New Jersey Plan Rules Committee Montesquieu 1st Amendment Rousseau 2nd Amendment Locke 4th Amendment Voltaire 8th Amendment 3/5 Compromise 10th Amendment Federalists Cabinet Anti-Federalists Supreme Court Federalism Marbury vs. Madison Constitutional Convention amicus curiae briefs Articles of Confederation writs of certiorari Bill of Rights plurality of a vote House of Representatives pocket veto Senate interest groups gerrymandering PACS census & redistricting 14th Amendment reapportionment incorporation of 14th Amendment lame duck period Reasons for low voter turnout two party system (& single member districts) lobbyists entitlements spoils system Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) judicial activism Federal Communications Commission (FCC)doctrine of original intent legislative intent selective incorporation Civil Rights Act of 1964 executive order Americans with Disabilities Act Federal Election Commission (FEC) Campaign Finance Reform (soft money, etc) Pendleton Act mandatory spending Civil service merit system discretionary spending Roe v. Wade filibuster Miranda v. Arizona census bureau Schenck v. United States incumbent Plessy v. Ferguson commerce clause Brown v. the Board elastic or “necessary and proper” clause Marbury v. Madison franking privilege McCulloch v. Maryland legislative veto Wall of separation Speaker of the House State Department Majority Leader Defense Department Whip Attorney General Voter Revolution of 1994 Federal Aid to Agriculture Lemon Test (Lemon v. Kurtzman) critical elections role of media in shaping opinion establishment clause role of media in holding government accountable cloture motions block grant devolution of power categorical grant WH Chief of Staff formal/enumerated/expressed powers Ways and Means Committee fiscal policy Voting Rights Act of 1965 monetary policy divided government 10th Amendment third (or minority) parties informal/inherent powers reciprocity, or logrolling, in Congress President cabinet departments The SEC regulatory agencies Social Security government corporations unfunded mandate advantages of incumbency in Congress AFDC Medicare bully pulpit line-item veto Reasons electoral college has not been abolished presidential veto Welfare Reform Act of 1996 HUD Electoral College Block grants Federal Reserve Board categorical grants 19th Amendment primary elections (open and closed) Medicaid expansion of suffrage in U.S. linkage institutions litigation (esp. w/ interest groups) Reasons Senate is less formal than House Reasons House is more formal than Senate party coalitions Iron Triangle policy networks stare decisis political efficacy impeachment judicial restraint checks and balances conference committee public opinion polls Shay’s Rebellion appellate jurisdiction legislative oversight original jurisdiction War Powers Resolution advice & consent power political socialization budget making process rights of criminal defendants privacy rights decline in trust of government presidential approval ratings electoral college reform proposals pork barrel spending free exercise clause open primary blanket primary