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Imbeaumbsthesis.Pdf (2.574Mb) Copyright is owned by the Author of the thesis. Permission is given for a copy to be downloaded by an individual for the purpose of research and private study only. The thesis may not be reproduced elsewhere without the permission of the Author. Title Page Cooperation in Competitive Miniatures Games: An examination of coopetitive behaviour A thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Business Studies in Management at Massey University Auckland, New Zealand Jean-Sebastien Imbeau 2019 1 Abstract The following study uses competitive miniatures board games as a novel research environment to examine how, when and why individuals choose between cooperative and competitive strategies to advance their interests, both within the game match itself and within the broader community of gamers, and what factors affect these decisions. Drawing on literature from the study fields of coopetition (a situation of simultaneous cooperation and competition) and decision making, the study focuses on environmental factors and systemic features of the games and game cultures, and how these impact player decisions and perspectives on the competitive/cooperative paradox. Findings supported value creation as a key motivator in player behaviour. Participants overall expressed a non zero-sum understanding of the coopetitive environment. The existence of a coopetitive tension within competitive miniatures games was acknowledged across the board, although its severity was perceived differently across participants. Participants also identified a number of key strategies and tools used to mitigate or navigate this tension. These included reciprocity, communicating intent, following the principles of clean play, and adhering to a set of unwritten rules and norms around sportsmanship and fairness. Players also identified a number of systemic features that results in negative experiences for them. These included gotchas, unclear rules, and a sense of imbalance that can result in a player feeling powerless and unengaged. Likewise, a number of systemic features that help reduce conflict were discussed. These included the existence of a tight ruleset, managing player expectations, and the establishment of a neutral authority to mediate disputes. The findings are used to propose a model of human behaviour in coopetitive situations, intended to further develop understanding of coopetition and behaviour within bilateral coopetitive environments. 2 Acknowledgments To my supervisors: Andrew Barney (thanks for the grandiose theory/coffee sessions!) and Andrew Cardow. To my managers / Heads of School of Management – Stephen Kelly, Bevan Catley, Jo Bensemann – without whose support I would not be writing this very large text. To all my colleagues in the School of Management at Massey who have taken every day as an opportunity to remind me I should be doing a PhD, and have suffered having me as an argumentative student in their class, or an argumentative colleague in their office. To the competitive miniatures wargaming scenes of New Zealand and Slovenia, where I have not only made many friends and shared memories, but whose members I have now also exploited for academic gain. To David Greig and the rest of the team at Mighty Ape: thank you for your support and assistance with this research and continued support of miniatures wargaming in New Zealand. To the countries of Sweden and Finland – for not only providing some of the greatest music of the last 25 years, but also for the large amount of research on coopetition in business which has been conducted over the same period in the Nordic region. Finally thanks to my wife Danica for offering review and valuable criticism of many drafts. 3 Table of Contents Title Page ................................................................................................................................................ 1 Abstract .................................................................................................................................................. 2 Acknowledgments .................................................................................................................................. 3 Table of Contents ................................................................................................................................... 4 List of Figures and Tables ....................................................................................................................... 6 1/ Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 7 2/ Literature Review .............................................................................................................................. 9 2.1 The value of studying competitive miniatures games .................................................................. 9 2.2 Coopetition: Cooperating and Competing .................................................................................. 12 Defining Coopetition ..................................................................................................................... 12 How Coopetition Arises ................................................................................................................ 15 Value Creation ............................................................................................................................... 18 Individual Impacts of Coopetition ................................................................................................. 21 Coopetition: A Multi-Level Game ................................................................................................. 22 2.3 Decision Making and Games ....................................................................................................... 26 Bounded Rationality ...................................................................................................................... 27 Qualitative Research in Game Theory and Decision Making ........................................................ 29 Communication and Reciprocity ................................................................................................... 31 Decision Making Experiments and the Problem of Ecological Validity ......................................... 34 3/ Method............................................................................................................................................. 39 Research design overview ............................................................................................................. 39 Participants ................................................................................................................................... 40 Sampling ........................................................................................................................................ 41 Demographics ............................................................................................................................... 42 Materials ....................................................................................................................................... 43 Procedure ...................................................................................................................................... 44 Limitations..................................................................................................................................... 47 4/ Results and Discussion .................................................................................................................... 49 4.1 Results / Discussion - Stage 1 ...................................................................................................... 49 Codebook – Stage 1 ...................................................................................................................... 51 Stage 1 - Discussion ....................................................................................................................... 54 Stage 1 - Conclusions .................................................................................................................... 61 4.2 Results / Discussion - Stage 2 ...................................................................................................... 63 4 4.2.1 Participant experience and motivations .............................................................................. 63 4.2.2 What makes a (good) competitive game ............................................................................. 66 4.2.3 Perspectives on the cooperation / competition conflict ..................................................... 70 4.2.4 Conflict Situations and Negative Experiences ...................................................................... 82 4.2.5 Social vs Competitive ........................................................................................................... 90 4.2.6 Avoiding and Reducing Conflict ........................................................................................... 99 5/ Conclusion ...................................................................................................................................... 108 Further Research ............................................................................................................................. 111 Appendix 1 – Code Book: Stage 2 (offline protocols) ......................................................................
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