become radioactive. The bacteria that had been infected with viruses marked with radioactive proteins had also not become radioactive. ____ 25. Which scientist made x-ray diffraction photos of DNA? a. Franklin b. Chargaff c. Watson d. Avery ____ 26. What is the chronological order of the important discoveries in the structure of DNA? a. Franklin makes an X-ray diffraction photo of DNA  Chargaff’s ratios of nucleotides  Watson and Crick identify the double helix b. Franklin makes an X-ray diffraction photo of DNA  Watson and Crick identify the double helix  Chargaff’s ratios of nucleotides c. Chargaff’s ratios of nucleotides  Watson and Crick identify the double helix  Franklin makes an X-ray diffraction photo of DNA d. Chargaff’s ratios of nucleotides  Franklin makes an X-ray diffraction photo of DNA  Watson and Crick identify the double helix

Figure 12–4 ____ 27. The table in Figure 12–4 shows the percentages of bases in a DNA sample. How much Thymine should you expect to find in the sample? a. 22% b. 24% c. 28% d. 44% ____ 28. What would happen to the percentage of G in Figure 12–4 if the percentage of A rose to 25%? a. G would drop to 19% b. G would drop to 25% c. G would rise to 29% d. G would rise to 32% ____ 29. Which of the following forms a base pair with thymine? a. deoxyribose b. adenine c. guanine d. cytosine ____ 30. Watson and Crick discovered the two strands in DNA a. run in perpendicular directions. b. run in the same direction. c. run in opposite directions. d. run in random directions. ____ 31. DNA replication results in two DNA molecules, a. each with two new strands. b. one with two new strands and the other with two original strands. c. each with one new strand and one original strand. d. each with two original strands. ____ 32. During DNA replication, a DNA strand that has the bases CTAGGT produces a strand with the bases a. TCGAAC. b. GATCCA. c. AGCTTG. d. GAUCCA. ____ 33. Which of the following include all the others? a. DNA molecules b. histones c. chromosomes d. nucleosomes Figure 12–5

____ 34. In Figure 12–5, what nucleotide is going to be added at point 1, opposite from thymine? a. adenine b. thymine c. cytosine d. guanine ____ 35. In Figure 12–5, what is adding base pairs to the strand? a. histones b. nucleosomes c. DNA polymerase d. chromatin ____ 36. In eukaryotes, DNA a. is located in the nucleus. b. floats freely in the cytoplasm. c. is located in the ribosomes. d. is circular. ____ 37. Which would be greater in a eukaryote than in a prokaryote? a. The percentage of guanine nucleotides. b. The total number of base pairs in a chromosome. c. The number of replication forks on a strand of DNA. d. The total amount of DNA in a cell. ____ 38. What binds to the prokaryotic chromosome to start DNA replication? a. replication forks b. regulatory proteins c. chromatids d. telomeres ____ 39. In both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, how many copies of the chromosome are left after replication? a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4 ____ 40. Eukaryotic cells can have up to how many times more DNA than prokaryotic cells? a. 10 b. 100 c. 1,000 d. 10,000

Modified True/False Indicate whether the statement is true or false. If false, change the identified word or phrase to make the statement true.

____ 41. When Griffith mixed heat-killed, harmful bacteria with live, harmless bacteria and injected the mixture into mice, the mice died. ______42. A bacteriophage is larger than a bacterium. ______43. Bacteriophages inject protein into bacteria, altering the bacteria’s genetic information. ______44. The DNA that makes up an organism’s genes must be capable of storing, copying, and changing information. ______45. DNA is a nucleic acid made up of nucleosomes joined into long strands or chains by covalent bonds. ______46. The three parts of a DNA nucleotide are the phosphate group, deoxyribose, and the base. ______47. Hershey and Chase made the components of bacteriophages radioactive to learn which part carried genetic information.. ______48. If protein had been responsible for carrying genetic information, Hershey and Chase would have observed that their bacteria were marked with radioactive sulfur. ______49. Watson and Crick discovered that covalent bonds hold base pairs together at the center of a strand of DNA. ______

Figure 12–4

____ 50. In Figure 12–4, the percentages of all four columns should add up to 90. ______51. The replication of a DNA molecule results in four copies of the same gene. ______52. In eukaryotes, DNA replication proceeds in one direction along the DNA molecule. ______Completion Complete each statement.

53. In Griffith’s experiment, he mixed heat-killed S-strain bacteria with live, harmless bacteria from the R-strain. When this mixtured was injected into mice, the mice ______.

Figure 12–6

54. The virus in Figure 12–6 is made of two parts the ______outside, and the genetic material inside. 55. Eukaryotic DNA molecules need to be carefully copied and sorted, especially in the formation of ______cells during meiosis.

Figure 12–2

56. The structure labeled X in Figure 12–2 is a(an) ______. Figure 12–7

57. The matching strand to the one in Figure 12–7, reading from the bottom up, would be ______. 58. The Watson and Crick model of DNA is a(an) ______, in which two strands are wound around each other. 59. ______are weak bonds that hold the two strands of DNA together, but also allow the DNA to separate and replicate. 60. If covalent bonds held the two strands of nucleotides together, the two strands could not easily separate and ______.

Percentages of Bases A C T G 30

Figure 12–8

61. In figure 12–8, the percentage of guanine would be ______. 62. DNA replication is carried out by a series of ______. 63. The tips of chromosomes are known as ______. 64. A prokaryotic cell replicates its ______before it splits to form new cells, so that each new cell can have genetic material. 65. Eukaryotic DNA has more replication forks than prokaryotic DNA, because it has more starting places, or ______.