1. Discuss the Difference Between Normal Cell Growth and Tumor Development

Chapter 10 Cancer Review Answer the following questions within this word document and return to the professor as an e- mail attachment. Please re-name the file in this manner before you return: {your last name}_chapter 10 review.doc

1. Discuss the difference between normal cell growth and tumor development. Normal cell growth uses a mitotic clock which predetermines when and how often cells divide. Tumors develop from normal cells and metastasize to other organs. 2. Describe the role of proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressor cells and their significance in carcinogenesis. Genes that code for proteins that promote normal cell division and growth, ensures that new cells are available to replace old cells. Tumor suppressor genes control the activity of oncogenes and code for proteins that inhibit cell division or stimulate apoptosis when rate of new cell formation exceeds needs.

3. Describe the process of malignancy and the properties of malignant tumors. composed of cells that invade healthy tissue, spread rapidly , and develop elaborate blood vessel networks. Properties include agressive, invasive, failure to mature, loss of cantact inhibition, and metastasize. 4. List the 4 major types of malignant cancers. carcinomas, sarcomas, lymphomas, leukemia

5. How do benign tumors differ and what are the three types? benign tumors are noncancerous, and nonthreatening. Results from excessive cell division that does not spread. lipomas, chondromas, and adenomas.

6. Describe the common factors that lead to the development of cancer. tobacco use, heredity, age, impaired immune system functioning, exposure to UV radiation, exposure to viruses, and diet and lack of physical exertion

7. Describe the advantages and disadvantages between surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy as treatment options for cancer. Benefit of surgery is that the cancerous cell is removed, however you need to go through radiation and chemotherapy afterwards anyway. Radiation is made to shrink tumors and kill cancerous cells and seems effective for a few different types of cancers. Chemotherapy is designed to destroy rapidly dividing cells. Disadvantages include the side effects of nausea, vomiting, temporary hair loss, decreased immune functioning, and fatigue. Immunotherapy helps to encourage the immune system to fight off the cancerous cells.

8. What side effects might be present after or during chemotherapy and/or radiation that might need to be taken into consideration as precautions regarding exercise? treatment associated fatigue, loss of functional capacity because of chronic pain, nausea, and vomiting, cachexia, anxiety, depression, low self-esteem, increased risk for infection, and risk for dehydration.

9. Nausea is an exercise precaution but reduction in the incidence of nausea is also a benefit of exercise. Describe how nausea she be addressed with exercise implementation. I would address nausea by simply asking the client how they are feeling continuously throughout our session, and making sure I do not give them exercises that would induce nausea.

10. How does a resting HR affect the plan to begin exercise and what would be expected of the HR after a 5-10 minute war-up? if the HR is too high (>100 BPM), check with the physician before continuing exercise. If it is too low (<100BPM), check it again at the end of the 5-10 minute warm up.

11. What frequency, duration, and intensity with aerobic exercise does ACSM recommend to minimize nausea, decrease fatigue, and improve the quality of life with cancer clients? 3-5x/wk @ 40%-60% VO2 20-60 minute bouts 12. What frequency, duration, and intensity of resistance exercise does ACSM recommend to help preserve bone and muscle mass in the cancer client? 2-3x/wk @ 40%-60% 1RM 1-2 sets of 8-12 reps, fullbody workout

13. List 2 situations where a cancer client should avoid exercise for at least 24 hours. chemotherapy or blood withdrawls

14. Describe the concepts of initiators, promoters, and anti-promoters and how the related to diet and nutrition regarding cancerous risk factors. initiators- factors that promote cancer development (char, acrylamide found when carb-rich foods are fried, nitrites found in cured meats) promoters- factors that do not form cancer cells but encourage growth of cancerous cells once they exist (high caloric diets, high saturated and trans-fat diets) anti-promotors- factors that reduce the risk of cancer development (fruits, vegetables, fatty fish)