Chapter 14 Section 1 Notes

I. Monastic Revival and Church Reform A. By 1000 monasteries and popes began to reform the Church and started the Age of Faith B. Problems in the Church 1. Priest were wedding 2. Selling positions in the Church called simony 3. Lay investiture kings were appointing bishops C. Problems in the Church 1. In 910 Benedictine monastery at Cluny in France began a. Reputation for Virtue 2. In 1098 the Cistercian Order started a new idea , life of hardship 3. Pope Leo IX 1049 enforced Church laws against simony 4. Pope Gregory VII 1073 determined to purify the Church D. Reform and Church Organization 1. In 1100’s and 1200’s Church restructured to resemble a kingdom a. Curia ( the Popes advisers) acted as a court 1. Developed cannon law a. Church law b. The Church took on many government responsibilities and social programs 1. Collected taxes 2. Hospitals opened E. Preaching Friars 1. Dominic a Spanish Friar started the Dominican Order of Monks a. Importance of study 2. Franciscan Order founded in Italy by St. Francis of Assisi a. Treated all creatures as if they were spiritual brothers and sisters F. Religious Orders for Women 1. In 1212 women joined the Franciscans under the leadership of Clare a. This order of women became known as the Poor Clares 2. In 1147 Hildegard of Bingen in Germany founded a Benedictine convent

II. Cathedrals- Cities of God A. Churches showed the wealth of Roman Catholicism B. A New Style of Church Architecture 1. Between 800 and 1100 Churches were Romanesque a. Thick walls Rounded Arches in windows and doorways 2. Around 1100, Gothic Architecture began in Germany a. Paris Notre Dame b. Flying Buttresses

III. The Crusades ( Holy War) (Jihad) Goal to conquer the Holy Lands back A. Peasant Crusade in 1094 led by Pope Urban II 1. Muslims easily defeated an ill equipped army of peasants B. First Crusade 1. On July 15, 1099 the crusaders capture Jerusalem but were only able to hold it until 1144 C. Second Crusade 1. The Western Crusaders attacked again in 1187 but lost to a strong Muslim leader by the name Saladin D. Third Crusade 1192 1. Led by three powerful monarchs of Europe a. French king Philip Augustus 1. Couldn’t get along with Richard and left for home b. German Emperor Frederick I (Barbarossa) 1. Drowned on the Journey c. English King Richard the Lion-Hearted 1. Agreed to a truce with Saladin a. Unarmed Christians could freely visit E. Fourth Crusade begins in 1198 by Pope Innocent III 1. Western knights only make it to Constantinople and sack the city

IV. The Crusading Spirit Dwindles A. Later crusades were not religious but planned for personal gain B. Later Crusades 1. Crusaders attacked Muslims in North Africa 2. Children’s Crusade in 1212 a. Died from cold and starvation b. Sold into slavery C. Spanish Crusade 1. Reconquista was the effort to drive out Muslims (Moors) in Spain that began in the 1100’s 2. Ferdinand and Isabella would drive out the last kingdom of Granada in 1492 3. Inquisition a. Church courts aimed at making all of Spain Roman Catholic b. Heretics were killed c. Muslims and Jews were forced out

V. Effect of the Crusades A. Weakened the feudal nobility B. Lessened the power of the Pope C. Muslims hated Christians and continues to present D. Christianity in the east was severely weakened and Constantinople would fall to the Ottomon Turks in 1452