AP European History November 27 - December 1 2017
MONDAY and TUESDAY Examine the radical phase of the French Revolution(INT-7,10,11) (SP-3,4,5,7,9,11) (OS-3,9) Analyze key primary and secondary sources on the French Revolution
Materials Strategy/Format ppt and documents lecture-discussion & docs analysis
Flight to Varennes Louis XVI, opposed to the course of the Revolution, but rejecting the potentially treacherous aid of the other monarchs of Europe, cast his lot with General Bouillé, who condemned both the emigration and the assembly, and promised him refuge and support in his camp at Montmédy. On the night of June 20, 1791 the royal family fled the Tuileries wearing the clothes of servants, while their servants dressed as nobles. However, the next day the King was recognized and arrested at Varennes . He and his family were paraded back to Paris under guard, in the same disguises they wore in their escape.. When they reached Paris, the crowd remained silent. The Assembly provisionally suspended the King. He and Queen Marie Antoinette remained held under guard. The Declaration of Pillnitz On August 27 1791, was a statement issued by the Habsburg Holy Roman Emperor Leopold II and Frederick William II of Prussia. The statement amounted to a threat against the National Assembly. Calling on European powers to intervene if Louis XVI of France was threatened, this declaration was intended to serve as a warning to the French revolutionaries not to infringe further on the rights of Louis XVI and to allow his restoration to power. The statement helped begin the French Revolutionary Wars. This was probably the death warrant for the monarchy.
By the Spring of 1792 the National Assembly decided to declare war on Austria. Prussia, it was understood would side with Austria in light of the Pillnitz Declaration. Not surprisingly the expectation was that the French would be largely unprepared to fight due to the shape of the economy and the divisions in society. The King outwardly supported the decision of the assembly to declare war. He hoped for a French defeat because he felt that this would result in his restoration to the throne. When rumors spread that he had invite a contingent of Swiss mercenaries to liberate he and family, this was the final straw. On January 20, 1793, the National Convention condemned Louis XVI to death, his execution scheduled for the next day. Louis spent that evening saying goodbye to his wife and children. The following day dawned cold and wet. Louis arose at five. At eight o'clock a guard of 1,200 horsemen arrived to escort the former king on a two-hour carriage ride to his place of execution. His manner was calm and it seemed to freak out some of his guards a bit. They had always been told that the king was a weakling and yet to see him so composed left them admiring his bravery. Ascending the scaffold to the guillotine he turned to the crowd saying "I die innocent of all the crimes laid to my charge; I Pardon those who have occasioned my death; and I pray to God that the blood you are going to shed may never be visited on France." Drums were ordered to drown out the king and with that he was beheaded.
The Reign of Terror 1793
The war against Austria and her allies was not going well. The new French government, the Convention, led by Danton demanded 300,000 men to join the French army. This was called the levèe en masse (essentially a military draft) The first revolts bloomed in the country, especially in Vendee where the peasants denounced the authority of the Convention and the idea of the Revolution. They asked for the reestablishment of the Monarchy. A real civil war took place in the French countryside, between the Vendeen and the Republican Guards. From March to September 1793, more than 100,000 people died from this opposition.
On April 6th, 1793 the Convention created the Committee for Public Safety (Comite de Salut Public). This new government, led by Robespierre took urgent measures to stop a rebellion in the Vendèe region and the French military defeats in Belgium. A few weeks later, the Girondists, were held responsible for the military crisis. 22 representatives of the Girondins were guillotined. The original revolutionary system was breaking apart.
Another major event of the French Revolution was the death of one of its most radical figures, Jean Paul Marat. Marat, friend of Robespierre, Jacobin deputy to the Convention, and editor-in-chief of L'Ami du Peuple,(The Friend of the People) was a fiery orator; he was also a violent man, quick to take offense. Some saw him as an intransigent patriot; for others he was merely a hateful demagogue. On July 13, 1793, a young Royalist from Caen, Charlotte Corday, managed, by a clever subterfuge, to gain entry into his apartment. She claimed to have a list of enemies of the revolution knowing that Marat would love to see it.
In September 1793, the "Reign of Terror" spread all over the country. This was a cruel period when France was killing its people by hundreds in a frightening movement of rage and decadence. People were arrested and executed without trial if they were accused of being enemies of the revolution. It is estimated that about 40,000 people died during this 15 month period. Marie Antoinette was executed in October 1793. She died because she represented the King's heritage and was the perfect illustration of the fear that reigned at this time. Blaming the war and Vendee insurrection, the Declaration of the Rights of Man was suspended. Robespierre became a tyrant, who thought anything was justified when it came to the revolution's rights. He changed his views on the death penalty, saying it was justified against enemies of the Republic (He said "to make an omelet one must break a few eggs"). He reinstalled censorship, especially in the press and acted for a secular state. To this effect, he changed the calendar and in November 24th, 1793 he set the Revolutionary calendar as the new benchmark. It was once said that "a revolution always eats its young."Quickly, Danton himself became the victim of the Terror at the order of Robespiere. He was considered "too moderate" and then, arrested and executed in April 1794
The Great Terror
One of the darkest periods in French history soon ensued. The Great Terror began in June 1794. Robespierre and the Comittee of Public Safety launched a new wave of executions. He was strongly supported by the Montagnards and the Sans-Culottes. Robespierre was in a mission against the counter revolutionaries and against the Church. Thousands of people who were suspected to be anti-revolutionists were executed savagely. A campaign of de-Christianization took place all over the country.
On May 8th, 1794 the Assembly introduced the "Culte de l'Être Supreme" (The cult of Supreme Being), as form of deism. On June 8th, 1794 Robespierre, the so called "President" of the Convention and ordered the establishment of a new civic religion called the Cult of the Supreme Being. He then ordered a suspension in executions to celebrate a new holiday "Fête de l'Etre Supreme" (Supreme Being celebration) in Paris. However, these celebrations were mocked by the Parisians and Robespierre lost his credibility when he appeared before the crowd on top of a paper machè mountain wearing a Roman toga.
Conclusion: Robespierre's Demise July 1794.
A major turn of events took place in July 1794. Robespierre was now set to launch yet again another wave of attacks and many in the room felt that they themselves would be the next victims. He was accused of dictatorship and tyranny and evicted from the Convention. The members voted for his simultaneous eviction and execution, without allowing him to defend himself. Robespierre and several associates were arrested but he actually attempted to kill himself but succeeded in only blowing off his own jaw! Robespierre was beheaded to an ovation by the people of Paris. His death was the symbol of the Reign of Terror's end. However as we will see it also marked the end of the democratic movement.
Conclusion: The Formation of the Directory 1795-1799 The Directory became France's executive power between 1795 and 1799. There were five members, or directors, and each was elected by the Council of Ancients (les Anciens) and the Five Hundred (Cinq- Cents). Those of you who have taken world history might recognize that this is similar to the format of early Athenian democracy. This, I think hammers home the notion of neo-classicalism and its influence upon this period in France. Following the turmoil of the Reign of Terror it seems obvious that the majority of French people were ready to take a somewhat conservative step backwards. It was somewhat effective in its first years, but then corruption and self-service set in. Internal bickering and in-fighting increasingly destabilized the country and, in 1799, two of its members - Paul Barras and Abbe Sieyes - plotted with Napoleon Bonaparte to overthrow their colleagues. The Coup of Brumaire succeeded and the Directory was dissolved. It was replaced by the Consulate led by Napoleon Bonaparte.
Conclusion Documents analysis on Tuesday in Class
Homework Due on Thursday November 30 Short answer Quiz on WEDNESDAY (be 100% sure to study key terms in addition to regular notes) Complete documents in the textbook 19.2 pp: 622-633 Evaluate Evidence 1-3 19.3 page 626 Evaluate Evidence 1-2 19.4 page 629 Evaluate Evidence 1-2 Living in the Past pp: 632 - 633 Questions 1-3
WEDNESDAY Short answer format quiz on the French Revolution(INT-7,10,11) (SP-3,4,5,7,9,11) (OS-3,9)
Materials Strategy/Format Quiz forms Assessment and Review
Instructions Now, as you know, we have spent a great deal of time on the French Revolution. So I guess you realize that this necessitates a longer quiz. This will be a short (misnomer) long answer quiz. You will need some paper and you can attach the questions to your paper at the end.
Homework Text docs are due tomorrow in class
THURSDAY and FRIDAY Examine the Consulate Period 1800-1804 (INT-7,10,11) (SP-3,4,5,7,9,11) (OS-3,9) Examine the origins of the Imperial Period of Napoleonic France(INT-7,10,11) (SP-3,4,5,7,9,11) (OS-3,9)
Materials Strategy/Format ppt, and video lecture-discussion
Introduction Before the ice storm interrupted us we were discussing the Consulate Period and Napoleon's rise to power by using power point and video. We will continue this today but also we will venture into the imperial period as well. As has happened frequently this year, interruptions sometimes throw off the web notes but we should catch up nicely.
When we left Napoleon last week he had proclaimed himself pro-consul for life in 1802. This was accepted by plebiscite and he had brought a remarkable turn of good fortune for France. His Concordat of 1801 had restored the Catholic Church to some power, the economy had been placed in a firm footing, the Napoleonic Code had wiped away all vestiges of feudalism. In the realm of foreign policy Europe was at peace for the first time in a decade.
The Treaty of Lunéville was signed in February 1801, under which the French gains of the Treaty of Campo Formio were reaffirmed and increased; the British signed the Treaty of Amiens in March 1802, which set terms for peace, including the division of several colonial territories.
However, the peace between France and Britain was uneasy and short-lived. There were several tensions that led to an end of the peace. The monarchies of Europe were reluctant to recognize a republic, fearing that the ideas of the revolution might be exported to them. In Britain, the brother of Louis XVI was welcomed as a state guest although officially Britain recognized France as a republic. Britain failed to evacuate Malta and Egypt as promised, and protested against France's annexation of Piedmont. In 1803 Bonaparte faced a major setback when an army he sent to reconquer Haiti and establish a base was destroyed by a combination of yellow fever and fierce resistance led by Toussaint L'Ouverture. Recognizing that the French possessions on the mainland of North America would now be indefensible, and facing imminent war with Britain, he sold them to the US—the Louisiana Purchase —for less than three cents per acre ($7.40 per square kilometer). A dispute over the island Malta provided the pretext for Britain to declare war on France in 1803 to support French royalist. This was an important Mediterranean outpost and Britain realized that a future war with France would probably involve control of this area.
The Imperial Period Begins
At the beginning of 1804 a sign of Napoleon’s plans for the future revealed themselves. In January 1804, Bonaparte's police uncovered an assassination plot against him, ostensibly sponsored by the House of Bourbon. In retaliation, Bonaparte ordered the arrest of the Duke d'Enghien, in a violation of the sovereignty of Baden. After a hurried secret trial, the Duke was executed on March 21. Bonaparte then used this incident to justify the re-creation of a hereditary monarchy in France, with himself as emperor, on the theory that a House of Bourbon restoration would be impossible once the Bonapartist succession was entrenched in the constitution.
In 1804 Napoleon decided to take the next step in consolidating his power. Bonaparte crowned himself emperor on December 2, 1804, at Notre Dame de Paris. Claims that he seized the crown out of the hands of Pope Pius VII during the ceremony in order to avoid subjecting himself to the authority of the pontiff are apocryphal; in fact, the coronation procedure had been agreed upon in advance. After the Imperial regalia had been blessed by the Pope, Napoleon crowned himself before crowning his wife Josephine as Empress (though really a fictional event the moment depicted in Jacques Louis David's famous painting, illustrated at right). The Pope had expected Italy in return, and was frustrated when Napoleon insisted on being crowned king of Italy with the Iron Crown of Lombardy at Milan's cathedral on May 26, 1805
Napoleon was clearly planning to expand his power by annexing Piedmont in northern Italy and killing the Duke of Enghien in Baden and establishing a client state there. A Third Coalition (to be called the Fourth Coalition later when Prussia joins) was now formed in Europe to stop Napoleon. Austria, Sweden, and Russia formed an alliance and Britain once again reluctantly got involved. Initially Napoleon had planned to first strike against Britain with an invasion. He reasoned that defeating the British would take the weaker powers of the coalition out from the start. However, he hoped that a combined Spanish and French fleet could take down the Royal Navy. He was destined to be disappointed once again by Horatio Nelson as he had been in Egypt. The Battle of Trafalgar was one of the most epic sea battles in history. So, in the fall of 1805 Britain had secured control of the seas and to some degree checked the advance of French power. Napoleon, like Hitler in 1941 realized an invasion of Britain was impossible without naval (or later air superiority). Both dictators then turned their armies to the east. The Highpoint of Napoleon’s Power Napoleon fame as a general was gained when he won a series of major victories in the Battles of Ulm and Austerlitz(1805), Jena(1806), and Friedland(1807) against an alliance of Russia, Austria, and Prussia. The resulting Treaties of Tilsit (1807) and the Treaty of Schönbrunn (1809) left most of Europe from the English Channel to the Russian border either part of the French Empire, controlled by France, or allied to it by treaty. Similar to our discussions of how and why France was able to hold off against all contenders during the French Revolution Napoleon also had several advantages. The Grand Armèe was so good for several reasons. First, because of the previous levee en masse, he could put more men on to the field than any other army. His use of cannon was superior as he developed the ability to rapidly reposition them (called flying cannon). His army developed the first ambulance corps and this helped get men back into the fight. Napoleon once said that "an army travels on its stomach" This shows his mastery of logistics. His army was always well provisioned (until the Russian campaign) and this added to morale. He had better tactics with the box formation of Greco-Roman times adapted to modern weaponry. Finally because of nationalism and Napoleon’s leadership, his men were highly motivated and this grew with each victory.
The Treaty of Tilsit (1807) The Treaty of Tilsit was one of the most far reaching treaties of all time. Napoleon made agreements that France signed with France and with Prussia (respectively) at Tilsit, northern Prussia after Napoleon's victories over the Prussians at Jena and at Auerstädt and over the Russians at Friedland Under the terms of the treaty, France and Russia became allies and divided Europe between them, reducing Austria and Prussia to helplessness. Napoleon wanted to completely eradicated Prussia from the map. It was only because of Czar Alexander I that this did not happen. Czar Alexander of Russia accepted the reduction of Prussia from 89,120 to 46,032 square miles; the creation from the Polish provinces detached from Prussia of a new Grand Duchy of Warsaw for Napoleon’s ally, the king of Saxony; and the establishment of the Kingdom of Westphalia in northern Germany. Westphalia, too, was in part composed of former Prussian lands. Napoleon’s hegemony in western and central Europe was thus established. Prussia was to be occupied by French troops until a war indemnity (reparations to use the later WWI term), fixed at 120,000,000 francs, had been paid. In secret provisions Napoleon agreed to help Russia “liberate” most of Ottoman held Europe if Turkey rejected French mediation in its conflict with Russia. Napoleon once derisively called Britain "a nation of shopkeepers. But lacking the navy to invade Britain he set about using economic warfare. Czar Alexander was compelled to join the Continental System against British trade if Britain rejected Russian mediation in its conflict with France. Russia was given a free hand to conquer Finland from Sweden. Prussia was forced to join the Continental System and close its ports to British trade. This is also known as the Berlin Decrees. This will later be followed by the Milan Decrees disallowing any British trade on the continent.
Conclusion The Treaties of Tilsit came so close to creating a continental blockade that excluded British trade, Napoleon sought in the next few years to enlarge and enforce the blockade. This led to the collapse of the peace on the continent. The period of Franco-Russian collaboration lasted until Dec. 31, 1810, when the czar , finding that the alliance to the Continental System seriously hurt Russian trade, opened Russian ports to neutral ships (interestingly the U.S. was one of the first to try and take advantage of this). The threat to Russia from Napoleon’s satellite, the Duchy of Warsaw, on Russia’s border, also contributed to the eventual failure of the Franco-Russian alliance. Napoleon invaded Russia in June 1812
HOMEWORK Due Monday DBQ on the FRENCH REVOLUTION. This must be handwritten and in blue or black ink. Now, there are some questions on this set of documents that YOU DO NOT HAVE TO ANSWER. This has 8 documents but you can omit one since the new AP exam only calls for 7 sources I WANT YOU TO USE THIS AS THE PROMPT FOR YOUR ESSAY AND NOT THE ONE INCLUDED IN THE DOCUMENT SET: Examine the political, social, and economic causes of the French Revolution. In your assessment, what was the most important factor radicalizing the revolution? https://www.whiteplainspublicschools.org/cms/lib5/NY01000029/Centricity/Domain/353/causes%20of%20Fr %20Rev%20DBQ.pdf