Beauty Salons and Barber Shops

Risk Management Information 1

Business Links

Report Number: BL-20-19 Release Date: July 24, 2006 Section Title: Services NAICS 812111; NAICS 812112 SIC 7231; SIC 7241 ISO 10113; ISO 10115 NCCI 9586

Exposure Abstract

Lines of Insurance Areas of Concern Risk* Section Commercial Incidental vehicle use; vehicle theft; and L CA Assmt CA Controls Automobile vandalism Liability Falls; infections; burns; chemical injuries; M LB Assmt LB Controls unauthorized practice of medicine Property - Crime Employee theft; burglary; vandalism; robbery; L CP Assmt CP Controls fraud Property - Fire Faulty electrical wiring and equipment; poor L FP Assmt FP Controls housekeeping; improper storage Property - Inland Business interruption; loss of or damage to L IM Assmt IM Controls Marine / Business valuable papers/records, equipment, bailed Interruption property, and signs and awnings Workers’ Management commitment; worker training; L WC Assmt WC Controls Compensation operational exposures of strains, falls, hazardous substances, and bloodborne pathogens; musculoskeletal and cumulative trauma disorders *Risk: L-Low, M-Moderate, H-High

Description of Operations Beauty salons and barber shops are businesses that provide personal care services to their customers. Traditionally, salons provided hair care, facials, and makeup application services to women, and barber shops provided hair and beard care to men; however, the distinction between beauty salons and barber shops is fading.

Services - Beauty salons and barber shops may provide a variety of personal beautification services. The scope of allowable services that may be provided in a particular jurisdiction will vary depending upon State and local licensing regulations affecting these businesses. This section provides a brief summary of basic barbering and cosmetology services.

Hair care services provided by barber shops and salons may include arranging, dressing, curling, waving, cleansing, cutting, singeing, bleaching, coloring, or other hair or beard treatments. These procedures may be done using mechanical or chemical methods. Other services that may be performed include hair braiding or wrapping, or the fitting of hairpieces and wigs.

Facial services involve the massaging or treating of the face, neck, or scalp with oils, creams, lotions, or other cosmetic preparations; applying make-up and false eyelashes; or removing hair by tweezing, waxing, or using depilatories. Salons may provide mechanical (e.g., microdermabrasion) or chemical exfoliating services (e.g., skin peels) to smooth wrinkles, reduce scars and blotchy areas, and improve the overall appearance of skin. Because of the potential for damage if these treatments are done improperly, the treatments are limited to only removing the uppermost layers of the skin. Any service requiring deeper skin penetration must be performed by a medical practitioner. Salons may also use electrical muscle stimulators to give facials or to help creams or lotions penetrate the skin; however, in general, only licensed medical personnel are allowed to use these devices that are designed to cause muscle contraction for toning, improved circulation, or other medical benefit.

Nail care services can be divided into manicure and pedicure services, artificial nails, and nail art. Manicure services involve the cutting, polishing, tinting, coloring, cleansing, adding, or extending to the nails, and the massaging of the hands. Pedicure services involve the shaping, polishing, tinting, or cleansing of the nails of the feet, and massaging or beautifying the feet. Artificial nail applications may include sculptured nails, tips and overlays, or silk and linen wraps, or any other process for affixing artificial nails. Nail art involves incorporating foils, jewels, striping, airbrushed paint, or other material on artificial nails to create unique designs. Such services are briefly discussed in this report. For more detailed information, see Business Link Report BL-20-34, Nail Salons.

Other services that may be performed in salons include full-body aesthetic services (i.e., applying antiseptics, tonics, lotions, and other cosmetic preparations to, or removing hair from non-facial areas); electrolysis (i.e., removing unwanted facial or body hair using a tiny needle or probe that conducts electric current); ear and body piercing, and tanning. State cosmetology boards should be checked to determine the allowed scope of services for a particular State. Such services are not addressed in this report. For additional information, see Business Link Reports BL-20-33, Day Spas, and BL-20-04, Tanning Salons.

Beauty salons and barber shops may also lease or rent out retail (e.g., for selling jewelry or handbags) or work (e.g., manicures, pedicures, etc.) space to independent contractors to provide these other services.

People - The types of personnel present will depend upon the services provided by the salon. These may include barbers; hairdressers and cosmetologists; manicurists, pedicurists, or nail technicians; estheticians (e.g., people who provide facials, full-body treatments, and hair removal by waxing); and shampooers. The majority of salons have less than ten employees.

All States require barbers, cosmetologists, and most other personal-appearance workers to be licensed. Qualifications for a license, however, vary by State, as do the particular services that a licensee may perform. In general, a person must have graduated from a State-licensed barber or cosmetology school and be at least 16 years old. Applicants for a license usually are required to pass a written test and demonstrate an ability to perform basic barbering or cosmetology services. A few States require applicants to pass a physical examination. Many States require separate licensing examinations for manicurists, pedicurists, and skin care specialists. The National Interstate Council of State Boards of Cosmetology publishes model national certification exams that are currently used by more than 30 States as the basis for licensure.

Because hairstyles change, new products are developed, and services expand to meet clients’ needs, salon personnel may learn additional skills participate done by either taking additional courses at salon and cosmetology schools or participating in industry workshops or product shows. Some States may require continuing education as a condition of licensure.

Facilities - The typical salon does not require a lot of space or special services; consequently, salons may be located in diverse premises, including stand-alone buildings; business space within offices, shopping centers, or malls; in residential buildings; or within other businesses (e.g., a department store). Approximately half the States allow salons to be mobile (e.g., motor vehicle or travel trailer).

Equipment - The type of supplies and equipment found at a salon will depend upon the services performed and the size of the business operation. Basic salon equipment will include styling chairs, shampoo chairs, facial couches or chairs, manicurist stools and benches, electrical clippers, hair dryers, curling irons, nail drills, electric muscle stimulators, manicurist lamps, foot baths, nail dryers, sanitizing or sterilizing equipment, mirrors, shears, combs, brushes, tweezers, files, and linens. Tools and instruments may be owned by individual hair stylists or cosmetologists. Businesses may also have business equipment, such as computers, cash registers

COPYRIGHT ©2006, ISO Services Properties, Inc. [email protected] Risk Management Information 3 Beauty Salons and Barber Shops and telecommunications equipment, and equipment to provide music, television, hot beverages, or other amenities to their customers.

Supplies - Salons will use a variety of consumables, including disposable tools and instruments (e.g., spatulas and disposable razors); disposable towels, neck strips and tissues; robes and other clothing for customers; and chemical products. Chemical products may include hair treatments (e.g., dyes, straighteners, shampoos, and conditioners), facial oils; waxes; nail polish and remover; cosmetic preparations; and agents used to clean, disinfect, and sterilize the salon and salon equipment.

Product Sales - Salons may sell health and beauty products to their customers. The products may be commercial products or products specially produced by or for the salon.

For Additional Information - In addition to the links and references provided in this report, the following are a list of useful information sources concerning beauty salons and barber shops:

National Accrediting Commission of Cosmetology Arts and Sciences (NACCAS), http://www.naccas.org

National Cosmetology Association (NCA), http://www.ncacares.org

National Interstate Council of State Boards of Cosmetology (NIC), http://www.nictesting.org

Professional Beauty Association, formerly the American Beauty Association, http://www.probeauty.org

[Exposure Abstract]

Commercial Automobile Exposure Assessment [Commercial Automobile Exposure Controls]

Beauty salons and barber shops will have a minimal commercial automobile exposure, although the exposure increases if they are providing a mobile service to their customers or multiple locations are being managed. However, even incidental vehicle operation exposes the business to loss. When employees are using their own vehicles to perform tasks, such as picking up supplies or going to the post office, management should be concerned about their driving skills, as this creates a non-owned vehicle exposure. The following areas should be reviewed to provide a comprehensive exposure assessment.

Management  Is a ‘safety policy’ in place addressing the safe operation of vehicles by drivers?

 Is a policy in place requiring that all employees be secured in a safety belt when a vehicle is in motion?

 Are drivers instructed to not use communications devices (e.g., cellular phones) when the vehicle is in motion?

 Is there a written policy addressing the consumption of alcohol and illegal substances by drivers?

 If employees are allowed to use company-owned/leased vehicles for personal use, are limitations in place as to who may drive the vehicle and the radius of operation?

Operations  Are multiple locations being managed that may require managers/employees to drive between locations for business purposes?

 Are mobile services (i.e., barbering or cosmetology at customer’s premises) provided?

 Do employees use their personal vehicles for business purposes?

 Are drivers instructed to lock company vehicles, and activate the alarm system, if provided, when vehicles are unattended?

 During non-business hours, are company vehicles kept in a secure location with adequate key control?

Driver Qualification, Training, and Supervision  Are drivers properly licensed?

 Is the operation of vehicles restricted to qualified drivers?

 Is a driver’s State Motor Vehicle Record obtained when first hired, and periodically updated and reviewed?

 Where driving will be part of the applicant's responsibilities, do reference checks include information on driving?

 Is a driver’s condition (e.g., fatigue level, use of medications, etc.) taken into consideration before assigning a driving task?

 Are drivers trained in procedures to follow in the event of a breakdown or accident?

 Are drivers trained on how to properly inspect company vehicles they will be operating?

 Are records of driver qualification and training documented in the employee’s personnel file?

 Is the condition of drivers assessed (e.g., fatigue) before assigning driving responsibilities?

Vehicle Maintenance and Inspection  Are company vehicles properly maintained and are maintenance records kept?

 Are drivers required to inspect company vehicles before operation?

Accident Reporting, Recording and Analysis  Are drivers trained on what to do at the scene of an accident?

 Does management record and analyze each accident to help prevent future occurrences?

[Exposure Abstract]

Liability Exposure Assessment [Liability Exposure Controls]

The following should be considered when evaluating a beauty salon or barber shop for liability exposures.

Condition of the Premises  Are walking surfaces clean, dry, and free of surface defects?

 Are changes of level clearly marked?

 Are walkways kept free of floor level obstructions or other tripping hazards?

 Are there a sufficient number of means of egress?

 Are exits easily visible and unobstructed?

 Are furnishings in customer areas free of visible hazards (e.g., splinters, loose fittings, broken seats)?

 Is the electrical equipment listed by Underwriters Laboratories, Inc. (UL) or another nationally recognized testing laboratory?

 Are cords kept off the floors and away from client’s feet to prevent trip hazards?

 Are first aid kits available to handle cuts, burns, and other minor injuries that may occur during the course of treatment

 Is emergency contact information posted by all telephones?

 Is customer access restricted to employee areas?

General Practices  Are all personnel appropriately licensed?

 Are personnel performing services beyond their scope of practice?

 If space is rented to independent contractors, is the contractor’s identity posted in the work area?

 Is the work of new or lesser skilled employees supervised?

 Are employees using any devices, instruments, or chemicals that are restricted for use by medical professionals?

 Are consultations performed on all clients to determine whether the service is appropriate for them?

 Are informed consent forms used to document that the client has been informed of any service risks?

 Are clients with adverse medical conditions required to provide medical releases before services may be performed?

 Are complete and accurate client records maintained?

 Is the work area kept clean?

 Is all equipment washed and disinfected before it is used on customers?

 Are disinfectants EPA-approved?

 Are the disinfectant used according to manufacturer’s instructions?

 Are items that cannot be disinfected (e.g., emery boards) thrown away immediately after use?

 Are robes, capes, drapes, smocks, or other covering used to protect clients clothing from being exposed to damaging chemicals or water?

 Are personnel trained in the proper use of all electrical equipment that they will be using?

Specific Services  Is water temperature regulated to prevent scalds?

 Are customer heads properly supported when washing hair?

 Are guards present on all razors and clippers?

 Are razor blades disposed of safely?

 Are all chemical treatments handled according to the manufacturer’s instructions?

 Are patch tests done before applying any chemical treatments with known allergenic properties?

 Are chemical drips promptly removed from skin?

 Are personnel using hot curling irons, hair pressing combs, or marcel irons trained in their use?

 Are client consultations performed before all hair removal procedures to determine whether the client has any contraindications to hair removal?

 Are new applicator strips used for each wax treatment?

 Is the heated wax temperature tested before it is applied to skin?

 Are facial crèmes, astringents, and oils applied carefully around eyes?

 Are electrotherapy devices used by appropriately qualified personnel?

 Are recommended time limits and safe distances followed when using dermal lights?

 Are electrostimulation devices set to stimulate, not contract, facial muscles?

 Is make-up applied in a safe and sanitary manner?

 Are finger bowls and foot baths appropriately disinfected between uses?

 Are industrial or medical devices prohibited for use to remove calluses or other skin layers?

 Are industrial chemicals (e.g., methyl methacrylate monomer) prohibited for use as nail adhesives?

Product Safety  Are products purchased from reputable suppliers?

 Do salon personnel visually inspect products for defects when the goods are received?

 Do contracts with vendors contain appropriate risk transfer and indemnification clauses?

 Do private label cosmetic products conform to FDA product safety requirements?

[Exposure Abstract]

Property - Crime Exposure Assessment [Property - Crime Exposure Controls]

The following information should be considered in assessing beauty salons and barber shops for their exposure to property crimes.

Employee Theft  Are job applicants thoroughly screened prior to employment?

 Are there controls on petty cash disbursements, bank deposits and withdrawals, issuance of checks, payrolls, reconciliation of bank statements, and the paying of invoices?

 Are there controls in accounting and purchasing to prevent theft or fraud?

 Are there controls on computer accounting operations to prevent theft and fraud?

 Is a complete physical inventory of supplies and equipment taken at least yearly?

 Is there a written policy informing employees of the consequences of theft?

Burglary  What are the hours of operation of the business?

 Is the business located in a high-crime area?

 Would it be easy for a burglar to gain entry?

 Is there equipment or structures in outdoor areas that could be used by a burglar to gain entry?

 Is there a structure, building alcove, or overgrown foliage that could provide the burglar with cover to work without fear of being seen?

 Are interior and exterior lighting levels adequate?

 Are exterior lighting fixtures protected against breakage, and are damaged lighting fixtures or burned-out bulbs replaced as soon as possible?

Robbery  Is cash on-hand or in cash drawers kept at a minimum?

 Is cash, especially large bills, removed from cash registers and deposited in time delay safes?

 Is cash transferred to the bank regularly, but not on a set, predictable schedule?

 What are the hours of operation of the business?

 Does the business operate late at night?

 Is the business isolated from its neighbors?

 Are employees advised to observe and report suspicious persons?

 Are employees trained in procedures to follow during and after a robbery?

Fraud  Is there a policy regarding the acceptance of payment by checks or credit card?

 Is the policy posted near all cash registers?

 Are cashiers trained in the company’s policy regarding acceptance of checks and credit cards?

 Are cashiers trained in identifying counterfeit currency?

[Exposure Abstract]

Property - Fire Exposure Assessment [Property - Fire Exposure Controls]

The fire exposures for beauty salons and barber shops will vary based on the type of building construction, the size of the facility, and the operations involved. The loss of life, as well as the structure and contents, are the primary fire-loss concerns. Fires may be electrical in origin, or related to poor housekeeping, or improper storage arrangements. The following information can be used to assess the fire exposures of beauty salons and barber shops.

Facility Design and Construction  Is the facility in compliance with local building and fire prevention codes?

 What is the date of the last inspection of the facility by the local fire department?

 Have any renovations and/or alterations been made since the last inspection?

 Are concealed spaces properly fire stopped, or otherwise protected?

 Are there fire exposures from adjacent buildings or structures?

 Are stairways, elevator shafts, escalator openings, or other vertical openings enclosed with fire barriers or protected with approved automatic sprinkler systems?

 Do the walls separating the store from the parking structure have a fire-resistance rating of not less than two hours?

 For multi-tenant buildings, is the facility separated by at least two-hour fire walls from other occupancies?

 Are high-hazard areas, such as boiler rooms, separated from each other and all other spaces by fire walls or barriers?

 Are at least two fire exits provided for each smoke compartment?

 Are fire exits provided with panic hardware and not locked, such as by chains or padlocks?

 Are the locations of fire exits indicated by clearly visible signs?

 Is an emergency lighting system provided in means of egress?

 Is the travel distance to a fire exit or a separate smoke compartment not more than 200 ft (61 m), or 300 ft (90 m) for areas protected by an automatic sprinkler system?

 Are the building’s furnishings and decorations fire retardant?

Building Services  Does the electrical system appear to be in good-working condition?

 Is the electrical system adequate to handle the expected loads?

 Is electrical equipment that is used in wet areas, such as restrooms and hair washing areas, provided with ground fault protection?

 Are electrical cords and connections for appliances inspected before use?

 Are appliances listed by a nationally recognized testing laboratory, such as Underwriters Laboratories Inc. (UL)?

 Are air circulation systems designed to automatically shutdown in the event of a fire?

 Are heating systems located in a separate area that has a minimum fire resistance rating of two-hours?

 Are boilers that produce steam for heating provided with a manually-operated, emergency shutoff valve for the fuel supply?

 Is gas- and oil-fired equipment maintained according to the manufacturers’ recommendations?

Fire Suppression and Alarm Systems  Is the building protected by a fire alarm system that provides both manual and automatic initiation devices?

 Are smoke detection and fire alarm systems provided for each enclosed room or area?

 Are fire suppression and alarm systems covered by maintenance and service contracts?

 Does the alarm system include both manual and automatic initiation devices that provide immediate evacuation notification to the occupants?

 Does the building have a sprinkler system that is installed and maintained in conformance with NFPA 13, Standard for Installation of Sprinkler Systems, published by the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA)?

 Are properties that are located in areas without public water systems protected by alternate water sources, in accordance with NFPA 1142, Standard on Water Supplies for Suburban and Rural Fire Fighting?

 Are there a sufficient number of listed/approved portable fire extinguishers, and are they properly located, as required in NFPA 10, Standard for Portable Fire Extinguishers?

 Are fire extinguishers properly maintained?

 Are employees trained in the use of portable fire extinguishers?

Storage Practices  Are consumable supplies, such as paper, lotions, plastic nails, work uniforms, disposable towels, and cleaning supplies, stored in conformance to local fire code requirements?

 Are supplies stored on stable surfaces, in stable configurations, and not blocking access to fire and emergency exits?

 Are supplies and stock located at least 3 ft (0.9 m) from heating units and ductwork?

 Are storage rooms, trash rooms, and similar areas separated from other areas by one-hour fire barriers or protected by automatic sprinklers?

 Are aerosols products stored according to NFPA 30B, Code for the Manufacture and Storage of Aerosol Products?

 Are corrosive liquids stored separately from flammables, either in corrosive-liquids’ cabinets or in a room specifically designed for that purpose?

 Is the inside storage of flammable or combustible liquids limited so that not more than 120 gal (454 L) of such liquids are stored in any one cabinet, and not more than three cabinets located in the same storage area?

Operations  Does a designated person remain for 30 minutes after candles have been extinguished to ensure that re- ignition has not occurred?

 Are candles arranged in a manner that will prevent them tipping over?

 Are suitable fire extinguishers located within 30 ft (9.14 m) of any area with lit candles?

 Are retail display arrangements configured to maintain at least 36-in (91.4-cm) clearance from ignition sources?

 Are displays limited to materials with a flame spread of 25 or less (Class A), in accordance with NFPA 701, Standard Methods of Fire Tests for Flame-Resistant Textiles and Films?

 Is electrical equipment properly grounded to prevent the generation of sparks?

 Is a hot-work permit system required for all cutting, welding, and soldering operations?

 Are multi-purpose, portable fire extinguishers kept nearby whenever hot-work operations are undertaken?

 Is a fire watch provided during hot-work operations and for at least one hour after operations have been completed?

 If smoking is allowed on the premises, is it restricted to certain areas?

Emergency Preparedness  Do employees check the exit doors and exit paths on a daily basis to ensure egress during an emergency?

 Are emergency evacuation drills conducted on a semi-annual basis?

 Are employees assigned to assist with the evacuation of customers?

 Is there an emergency action plan for the facility?

 Are salvage and recovery procedures in-place to help to reduce the severity of the loss and maintain business continuity?

Incendiarism and Arson  Are all exterior areas of the business property illuminated?

 Are exterior doors and windows of the business property secured from unauthorized access?

 Does a fence protect the perimeter of the property?

[Exposure Abstract]

Property - Inland Marine Exposure Assessment [Property - Inland Marine Exposure Controls]

The following areas should be reviewed in order to assess the business interruption and Inland Marine exposures of beauty salons and barber shops.

Business Interruption  What is the history of natural hazards, such as flooding, hurricanes, hailstorms, tornadoes, and lightning, in the area?

 What is the potential for a natural disaster closing the facility?

 How long will it take to replace damaged or destroyed equipment, or obtain replacement parts?

 Is the business in a stand-alone building or part of a multiple-occupancy structure such that a fire in adjoining premises could spread to the facility?

 If the business is in a multiple-occupancy structure, is it properly separated by firewalls and protected by an automatic sprinkler system that meets applicable codes and standards?

Accounts Receivables and Valuable Papers/Records  Is there potential for theft, arson, or vandalism, or for water or flood damage?

 Is there a well-organized and supervised bookkeeping system in place?

 Are valuable papers/records stored in a fire-resistant safe?

 Are backup records stored off-premises?

 Are good housekeeping practices maintained throughout the facility?

 Is the facility protected by automatic sprinklers and smoke detectors?

 Is there a fire alarm system and is it connected to a central station monitoring service?

Equipment  What are the ages, condition, numbers, and types of equipment that could be exposed to loss?

 What equipment is owned, loaned, rented, or leased?

 Are high-value, computerized equipment secured against theft?

 Is the equipment properly maintained?

 Is inventory of all equipment taken on a regular basis?

Bailment  Are hairpieces accepted for repair and cleaning services?

 Is there a coat-check system?

 Is there an inventory system for handling the receipt and return of bailed property?

 Are procedures in place to limit the possibility that the bailed property will not be returned to the original owner?

Signs and Awnings  Is each type sign described in detail, indicating the age, type of material, description of the size and type of lettering and their location on the facility?

 How are the signs constructed, at what height from street level are they located, and how are they fixed to the structure?

 Are signs attached or of the freestanding type?

 Are outside signs subject to fire, hail, windstorms, vandalism, or damage from moving vehicles?

[Exposure Abstract]

Workers’ Compensation Exposure Assessment [Workers’ Compensation Exposure Controls]

For beauty salon and barber shop workers, an assessment of exposures causing injuries and illnesses should consider the common hazards of strains, falls, cuts, hazardous substances, and electricity, and the potential for musculoskeletal and cumulative trauma disorders. In addition, attention should be paid to housekeeping, how routine maintenance is performed and by whom, and what sanitizing chemicals are used and stored on site. However, in analyzing the level of safety for any organization, consideration should be given to management’s concern and actions in establishing safe work procedures, and workers’ involvement in creating a safe work environment.

Management Commitment  Is there a written safety program?

 Is there an understanding of the financial impact of losses/injuries on the bottom line?

 Are healthcare and/or other benefit programs made available to all workers?

 What are the ages, training, and experience of the workers?

 Is there a high rate of employee turnover?

 Are new workers required to take pre-employment physicals?

 What is the historical frequency and severity of workers’ compensation claims?

 Are on-site medical services provided?

 Has the company ever been cited for safety deficiencies by federal or State agencies?

 Is personal protective equipment (PPE) provided to workers?

 Do the workers participate in the selection of PPE?

 What are the hours of operation of the business?

 Is the business seasonal?

 What percentage of the worker force is temporary?

Worker Training  Is there a safety orientation and training program for new workers?

 Is training integrated into the daily operations and conducted on a regular basis?

 Is formal, documented training provided to all workers?

 Are less-experienced workers properly supervised?

 Does worker training cover the company’s safety policy?

 Are workers trained in the proper handling and storage or hazardous chemicals?

 Are workers trained in the proper use and care of PPE?

 Is refresher training offered or required on an annual basis?

 Are supervisors required to take any specialized training pertaining to equipment hazards?

 What is the training and experience of the supervisors?

 Have all workers been trained in the Occupational Safety and Health Administration’s (OSHA) Hazard Communication Standard?

Strains  Are potential workers given pre-employment physicals?

 Has an ergonomics evaluation been conducted for each worker task?

 Have any engineering controls been applied to limit musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs)?

 Have any administrative control been applied to limit MSDs?

 Are workers continually evaluated to determine their potential for MSDs?

 Are workers instructed in safe-lifting techniques?

 Are workers encouraged to obtain help when lifting or moving heavy objects?

 Are procedures for two-person lifts used, where appropriate?

 Are back injuries investigated to determine the causes and identify needed procedural changes?

 Does the employer match work assignments with employees' capabilities?

 Are workers required to report all back injuries immediately, and are they referred for medical treatment?

 Are manual materials handling apparatus used to move supplies?

Infectious Diseases  Is there a history of workers experiencing cuts from sharp instruments (i.e., scissors, clippers, or razors) used to shape hair?

 Have any workers been treated for an infectious disease due to cuts at work?

 Is there a Bloodborne Pathogens Program?

Falls  Is slip-resistant flooring or mats used in appropriate locations?

 Are floors kept neat and orderly to prevent same-level slips, trips, and falls?

 Are good-housekeeping procedures emphasized?

 Is trash removed on a daily basis?

 Are wiring and telephone cords properly secured to prevent tripping hazards?

 Are worn, torn, or loose flooring immediately repaired?

 Are warning signs used during and after a floor has been mopped or waxed?

 Is adequate lighting provided in aisles, stairways, and storage rooms?

 Are floor drainage holes open for drainage but covered to prevent slips and falls?

Hazardous Substances  Have the hazardous chemicals that are stored, handled, or used by workers been identified?

 Are Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) obtained and made available to workers?

 Are all workers able to read the MSDS and understand the hazards and safety requirements?

 Are hazardous chemicals properly labeled?

 Is personal protective equipment (PPE) provided for workers who use or handle chemicals?

 Is the exhaust ventilation system adequate to remove flammable/toxic vapors?

 Are flammable and combustible liquids stored in approved containers?

 Are waste removal procedures for chemicals established?

 Is a non-toxic chemical used to clean individual work areas?

Electrical  Are written safety procedures provided to ensure safety procedures are followed when working with energized electrical equipment?

 Is customer access to areas restricted when work is being performed on electrical equipment?

 Are wall outlets rated for the proper voltage/amperage required by the equipment?

 Are manufacturer’s instructions followed during assembly and maintenance?

 Are extension cords used?

 Is all electrical equipment properly grounded, and are wires in good condition?

[Exposure Abstract]

Commercial Automobile Exposure Controls [Commercial Automobile Exposure Assessment]

Beauty salons and barber shops will have a minimum exposure to commercial automobile losses from vehicle crashes incidental to their business-support functions, unless mobile services are provided or multiple locations are being managed. A loss control program to address the commercial vehicle exposures of the business should include the following areas: management; operations; driver qualification, training, and supervision; vehicle maintenance and inspection; and accident reporting, recording, and analysis.

Management Safety Policy - It is essential that drivers be instructed that the safe operation of vehicles is very important. This directive commonly takes the form of a safety policy that states management's concern with safe operations, including vehicular safety. The policy statement should be signed by senior management and copies provided to employees. All personnel should be held accountable for deviations in safe practices. As management sets the example for their employees, it is imperative that they adhere to the safety policy at all times.

For further information on establishing a safety policy, see Commercial Vehicle Report CV-10-04, Safety Policy.

Driving - Management should insist that employees be secured in a seatbelt whenever a vehicle is in motion. Drivers taking medications should be aware of their side effects, and decline to drive a vehicle if they have any concerns about adverse reactions to the medication.

Drivers should also take steps to minimize distractions while driving. The use of cellular phones and other communication devices should be prohibited when the vehicle is in motion. For further information, see Commercial Vehicle Report CV-25-05, Driver Distraction.

Substance Abuse - The consumption of alcohol should be prohibited for drivers anytime during working hours and for four hours prior to driving. The policy should also prohibit the use of controlled substances.

Personal Use of Vehicles - Management may allow employees to use company-owned/leased vehicles for personal activities. If this is allowed, the business should have specific rules on who is allowed to operate the vehicle and the acceptable radius of operation. For further information, see Client Handout CH-10-14, Personal Use of Company Owned/Leased Vehicles.

Operations Mobile Services – Those businesses providing mobile service at customer locations will have a much higher exposure. Areas involving driver qualification, training, and supervision require additional consideration. Drivers will be operating vehicles more frequently and in potentially highly congested areas. Scheduling must be carefully controlled to avoid putting pressure on the driver to rush between appointments. Where trailers are used, drivers need to assure that they are properly hitched to the pulling vehicle and training on the operation of these vehicles must be detailed.

Employee Vehicles - Even when employees are using their own vehicles to perform business activities, such as going to the bank, management should be concerned about their driving skills. An up-to-date copy of "proof of insurance" for the employee's vehicle, preferably with the liability limits of the policy, should be kept on file in the event an accident occurs.

Security - To prevent the theft of vehicles, all company vehicles should be locked when unoccupied and alarm systems activated, if provided. Keys to vehicles should be controlled and in a secure location and adequate lighting and other crime prevention precautions should be taken at the business’ facility if company vehicles are parked there when the business is closed.

Driver Qualification, Training, and Supervision Establishing Policy - All individuals who will be driving vehicles on behalf of the business should be screened to make sure that they are qualified and have safe driving records. Management should not assume that anyone who drives is suitable to drive for the business.

Driver History - A copy of the driver's Motor Vehicle Record (MVR) should be obtained from each State where a driver holds/held a license, to ascertain that the applicant has a valid license and to review the driver's past record. Drivers may change their State of licensure to “spread” their accident and violation record, and to make their record in any one State look better. Thus, it is very important to request information from all States a driver-applicant has held a license in, for at least the past three years, and to monitor any changes in the licensing State of an existing driver. The MVR should be updated periodically to identify any problems that might have developed.

Reference Checks - Reference checks with previous employers should include specific information on the driving ability and experience of the potential employee.

Driver Issues - Drivers should take steps to minimize distractions while driving and assure that they have had sufficient rest to avoid fatigue-related problems.

Driver Training - In case of mechanical problems with the vehicle, the driver should know what to do with the disabled vehicle and the person(s) to contact. Proper procedures to follow in case of an accident should also be established. Drivers should conduct an inspection of the vehicle before operating it (e.g., tires, windshield wipers, lights, etc.)

For further information, see Commercial Vehicle Report CV-25-00, Driver Training.

Documentation - A copy of the driver’s license and current MVR, and information on reference checks and training, should be made part of the employee’s personnel file.

Driver Supervision - As fatigue can have a severe effect on the ability of a driver to operate a vehicle safely, schedules should be carefully assessed to help assure that the driver has sufficient rest. Drivers taking medications should be aware of their side effects and decline to drive a vehicle if they have any concerns about adverse reactions to the medication.

Vehicle Maintenance and Inspection Accountability - Vendors providing vehicle maintenance should be qualified to perform the work and be reputable. When vehicles are leased, it should be clearly stated in the contract the party that is responsible for providing maintenance. The schedule for performing maintenance should be detailed and performed accordingly.

Recordkeeping - There should be a record of all preventive maintenance and repair work performed on company vehicles. To be useful, maintenance records should clearly identify the vehicle, be kept current, record only meaningful data, and be reviewed on a periodic basis.

Inspection - Drivers should inspect company vehicles at the start of each shift to assure that everything is functioning properly, especially those related to safe operation (e.g., tires, lights, windshield wipers, and brakes). Any mechanical problem that develops should be promptly reported.

Accident Reporting, Recording, and Analysis Preparedness - A system of reporting, recording, and analyzing the facts surrounding vehicular accidents should be established. Those involved should know their role should an accident occur, and procedures should be in place to provide for a thorough analysis of the events that led up to the accident.

The initial actions at an accident scene are often critical to the outcome of the incident. The driver may be under extreme stress at the time; thus the procedures to follow should be clear and concise, and thoroughly understood. An information packet containing instructions and forms for use in case of an accident should be carried in the vehicle at all times.

Accident Reporting - After protecting the accident scene and assisting anyone that was injured in the accident, the first step in accident reporting is for the company's driver to collect all pertinent information at the scene and include it in a preliminary accident report. Thoroughness in performing this task will be of great help in assessing the accident afterwards. Once the driver has obtained the basic information for the preliminary accident report, management should be contacted.

Accident Investigation - All accidents should be investigated to some extent and the investigation should not merely seek the specific act that was involved, but should go further into the conditions responsible to avoid problems in the future.

For further information, see Commercial Vehicle Reports CV-25-01, Accident Procedures; CV-45-00, Accident Reporting, Recording, and Analysis; and CV-45-01, Determining the Preventability of Motor Vehicle Accidents. Also, see Client Handout CH-10-40, Defensive Driving – The Concept.

[Exposure Abstract]

Liability Exposure Controls [Liability Exposure Assessment]

The following sections provide general recommendations for controlling liability loss exposures that typically occur at beauty salons and barber shops. State regulations should be consulted for specific safety and sanitation requirements.

Condition of the Premises General - Operators should take steps to ensure that those areas of the premises accessible to the public are reasonably safe. These steps should include (1) meeting applicable public safety codes and standards (e.g., building and fire codes); (2) regularly maintaining the premises; (3) inspecting the premises for accident hazards; and (4) addressing any hazards that are identified (e.g., by correcting the hazardous condition or warning others of the hazard).

Parking Areas - Parking lots under the control of the business should be inspected regularly for hazardous conditions. Cracks and potholes should be filled in. Gratings, posts, or other obstructions, or changes of surface, should be clearly marked. Sidewalks should meet building code requirements and should not be obstructed with garbage or other debris. If the salon operates during evening hours, the parking lot should be well-lighted.

The parking lot should be posted with signs or markings indicating where vehicles are to travel, safe speed limits, and the presence of speed bumps or other obstructions. The markings should be easily visible and understandable.

Means of Egress - There should be a sufficient number of means of egress from the business premises in case evacuation is necessary. Every exit should be clearly visible or the route to the exit conspicuously indicated, and the exit access and exits themselves should be marked and lighted as required by local code. All means of egress should be free and unobstructed. Exit doors should be arranged to open readily when the building is occupied. See the Fire –Controls section for more information on this topic.

Lighting - Lighting should comply with local building and fire code requirements. If no requirements are specified, lighting should meet the guidelines of the Illuminating Engineering Society of North America (IESNA). Lighting should be inspected regularly. Burned-out bulbs should be replaced on a timely basis. Outdoor lights should be able to withstand the elements. Emergency lighting should be installed as required by local building and fire code requirements, and be regularly tested.

Walking Surfaces - All walking surfaces should meet building code requirements for stability and slip resistance. Existing surfaces should be retrofitted or reconditioned to improve slip resistance, as necessary. Floor mats or slip-retardant floor coverings should be used at entrances, exits or other frequently wet areas. Differences in floor texture should be clearly marked.

The premises should be regularly inspected for fall hazards, such as spilled liquid, tracked in snow or rain, and obstructions in walkways. Hazards identified during the inspection should be marked and corrected. If the correction cannot be done in a timely manner, the operator should take steps to warn patrons about the hazard. If warning signs are used, the sign should not be generic, but should specifically address the hazard present (e.g., CAUTION – WET FLOOR).

A floor cleaning program should be established to address both regular cleaning of floor surfaces and clean- ups in response to spills or other accidents. All floor cleanings should be documented with the date, time of cleaning, and the person who performed the cleaning.

Furnishings - Chairs, couches, tables, or other furnishings provided for patron use should be sturdy and well- constructed. The furnishings should regularly be inspected for loose or damaged parts, sharp, splintered or rough corners or edges, or other accident hazards. Damaged items should be removed until they can be repaired. If the item cannot be removed, the item should be tagged as being damaged and either access to the fixture restricted or signs placed to warn people against using the item until it can be repaired.

Electrical Equipment - All electrical equipment should be listed by Underwriters Laboratories, Inc. (UL) or another nationally recognized testing laboratory. The equipment, including any cords and plugs, should be inspected regularly and maintained in good repair.

There should be sufficient electrical capacity for the expected type and the number of electrical devices in concurrent use. Personnel should not overload electrical outlets. Electrical outlets in wet areas should be equipped with ground fault circuit interrupters (GFCI).

Cords should be kept off the floors and away from client’s feet to prevent trip hazards. Also, equipment should be disconnected when not in use.

Restrooms - Staff should regularly inspect publicly accessible lavatories for slippery conditions. Sinks should be equipped with temperature limiting devices to prevent scalds. Electrical wall receptacles must be equipped with GFCI.

Employee Areas - Doorways, barricades, or other access control devices should be used to restrict customer access to employee areas. Restricted areas should be clearly marked as “Employee Only.” Non-employees should not be allowed in these areas unless they are escorted.

Emergency Planning - A plan should be developed and implemented for addressing reasonably foreseeable emergencies on the premises. First aid kits should be available to handle cuts, burns, and other minor injuries that may occur during the course of treatment. Employees should be capable of responding to minor emergencies, and be capable of distinguishing between these types of emergencies and those that require the immediate attention of trained medical personnel.

Instructions in the correct procedures for obtaining emergency assistance should be posted on or near all telephones. These instructions should include any special numbers (e.g., “8” or “9”) that must be dialed before connecting to an outside line. Employees should never delay or refuse to call 911 for a customer in an emergency situation.

Independent Contractors - Independent contractors may be used for pest control, security services, equipment maintenance, or a variety of other operations. Liability exposures created by the use of independent contractors can be managed through contractor selection, contractual agreements, and certificates of insurance. If salon space is rented or leased to others, the identity of this contractor should be posted for customers to see along with a disclosure about their relationship with the salon.

General Practices Licensure - All personnel should be licensed as required by the State cosmetology board. Personnel should only provide services within their licensed scope of practice.

Managers should verify the licensing status of all prospective employees or independent contractors seeking to rent or lease space in the salon. This status should be reviewed regularly to ensure that licensing remains current. People with suspended, expired, or out-of-state licenses should not be allowed to practice until their licenses are brought into compliance.

Supervision - The work of new or lesser skilled employees should be supervised. Student interns should be watched closely. Consideration should be given to providing interns with different color smocks or uniforms to make them easy to distinguish from other employees.

Unauthorized Medical Practice - Personnel should never attempt to diagnose, treat, or cure a disease or illness unless they are also licensed medical practitioners. Clients should always be referred to physicians for diagnosis and treatment.

Employees should not use any devices, instruments, or chemicals that are restricted for use by medical professionals. In general, these restrictions will vary depending upon the licensure law of the State where the business is located and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulatory classification for the item. Examples of items that are typically restricted to use by, or under the direct supervision of, a medical professional include lancets and needles (other than blunt head electrology needles) that are capable of piercing the skin; scalpels or other razor-edged instruments; electrical devices that contract muscle tissue;

COPYRIGHT ©2006, ISO Services Properties, Inc. [email protected] Risk Management Information 23 Beauty Salons and Barber Shops lotions, creams, or other substances that affect living tissue; anesthetizing agents, such as lidocaine, benzocaine, or xylocaine; devices that abrade the skin below the non-living, epidermal layers; and laser hair removal devices.

Client Consultation - All prospective customers should be evaluated to determine whether they are an appropriate candidate for their desired service or whether they have any conditions that would require the technician to take special precautions. Evaluations should include requiring customers to provide information about their health history as it relates to the service, any adverse experiences they have had with similar treatments, and any medical or cosmetic products they are using that may affect the service outcome or safety. Examples of conditions or products that may affect the ability to provide service include: allergic reactions to particular chemical products, the presence of athlete’s foot or other infections, the presence of open sores or other broken skin, and the use of blood thinners or other medications.

The barber or cosmetologist should perform a physical examination of the intended treatment area. As a general rule, salon personnel should not work on hair, skin or nails that is infected, inflamed, broken or swollen. Instead, they should refer the person to a doctor for medical diagnosis of the condition.

Medical Releases - People with medical conditions (e.g., heart ailment, pregnancy, etc.) that may be adversely affected by a particular service should not be provided service without written consent from their physician. A medical professional should be consulted to develop a list of all conditions that may be affected by a particular service.

Informed Consent - All customers should be provided with written information about the potential risks of any service they are considering, any substances or health conditions that would adversely affect these risks, and the steps that the business will take to minimize their occurrence. Customers should be required to sign a written acknowledgement that they read and understood the information provided. This acknowledgement should be maintained by the business. Parents should be required to sign informed consent forms for children. The signing should be done in the presence of an employee.

Recordkeeping - Complete and accurate client records should be maintained. These records should include information obtained during the client consultation, materials provided to the client about the risks of the service, the dates that each service was performed, the specific cosmetic products and equipment used, and name of the person providing the service. Forms should be securely stored and access limited to only necessary personnel to preserve the privacy of this information.

Sanitation and Disinfection - Steps should be taken to prevent the transmission of infectious diseases. All States have detailed regulatory requirements for that must be followed for sanitation, disinfection, and sterilization.

Employee attire should be clean and employees well-groomed. Employees should not perform services on clients if either the employee or the client has an infectious or transmissible disease, in accordance with State requirements.

Employees should wash their hands before servicing every client. Washrooms should be provided with adequate supplies of hot and cold water, antibacterial soap and single-use towels, or sanitary hand drying devices. “Community” towels should not be used.

Work areas should be cleaned and swept after each client. Hair should be disposed of in a covered receptacle. Floors, walls, and ceilings should be regularly cleaned and disinfected. Carpeting should not be permitted in work areas. Head-rests and treatment tables should be covered with a clean towel, sheet, or paper for each client. Reusable draping, robes, and linens provided to clients should be washed after every use.

There should be a sufficient supply of sanitizers and disinfectant on hand. Disinfectants with bactericidal, fungicidal and viricidal capabilities should be EPA-registered. Disinfectant solutions should be mixed and used according to the manufacturers’ instructions. Containers should be properly labeled. Disinfecting solutions should be changed on a regular basis and whenever they become cloudy.

All tools and implements should be disinfected after each use. Non-electrical items should be cleaned to remove excessive surface contamination, dried, and then completely immersed in disinfectant. Electrical equipment should be disinfected according to the instructions of the manufacturer. Instruments that may pierce

COPYRIGHT ©2006, ISO Services Properties, Inc. [email protected] Risk Management Information 24 Beauty Salons and Barber Shops the skin, such as electrolysis probes, should be sterilized. The equipment should be stored in a clean, covered place. Supplies that may not be disinfected should be disposed of after use. Instruments or supplies should never be carried in or on clothing or uniforms.

Bleeding may occur during treatments, such as manicures. Blood spills should be cleaned up and the area disinfected using a hospital-grade disinfectant. All disposable contaminated objects should be disposed of in accordance with State regulations for medical waste. Tools and implements that come in contact with blood should be disinfected.

Service areas should not be used for other activities, such as cooking or sleeping. Animals should not be allowed in the service areas.

Clothing Protection - Robes, capes, drapes, smocks, or other covering should be used to protect clients clothing from being exposed to damaging chemicals or water. Sanitary neck strips should be used to keep coverings from contacting the client’s skin and to protect the client from any liquid that may drip during the service.

Electrical Operations - Personnel should be trained in the proper use of all electrical equipment that they will be using. Instructions should be available for all devices. Personnel should not leave clients unattended when the client is connected to an operating device. As a general rule, electrical devices should not cause pain.

Electrical modalities should not be used upon any client with a cardiac condition or metal implant. High frequency currents should never be used over oil or tonics containing alcohol or other combustible materials because sparking may occur. Manufacturer’s safety requirements should be followed closely when using dermal lights.

Specific Services Hair Washing - Water temperature should be regulated to prevent scalds. Care should be taken when shampooing to properly support the head and neck of the customer and to minimize neck extension and twisting. Although rare, there have been reported cases of older persons having strokes triggered by compression of arteries in the neck. The condition has become known as “beauty salon stroke syndrome.”

Hair Cutting and Beard Trimming –All combs, brushes, cutting tools (e.g., scissors, shears, and razors) and other implements should be maintained in sanitary condition. Hair cutting tools should be maintained sharp and properly lubricated. Guards and other safety devices should never be removed from these devices.

Care should be taken when cutting hair to prevent accidental cuts and punctures. First aid should be provided, as necessary. Razor blades should be disposed of in their original sleeves or in a puncture-resistant container.

Hair Coloring - Clients should be assessed, prior to coloring, for any condition that may affect the safety of the operation. Coloring should never be done if abrasions or other broken skin are present.

Personnel should use only approved hair colorants. Personnel should follow the manufacturer’s procedures for using the colorant. Patch tests are required before using aniline-derivative dyes to determine whether the person is allergic to the product. Also, aniline-derivative hair dyes should never be used on eyebrows or eye lashes because the products may cause adverse reactions that may lead to blindness.

Care should be used when applying the colorant to prevent it from contacting customer eyes or skin. Customer clothing should be protected with proper draping to prevent accidental staining.

Thermal Hair Treatments - Hot curling irons, hair pressing combs, or marcel irons can cause severe burns if not used properly. Persons using these implements should be properly trained in their use. Special care should be undertaken when working near the face. If burns occur, proper first aid should be administered immediately.

Irons should be balanced in the heater to prevent them from accidentally falling out and causing damage or injuring someone. Only hard rubber or nonflammable combs should be used, since metal combs may transfer heat to the scalp and celluloid combs may burn. Irons should be allowed to cool in a safe place.

Chemical Hair Treatments - Chemicals used to perform permanent waves or hair relaxing may cause chemical burns and allergic reactions. Salon personnel should use only approved chemical treatments. Personnel should follow the manufacturer’s procedures for using the chemical. Patch tests should be performed to check for sensitivity.

The hairline should be protected from chemicals that may drip during the operation. Neck strips or protective coverings that become saturated should be removed and replaced with clean coverings. Chemical solutions contacting the eyes or skin should be immediately removed. Neutralizing solutions should be applied as instructed by the product manufacturer.

Hair Removal - Client consultations should be performed before all hair removal procedures to determine whether there client has any contraindications to hair removal (e.g., rosacea, recent chemical peel, recent cosmetic surgery, or use of blood thinners). Tweezers and other hair removal devices should be disinfected before each use. Sanitary practices should be followed.

If hair will be removed using wax, a patch test should be done before using beeswax to determine whether the customer is allergic to the wax. New applicator sticks should be used for each person. The temperature of heated wax should be tested before application to make sure that it is not too hot. Wax should not come into contact with eyes or be applied to inflamed or broken skin.

For information on hair removal using light-based (e.g., IPL or laser) or electrical devices, see Business Links Report BL-20-33, Day Spas.

Facials – Cosmetic facials should be performed according to accepted techniques and by licensed cosmetologists and estheticians. Cosmetic labels should be reviewed for product safety information. Patch testing should be performed when ingredients are used for the first time on a client. Steps should be taken to prevent cross-contamination. Work areas should be maintained clean and neat, with fresh linens and towels used for each procedure. Disinfected spatulas should be used to remove crèmes from containers. Liquids should be poured on cotton, gauze pads, or sanitized hands. Powders should be dispensed from shaker-type dispensers. Reusable instruments should be disinfected before use. All disposable supplies should be discarded after use.

Care should be taken when spreading cleansing crèmes, astringents, facial oils, or other chemicals on the skin. Caution must be used when applying chemicals, working with tweezers, or performing other actions near the client’s eyes. Surgical implements (e.g., lancets) should never be used to puncture skin.

Eyes should be protected from dermal lighting. Personnel should observe the manufacturer’s recommendations for correct timing and distance requirements. Burned-out light bulbs should be replaced with appropriate replacements.

Hot towels and heat masks should be tested for excessive temperature before being used on clients. Facial steamers should be directed away from the client until the steam flow has stabilized. Steamers should be placed so that they are not too hot on the face. Steamers should be properly maintained to prevent hot water “spitting” due to the build up of mineral deposits.

Electronic muscle stimulators (EMS) or other electrotherapy devices may be used to give facials or to promote the absorption of creams and lotions. These devices can cause harm if used improperly. Excessive stimulation may aggravate existing medical conditions and may produce adverse reactions requiring immediate medical assistance. As a general rule, galvanic devices should never be used on people with metal implants or pacemakers without the consent of the person’s physician. The manufacturer’s instructions for the device should be consulted for conditions contra-indicated for each specific device.

Only FDA-approved electrotherapy devices should be used. The equipment should be disinfected or sterilized before and after each use. Personnel using high frequency devices should take care to prevent sparking.

Some States may allow cosmetologists or estheticians to perform cosmetic exfoliation services using chemicals or mechanical devices (e.g., microdermabrasion). For information on these services, see Business Links Report BL-20-33, Day Spas.

Make-up Application - Work areas should be clean and sanitary. Eye pencils should be sharpened to sanitize the surface before each use and before storage for reuse. The sharpener should also be disinfected. Care should be taken to prevent contamination of cosmetics in multi-use containers (e.g., only clean spatulas or other cosmetic applicator should be used to remove cosmetics from their containers).

Some clients may be sensitive to the adhesives used for the application of artificial eye lashes. Patch tests should be performed prior to the scheduled service. Only FDA-approved lash and brow tinting should be used.

Wax used to remove excess facial hair should be tested for temperature prior to applying to the client’s skin. Care should be taken to prevent melted wax from running into the clients eyes.

Manicures and Pedicures - Sanitation is the primary concern for manicure and pedicures. Instruments and work areas should be properly disinfected before and after each use. New orangewood sticks should be used for each client. Fingerbowls should be emptied, cleaned, and refilled for every client. Footbaths should be disinfected according to State requirements. People with abnormal foot diseases or conditions (i.e., athlete’s foot, nail fungus, open wounds, or red and inflamed skin) of any nature should be treated by a qualified physician.

Safe nail treatment practices should be followed. Many States restrict the use of medical (e.g., scalpels or credo blades) or industrial (e.g., scrapers and graters) implements for removing dead skin or for shaving calluses.

Some States may allow manicurists to reuse ordinarily disposable items (e.g., emery boards, files, or nail pushers) on the same client. Care should be taken to prevent accidental cross-contamination. One method of doing this is to place the used implements in a sealed and labeled bag and provide it to the client to keep in their care and bring in the next time that they have service.

For more detailed information on nail care services see Business Link Report BL-20-34, Nail Salons.

Artificial Nails - Personnel should only use chemicals approved for cosmetic use. Industrial acrylic chemicals, such as methyl methacrylate (MMA) monomer, should not be used because these products can cause severe allergic reactions or cause damage to the nail plate. Care should be taken to prevent nail-treatment chemicals from contacting skin to prevent allergic reactions and chemical burns. Primers should be checked for cloudiness, which may indicate bacterial contamination.

Drill bits for nail drills should be disinfected prior to use. If disposable sandpaper-type drill bit coverings are used, these coverings should be disposed of after each use. If air brushing is performed, the client should be offered safety glasses to protect against overspray.

For more detailed information on nail care services see Business Link Report BL-20-34, Nail Salons.

Product Safety General - Steps should be taken to address potential product liability from products that are sold. These steps should include purchasing products from reputable suppliers; inspecting all product shipments for visible signs of damage; storing and handling the products according to manufacturer’s recommendations; selling products with age-restrictions only to persons of appropriate ages; and keeping records so that a product can be quickly and easily identified in the event of a product recall. Contracts with suppliers should include risk transfer and indemnification provisions.

Private Label Cosmetics – Salons may produce their own cosmetic products and preparations, or contract with others to produce products on there behalf. In general, this will change their liability from that of a retailer to that of a manufacturer.

It is important that all for-sale products meet FDA labeling requirements for cosmetic products. These require that the label identify the company’s name and location, as well as all the ingredients of the product. Ingredients must be listed in descending order in terms of mixture concentration.

In addition, FDA restricts the claims that may be made on the product label(s). The FDA requires that cosmetic manufacturers substantiate the safety of their products and ingredients before marketing. Failure to adequately

COPYRIGHT ©2006, ISO Services Properties, Inc. [email protected] Risk Management Information 27 Beauty Salons and Barber Shops substantiate the safety of a cosmetic product or its ingredients prior to marketing causes the product to be misbranded, unless it is branded with the following statement “Warning--The safety of this product has not been determined." Cosmetic preparations also may not contain certain prohibited ingredients (e.g., nitrosamines),.must be prepared under sanitary conditions, and adequately preserved to prevent microbial contamination.

Information on the FDA requirements for cosmetics may be found on the FDA Web site at http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/cos-toc.html.

[Exposure Abstract]

Property - Crime Exposure Controls [Property - Crime Exposure Assessment]

A property crime prevention program for beauty salons and barber shops should be designed to reduce the risk of employee dishonesty and theft and limit the opportunity for burglary, robbery, and fraud.

Employee Theft Pre-employment Screening - Employee theft is the unlawful taking, control, or transfer of an employer's property with the purpose of benefiting the employee or another not entitled to the property. Employee theft can represent a significant loss exposure. The first line of defense against employee theft is to hire honest employees at the outset. This is best accomplished through a program of preemployment screening. By performing in-depth checks of an applicant's job history and references, management can reduce its exposure to theft while creating an environment of honesty. A thorough screening process will convey to employees that management is concerned with ensuring the highest level of integrity in the workforce.

Procedural Controls and Devices - Procedures should be in place to limit the opportunity for theft. Work flow and task assignments should be arranged so that the work of one employee acts as a control on that of another. Responsibilities and functions should be divided so that no one employee has control over all facets of a transaction. As examples, an employee who has the authority to write checks and make deposits should not be responsible for reconciling the bank statement; and an employee who opens the mail for checks received should not have access to the bookkeeping systems.

Enforcement Policy - A written policy, which outlines the company's procedures for dealing with an employee caught stealing, should be developed. A copy of the policy should be provided to each employee and a signed statement of its receipt should be obtained. A notice should be posted, in a conspicuous location, stating that dishonesty will not be tolerated and that all offenders will be dismissed.

For more detailed information, see Crime Prevention Report CP-24-11, Employee Theft Prevention.

Burglary Building Security - Cash or equipment on the premises may be at risk of burglary. Burglary is a crime of opportunity. Research into the crime indicates that burglars look for places that offer the best opportunity for success. In choosing targets, burglars look for locations that contain something worth stealing and then select those that look easy to break into. Burglars appear to be strongly influenced by the look and feel of the business they are planning to burglarize. Consequently, if the exterior of a business appears to reflect attention to security, the burglar will likely look for an easier opportunity. Good locks and ironwork contribute to making a building appear secure. For additional information, see Crime Prevention Reports CP-36-10, Locking Hardware, and CP-37-10, Securing Exterior Doors.

Protective Lighting - The exterior of the building should be adequately illuminated, since lighting is believed to serve as a deterrent to burglary. Damaged fixtures and burned-out bulbs should be repaired/replaced on a timely basis. For additional information, see Crime Prevention Report CP-32-10, Protective Lighting Systems.

Burglar Alarm System - A premises burglar alarm system also may deter a burglar. An UL-Certificated central station burglar alarm system that sends a silent signal to a monitoring station, which dispatches guards on receipt of the signal, is preferred. An alarm system that sounds a local bell is better than no alarm at all - at the very least, it may scare off the burglar. The alarm system should be tested regularly and maintained properly. A testing and maintenance contract is a requirement of UL Certification. A sign indicating that the premises are protected by a burglar alarm system may serve as a deterrent.

Robbery Cash Control - In general, any business with cash on the premises is a prospective target for robbers. This is true even though the amount of cash on hand is not very high. As such, robbery prevention measures should be implemented to reduce the risk of robbery and the violence that can result from robbery.

Cash should be kept at the lowest possible level by making regular bank deposits. The times and routes of bank deposits should be varied. Having at least two employees on duty during high-risk hours, and at opening and closing times, can also serve as a deterrent to robbery.

Surveillance - Since robbers will generally case the business before a robbery, workers should be advised to report all suspicious activities to supervisors. Also, closed circuit television (CCTV) can act as a deterrent to crime since it can provide a record of the incident. As such, CCTV cameras should be as visible as possible.

The interior and front and rear entrances of the premises should be well-lit. Adequate outside lighting of the parking area and approaches during nighttime hours of operation enhances employee and customer protection. Posters and advertisements in windows should not obstruct visibility into or out of the premises. Clear visibility into the premises will enable passersby and police patrols to observe activities inside, which can serve as a deterrent to robbery. This will also enable employees to observe suspicious activities outside

Non-resistance Policy - Studies have shown that resistance to a robber’s demands accounted for 82 percent of commercial robbery killings. Management must establish a policy of nonresistance and give it top priority in any training programs. Employees must be trained on what to do before, during, and after a robbery.

For detailed information, see Crime Prevention Report CP-21-11, Robbery Prevention.

Fraud Check Fraud - Businesses that accept checks as payment for services should establish a check-acceptance policy. The policy should be posted in a convenient location for customers, and cashiers should be trained in the policy. Elements of the policy should include: requiring two forms of identification for all payments by check, and listing them on the back of the check; not accepting third-party checks, such as payroll or government checks, since these may be stolen; and using an electronic check verification system.

Credit Card Fraud - To prevent credit card fraud, the business should establish a credit card payment policy and train cashiers in the policy. Elements of the policy should include: requiring all credit card transactions to be checked electronically; checking the signature on the sales receipt against the signature on the card; and checking the expiration date on the credit card.

Counterfeit Currency - The business should train cashiers in how to detect counterfeit currency. Equipment should be provided that can be used to detect counterfeit currency. The U.S. Secret Service, a division of the U.S. Treasury Department, provides information on detecting counterfeit currency at the following Web site: www.treas.gov/usss/money_detect.shtml.

[Exposure Abstract]

Property - Fire Exposure Controls [Property - Fire Exposure Assessment]

Beauty salon and barber shop workers may be exposed to the common safety hazards of strains, cuts, falls, hazardous substances, and electricity, depending on the tasks performed. The services provided may expose them to a variety of chemicals and sharp instruments. In addition, attention should be paid to housekeeping, how routine maintenance is performed and by whom, the experience of the workers, the chemicals used, and the setup of electrical equipment. All workers should be provided training so they fully understand all the safety and precautionary issues related to their jobs. The following provides general recommendations for controlling workers’ compensation exposures typically associated with beauty salons and barber shops.

Management Commitment General - In analyzing the level of safety for any organization, consideration should be given to management’s concern and actions in establishing safe work procedures, as well as workers’ involvement in creating a safe work environment. The business will benefit from establishing a strong worker safety environment and requiring safe procedures be used for the benefit of the worker and the customer. Management commitment to creating a safe work environment is essential to controlling injuries and illnesses. If possible, a single individual responsible for safety should be designated and this individual should report to the president or owner of the company. Commitment by senior management can be recognized not only by an allocation of funds for safety equipment and training, but by senior management actions on a daily basis.

Establish Safe-Work Procedures - Management and workers should be aware that the cost of accidents has a direct influence on the cost of operating the business. Management can take many actions that will directly impact the level of safety and reduce accidents. First is a positive, no-nonsense demand that workers use established safe-work procedures. Management must insist on strict adherence to safety protocols and the use of approved personal protective equipment (PPE). Management also should lead by example and perform all tasks in a safe manner.

Written Safety Program - The organization should have a written safety program to help stress the seriousness of working safely and to help identify all the exposures that need to be addressed. Outlining the expected safe work procedures will aid in on-the-job training and set a foundation for unsupervised work. Management should provide initial and continuous safety training.

Communication - All workers should have a clear understanding of management’s attitude toward safety. Workers should not take shortcuts or guess at the proper method to accomplish a task. Instead, workers should know they can count on management to help them when difficult situations arise, and that they will be rewarded for safe acts.

Emergency Preparedness – An emergency action plan (EAP), as required by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), should be established to ensure the safety of workers in the event of a fire or other emergency. A well-developed emergency plan and proper employee training (such that employees understand their roles and responsibilities within the plan) will result in fewer and less severe employee injuries and less structural damage to the facility during emergencies. Means of egress should be designed in accordance to local code, and the locations of fire exits should be indicated by clearly visible signs. See the Property - Fire Exposure Controls section of this report for more detailed information.

Vehicle Safety – If multiple locations are managed, workers may have to drive between locations. Vehicle accidents account for a high percentage of worker injuries and deaths. A safety policy that states management's concern with safe operations of vehicles should be established. Training should be provided to workers. See the Commercial Automobile Exposure Controls section of this report for more detailed information.

OSHA Requirements - The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has issued voluntary program management guidelines to encourage employers to do more than just comply with regulations to prevent occupational injuries and illnesses. The language in these guidelines is general so that it may be broadly applied The guidelines, a distillation of successfully applied safety and health management practices, are advocated by safety and health professionals and consultants representing corporations, professional

COPYRIGHT ©2006, ISO Services Properties, Inc. [email protected] Risk Management Information 31 Beauty Salons and Barber Shops associations, and labor unions and may be found on the OSHA Web site at http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=FACT_SHEETS&p_id=127.

Worker Training General - Training is an essential part of every employer's safety and health program for protecting workers from injuries and illnesses. Research has shown that those who are new on the job have a higher rate of accidents and injuries than more experienced workers. If lack of knowledge of specific job hazards and of proper work practices is even partly to blame for this higher injury rate, then training will help to provide a solution. It is highly recommended that the employer keep a record of all safety and health training. Records can provide evidence of the employer's good faith and compliance with Occupational Safety and Health Administration’s (OSHA) standards. Workers may require the following training.

Hazard Communication Training – Due to the varied chemicals used in beauty salons and barber shops for hair coloring, shampooing, and cleaning and sanitizing, a formal OSHA Hazard Communication Program should be established to control the handling of these hazardous chemicals. The program should include written procedures, hazardous materials inventory, Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS), worker training, and container labeling.

For additional information, see Occupational Safety Report OS-20-12, Hazard Communication, or go to the OSHA Website at http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document? p_table=STANDARDS&p_id=10099.

Strains Preventing back injuries is a major workplace safety challenge. Lifting, placing, carrying, holding, and lowering are all activities involved in manual materials handling (the principal cause of compensable work injuries). According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, more than one million workers suffer back injuries each year, and back injuries account for one of every five workplace injuries or illnesses (four out of five of these injuries were to the lower back, and that three out of four occurred while the employee was lifting). Further, one-fourth of all compensation indemnity claims involve back injuries, costing industry billions of dollars on top of the pain and suffering borne by employees.

Workers will typically spend most of the work day on their feet, bending and twisting over customers, which can lead to musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs), such as back strains. Also, the constant bending and twisting of the wrist during hair cutting operations can lead to cumulative trauma disorders (CTDs), such as carpal tunnel syndrome.

Management should consider investigating the situation to ensure undue stress is eliminated. Special chairs that raise and lower to adjust the customer to the worker are very beneficial in controlling the amount of movement and repetition the worker must endure. Management should consider scheduling rest breaks for workers throughout the day and encouraging stretching and sitting to reduce body stresses. Additionally, pre- employment physicals may help identify potential MSD and CTD problems and allow management to employ preventative measures right from the start.

Management should also have a strain prevention program that outlines the procedures for the safe use of equipment, provides criteria for two-person lifts, and reinforces the need for storing manually-moved, heavy objects at waist level. Much of the success in preventing back injuries can be attributed to understanding the exposure. Workers can help to prevent a back injury or strain by reducing bending and twisting, and getting help with heavy loads. Manual materials handling equipment should be sized for the task and the user. Additionally, management should know which workers have back problems and ensure they are lifting safely, such as by using a buddy system. Workers with known back conditions and those who develop back problems while employed should be assigned duties that will not exacerbate their conditions. Finally, the best prevention technique to control strain injuries is recognition by the individual of the hazard and then taking the appropriate action. There should be no stigma attached with asking for help.

Infectious Diseases General - Workers will cut, color, and style hair using a variety sharp instruments. Although cuts to the worker are possible, training in the proper use of scissors and clippers can prevent most cuts.

Bloodborne Pathogens – If cuts from sharp instruments are a problem, a written program should be established to control worker exposure to bloodborne pathogens. The program should include safe handling procedures, worker training, inspections, incident reporting, hepatitis B vaccinations, and PPE and clothes. PPE that should be made available to workers include: (1) disposable latex gloves (note: the use of latex gloves has recently become associated with an outbreak of allergic reactions, and substitutes should be provided where indicated); (2) disposable facemasks, goggles, or face shields; (3) gowns or other protective garments impervious to liquids; and (4) head and shoe covers.

Skin Infections – Workers are also exposed to skin and fungus infections. Hand washing is the single most important procedure for preventing infections. Hand washing with plain soap (detergents) is effective in removing most transient microorganisms. The components of good hand washing include using an adequate amount of soap, rubbing the hands together to create some friction, and rinsing under running water. The mechanical action of washing and drying removes most of the transient bacteria present. In addition to hand washing, gloves play an important role in reducing the risks of transmission of microorganisms.

Falls Workers need to be vigilant when walking on wet or waxed floors, climbing and descending stairs, climbing in and out of vehicles, and while using ladders or step stools, to ensure they are free from slippery conditions. When pulling or pushing carts or lifting equipment, workers should analyze the path to the destination and take appropriate actions. Conditions that could cause a fall should be corrected or by-passed.

Management should consider protecting the floors with non-slip wax. If there is a consistent problem with slipping, consideration should be given to installing a slip resistant floor, such as rough ceramic tile with a sure-grip finish, or possibly railings. In some facilities where there are only a few steps up and down separating services, ramps with handrails can be installed to help prevent falls.

Management should also consider the following to reduce worker exposure to falls: (1) require workers to wear shoes with slip-resistant soles; (2) have workers clean up liquid spills as quickly as possible; (3) coat building steps with a non-slip material; (4) keep walkways and parking areas clear and unobstructed from debris, snow, and ice; (5) provide adequate lighting indoors and outdoors, including on walkways and in parking areas; and (6) inspect and properly maintain all portable ladders and step-stools.

Hazardous Substances Occupational injuries and illnesses can be caused by exposure to harmful substances or the environment. Management should conduct a hazard assessment to determine what PPE should be worn. PPE, such as slip- resistant shoes, gloves, eye goggles, and face shields, may be necessary to prevent worker injury. Any chemical used in the facility should have material safety data sheets (MSDS) on file and the workers should be trained in reading the MSDS and understand what actions they should take if they come in contact with the chemical.

Normally each work station should be cleaned after each use. Sanitizing chemicals used by staff to clean the equipment and area should be non-toxic and not leave a film or residue behind after drying and it should be mixed properly to prevent eye irritation.

Other factors that should be considered for protecting workers from hazardous chemicals include: (1) provide spill clean-up kits in accessible locations; (2) develop and implement written spill control plans; (3) store chemicals in areas that are not subject to physical damage; (4) do not store heavy loads on top of small, chemical-holding containers; and (5) provide proper PPE for each chemical used.

If food is prepared and served on the premises, then the possibility of rodent and insect infestations is possible. Pesticides used to eliminate the rodents and insects should not be harmful to the workers.

For additional information, see Occupational Safety Report OS-70-02, Personal Protective Equipment, and OS- 70-11, Occupational Eye and Face Protection.

Electrical According to the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) about 3,900 injuries associated with electrical receptacle outlets are treated in hospital emergency rooms each year. CPSC estimates that electric receptacles are involved in 5,300 fires annually which claim 40 lives and injure 110 consumers. When using electrical devices (e.g., hair dryers), operators should be aware that electrical receptacle outlets in walls and floors may present shock and electrical fire hazards. Management should ensure that all electrical equipment, cords, and receptacles are checked each day for safe operation before opening the business to customers.

Common sense may be the best approach to electrical safety; however, management should never assume but, instead, should be proactive in the prevention of injury. Thus, the safer businesses will have written procedures for workers to follow in handling or servicing any electrical equipment. The single most successful defense against electrical accidents is the continuous exercise of good judgment.

There are some basic safety procedures that all workers should follow to prevent electrical accidents. These include: only licensed electricians should be allowed to perform electrical installation and repair work; workers should never reach blindly into areas that may contain energized electrical circuits; and workers should not wear conductive jewelry (e.g., watchbands, rings, etc.) or clothing (e.g., metal headgear, cloths with conductive thread, etc.). Management should ensure ground fault circuit interrupters or double insulated protection on all extension cords is provided in potentially wet areas. Also, workers should always unplug the equipment or de- energize the circuit before changing any light bulbs.

All electrical cords should be checked for breaks or cuts, or frayed areas where the cord passes over an edge. Damaged cords should be replaced. Circuits should not be overloaded by using multiple plugs or extension cords. Electric appliances should not be used near the sink or near other sources of water. All circuits in any wet areas should have ground fault protection.

[Exposure Abstract]

Property - Inland Marine Exposure Controls [Property - Inland Marine Exposure Assessment]

The following information can assist in controlling business interruption and Inland Marine losses in beauty salons and barber shops.

Business Interruption Emergency Preparedness – Business interruption applies both to a direct loss of income and to the extra expenses incurred for fixed costs and retaining key employees resulting from a fire, flood, or other natural disaster temporarily suspending operations. To limit business interruption losses from natural disaster, a business should have an emergency preparedness plan. Such planning is essential for successfully minimizing any adverse effects of an emergency or disaster on a business and its operations. Additionally, records of natural disasters in the area should be obtained and analyzed. This analysis could help to determine the emergencies that should be considered in the plan.

Contingency plans should be developed to bring the business back into operation as soon as possible. Reserve parts or equipment should be kept in stock in case of an emergency; at the very least, the availability of spare parts and equipment should be determined.

For further information, see Inland Marine Report IM-20-01, Controlling the Business Interruption Exposure.

Fire Protection - To limit business interruption losses from fire, the facility should be designed and constructed to minimize the potential for fire and, in case of a fire, to contain the fire to the area of origin. Good housekeeping should be practiced throughout the facility and an automatic sprinkler system installed that meets applicable codes and standards. For additional information on fire protection, see the Property – Fire Exposure Controls section of this report.

Accounts Receivables and Valuable Papers/ Records Records Protection - A business that suffers a loss due to fire, flood, or other natural disaster may be unable to collect accounts receivables. Valuable papers, such as lists of customers’ names, licenses, and health inspection reports, may also be destroyed.

Plans should be developed to protect accounts receivables and valuable papers/records. Records should be duplicated and updated on a regular basis, with off-site storage of backup records. Otherwise, records should be stored in a fire-resistive cabinet or safe that is used only for such purpose. Contingency plans should be in place to retrieve and recover damaged records.

Fire Protection - Automatic sprinklers, smoke detectors, or other fire protection systems that are intended to protect the facility also will serve to protect accounts receivables and valuable papers/records. Smoking should be prohibited throughout the facility or restricted to specifically designated areas.

Equipment The types of equipment that are exposed to loss from fire, theft, and natural disasters include: barber’s chairs, shampooing sinks for vanities, mirrors, scissors, razors, clippers, combs, brushes, clips, curlers, air hoses, dryers (hood and hand-held), and curling irons. Also included would be food and beverage service equipment or vending machines; air-conditioning equipment; cleaning/maintenance equipment; and general office equipment, such as cash registers, televisions, VCRs, and radio and stereo equipment.

A list of the ages, condition, and serial numbers for all equipment owned, leased, or rented should be maintained in a secure location, preferably off-premises in a fire resistive safe. Expensive equipment should be protected from theft by etching with permanent identification numbers. A list of the numbers and descriptions of the equipment should be registered with the police and copies of the list kept in a secure location.

An accurate inventory, and videotapes and/or photographs, of all equipment and furniture should be kept. This will help to determine if theft is a problem and whether or not security measures are effective.

For additional information on crime prevention, see Property – Crime Exposure Controls section of this report.

Bailment General - There will be a bailment exposure if the business accepts customers’ hairpieces for repair or cleaning, or operates a coat check. The business is required to exert the same degree of care that an ordinary, careful person would exercise over his or her own property to prevent loss of the property from theft, fire, or natural disaster.

Loss Prevention –Inventory reports and proper receipts are essential for hairpieces brought in for cleaning and repair. If a coat check-in system is provided, printed receipts indicating the date and time of the property checked should be provided to the customer. Procedures should be implemented to limit the possibility of returning an item to someone other than the rightful owner. Also, records should be kept on the receipt and return of items.

Signs and Awnings Outdoor signs and awnings can be exposed to loss. Generally, outdoor signs less than 12 ft (3.65 m) above the sidewalk are not covered under an Inland Marine policy. The types of signs exposed to losses include neon, florescent, automatic or mechanical electrical signs, and lamps. Signs can be of the freestanding type or on a raised pole. Additional signs may be attached to the main building or to the roofing.

Signs and awnings should be designed to withstand expected weather conditions and properly supported to prevent toppling. Signs should be located with adequate setbacks from parking areas or roadways. In locations where there is a potential for a sign being struck by vehicles, it should be elevated or protected by safety barriers. Properly illuminating signs will help to deter theft or vandalism. An inventory of all signs and awnings should be maintained.

[Exposure Abstract]

Workers’ Compensation Exposure Controls [Workers’ Compensation Exposure Assessment]

COPYRIGHT ©2006, ISO Services Properties, Inc. [email protected] Risk Management Information 37 Beauty Salons and Barber Shops associations, and labor unions and may be found on the OSHA Web site at http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=FACT_SHEETS&p_id=127.

For additional information, see Occupational Safety Report OS-70-02, Personal Protective Equipment, and OS- 70-11, Occupational Eye and Face Protection.

[Exposure Abstract]

References 1. Alpert, Arlene, et al. Milady’s Standard: Cosmetology. Clifton Park, NY: Milady Publishing Co., 2004.

2. “Barbers.” Encyclopedia of Careers and Vocational Guidance, Thirteenth ed. New York: Ferguson Publishing Co., 2005.

3. “Cosmetologists.” Encyclopedia of Careers and Vocational Guidance, Thirteenth ed. New York: Ferguson Publishing Co., 2005.

4. “Cosmetology.” Encyclopedia of Careers and Vocational Guidance, Thirteenth ed. New York: Ferguson Publishing Co., 2005.

5. Engineering and Safety Service. Storage of Flammable and Combustible Liquids in Containers. FP-70-12. Jersey City, NJ: ISO Services Properties, Inc., 2004.

6. International Codes Council (ICC). International Fire Code. 2003 ed. Falls Church, VA: ICC, 2003.

7. National Fire Protection Association (NFPA). Fire Protection Handbook. 19th ed. Quincy, MA: NFPA, 2003.

8. ---. Life Safety Code. NFPA 101. Quincy, MA: NFPA, 2006.

9. ---. National Electrical Code. NFPA 70. Quincy, MA: NFPA, 2005.

10. ---. National Fire Alarm Code. NFPA 72. Quincy, MA: NFPA, 2002.

11. ---. Standard for Portable Fire Extinguishers. NFPA 10. Quincy, MA: NFPA, 2002.

12. ---. Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems. NFPA 13. Quincy, MA: NFPA, 2002.

13. ---. Standard for the Installation of Warm Air Heating and Air-Conditioning Systems. NFPA 90B. Quincy, MA: NFPA, 2006.

14. ---. Uniform Fire Code. NFPA 1. Quincy, MA: NFPA, 2006.

15. Nelson, Dennis. Safety and Health in the Salon: Facilitators Guide. Albany, NY: Milady Publishing Co., 2001.

16. Scali-Snipes, Maura. Milady’s Standard Textbook of Professional Barber-Styling. rev. ed. Albany, NY: Milady Publishing Co., 1999.

[Exposure Abstract]

The information contained in this publication was obtained from sources believed to be reliable. ISO Services Properties, Inc., its companies and employees make no guarantee of results and assume no liability in connection with either the information herein contained or the safety suggestions herein made. Moreover, it cannot be assumed that every acceptable safety procedure is contained herein or that abnormal or unusual circumstances may not warrant or require further or additional procedure.