Enzymes Outside the Body

CIS Unit

Swamp Thing: Enzymes outside the body (9th and 10th grade Biology)

 SC.912.L.18.11 as L.18.1: Explain the role of enzymes as catalysts that lower the activation energy of biochemical reactions. Identify factors, such as pH and temperature, and their effect on enzyme activity.

 SC.912.L.18.4 as L.18.1: Describe the structures of proteins and amino acids. Explain the functions of proteins in living organisms. Identify some reactions that amino acids undergo. Relate the structure and function of enzymes.

 SC.912.L.18.1: Describe the basic molecular structures and primary functions of the four major categories of biological macromolecules. CIS Lesson Swamp Thing

1. Hook Engage: What are some things that you find in a swamp? What are some things that you find in a swamp that can clean clothes?

2. Question #1 Predict how enzymes work to clean clothes.

3. Pass out article (Teacher can read article aloud if desired)

4. Pre-teach vocabulary a. Protease d. Denatured g. Recalcitrant b. Catalysts e. Intricately h. Soluble c. Molecule f. Tenaciously i. Plasmids j. 5. Text-marking a. PE = Properties or Characteristics of Enzymes b. AST = Advantages of Swamp Thing c. PP = Properties of Proteins that stain clothes d. 6. Question #2 a. How do enzymes work to remove stains from clothing? Make sure to discuss the environmental factors that affect how they work. Support your answer with examples from the text. b. 7. Note-taking: How does the Swamp Thing do its magic? a. 8. Vote a. Which would provide for the most effective AND eco-friendly cleaner? b. c. Group d. Individual e. Recount Individual f. Detergent Alone g. h. i. j. Enzyme Alone k. l. m. n. Detergent + o. p. q. Enzyme r. 9. An individual representing each position presents a persuasive argument in favor of their position. A recount is conducted to allow student to change their vote. a. 10. Question #3 a. You are a copywriter for an advertising firm that has been contracted to promote Swamp Thing to manufactures for inclusion in their cleaning products. Manufactures must know two things: 1) what are the unique advantages of Swamp Thing; and 2) how does Swamp Thing work to produce these advantages. Construct advertising copy that is at least 2 paragraphs addressing Swamp Thing’s advantages. Site specific examples from the text, but feel free to draw information from other sources as well. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i. j. k. l. m. n. o. p. q. r. s. t. u. v. w.

ae. af. ag. ah. CIS Lesson ai. Swamp Thing aj. (Text is handout) ak. al. am.Vocabulary an. ao. ap. aq. ar. as. at. Swamp Thing au. av. aw. ax. Vocabulary ay. ba. Paragrap bb. Definition: An enzyme that az. Prote h 1 breaks down proteins and peptides. ase bc. bd. bf. Paragrap bg. Definition: 1.A substance that be. Catal h 2 increases the rate of a chemical reaction without itself undergoing any yst permanent chemical change. bi. Paragrap bj. Definition: Smallest unit of a bh. Mole h 3 covalently bonded compound. cule bl. Paragrap bm.Definition: Destroy the bk. Dena h 4 characteristic properties of (a protein or other biological macromolecule) by heat, ture acidity, or other effects. d bo. Paragrap bq. Definition: defiant, bn. Recal h 8 unapologetic br. Synonyms: contrary, bp. citran ungovernable, defiant t bt. Paragrap bu. Definition: having many bs. Intric h 8 interrelated parts or facets; entangled or involved ately bv. bx. Paragrap ca. Definition: holding fast; bw. Tenac h 8 characterized by keeping a firm hold iously by. bz. cc. Paragrap cf. Definition: capable of being cb. Solubl h 10 dissolved in a liquid e cd. ce. ci. Paragrap ck. Definition: a segment of DNA cg. Plasmi h 11 independent of the chromosomes and capable of cj. ds replication, occurring in bacteria and yeast: used in ch. recombinant DNA procedures to transfer genetic material from one cell to another. cl. cm. cn. co. cp. cq. Swamp Thing cr. (Text is handout) cs. ct. Text Marking cu. cv. cw. cx. 1 cy. Swamp Thing Washes Whiter : cz. Enzymes outside the body da. db. AN UNLIKELY slogan for a new detergent? Perhaps, but it is an unlikely detergent. It does, however, come from a good family. Some 60% of the enzymes used in industry belong to a group known as proteases, which attack proteins. They are used to make cheese, to make meat more tender and to improve dough, among other things. A few proteases are added to detergents, but many enzymes cannot stand temperatures much above 40°C. Washing machines can. An enzyme's activities may also be impaired or destroyed when it finds itself mixed with other chemicals. So there are limits to their usefulness. Enter the thing from the swamp. dc. dd. What is an Enzyme?2 de. df. Enzymes are catalysts made by living organisms. There are thousands of different chemical reactions taking place in living things and almost every reaction has its own associated enzyme. There are, therefore, vast numbers of different enzymes. dg. dh. The shape of each enzyme is determined by the sequence of amino acids it contains and the way in which they link up to form a particular three-dimensional molecule. One part of this molecule is an active site — the part of the enzyme that interacts with the chemical or chemicals involved in the reaction it catalyzes. This site recognizes the shape of the chemicals and reduces the amount of energy needed to join them together — or split them apart, as happens in digestive processes. di. dj. Enzymes are affected by temperature and pH. At both high temperatures and extremes of pH, they change shape. The active site changes shape too, and no longer matches up with the chemicals involved in the reaction, which slows down or stops. The effect on protein structure can be permanent, in which case the enzymes are denatured. dk. dl. Some organisms, especially bacteria, live in extreme conditions, for example around volcanic steam vents. There are evidently some proteins that are much less affected by what we regard as ‘extreme’ temperatures. dm. dn. Dr Todd Gusek, a food scientist at Cornell University in Ithaca, New York, has discovered a protease without the usual shortcomings. He isolated it from a rare strain of a heat-loving soil bacterium, Thermomonospora fusca. So far his particular strain - dubbed YX - has been found only in a mangrove swamp on the Yucatan Peninsula in Mexico. do. dp. The enzyme is rather good at breaking down all sorts of plant and animal proteins at temperatures of up to 85°C. The hotter it is, the better it works. At 80°C it works 13 times faster than subtilisin, the most popular protease in current detergents. And it is unworried by high concentrations of detergents or by chemicals such as salts that are sometimes added to them. dq. dr. Proteins are to blame for the most recalcitrant stains on clothing - such as blood, grass and wine stains. This is because of geometry. Protein molecules are intricately folded things; when they meet fabric, they unravel, exposing reactive chemicals that are normally buried inside their molecules. These chemicals bind tenaciously to the fabric and an ordinary detergent has difficulty in removing the now-sticky molecules. Add a protease to the detergent, and the protease attacks the bonds along the protein's chain of molecules and breaks them into fragments which a detergent can more easily mop up. ds. dt. YX protease could help with any number of processes for which other proteases are already used. Its efficiency means that relatively small amounts of enzyme are needed; the high temperatures it works at mean that the risk of contamination of a product by microbes is vastly reduced. It has already been employed to clean filtration membranes that are used to concentrate milk. In one test, it cleaned the membranes in an hour, instead of the day that existing cleaners take. du. dv. Another application for the enzyme might be to help make protein hydrolysates. These are protein-rich liquid foods administered through tubes to patients recovering from operations. They consist of the soluble components of proteins - peptides and amino acids. Another idea is to use it as the base for a contact-lens cleaner, to get rid of proteins from the eye's surface. dw. dx. The enzyme is still being tested, but already companies in America, Western Europe and Japan are sniffing around it. The next step is to find a way to mass-produce it. Thermomonospora secretes its protease in minute quantities. The plan is to tinker with the genes of another species of soil bacterium which is used to make antibiotics. Dr Gusek and his colleagues aim to take the gene that codes for YX protease in Thermomonospora and put it into ring-shaped DNA molecules, called plasmids, from the other microbe. The hope is that once these altered plasmids are returned to their original owners, large quantities of the enzyme should be forthcoming. dy. dz. 1The Economist (US). 310.7592 (Mar. 4, 1989): p80. From Health Reference Center Academic. ea. 2Collins, Nigel. "Enzymes outside the body: enzymes allow chemical reactions in all living things to proceed quickly, under conditions where they would normally be very slow. Scientists realised that enzymes could be isolated and used to catalyse reactions outside living organisms. This was the start of a major biotechnology industry, which still developing." Catalyst Feb. 2003: 8+. Health Reference Center Academic. Web. 13 June 2012. eb. Directed Note-Taking ec. ed. Directions: Record notes containing the most important information relevant to the guiding question. ee. ef. eg. eh. ei. ej. ek. el. em. en. eo. ep. eq. e e e e r et. Notes u w x. . . . P P P A e e s v. . P e ez. f f f y a b c . . . . f fe. f f f d f g h . . . . f fj. f f f f fo. f f f n p q r . . . . f ft. f f f s u v w . . . . f fy. f g g x z a b . . . . g gd. g g g c e f g . . . . g gi. g g g h j k l g gn. g g g m o p q . . . . g gs. g g g r t u v . . . .

gw. gx. gy. gz. ha. Collaborative Work: hb. After completing your chart, be prepared to compare your notes with others. hc. hd. Question Generator he. hf. Directions: Go back through the text and find words, phrases or statements that create questions in your mind. Discuss these questions in your group, and then document your group’s questions below. hg. hh. hi. hj. hk. hl. h h h h m ho. Questions p r. s . . A . P P P h h n q . . P h hu. h h h t v w x . . . . h hz. i i i y a b c . . . . i ie. i i i d f g h . . . . i ij. i i i i k l m . . . . i io. i i i n p q r . . . . i it. i i i s u v w . . . . i iy. i j j x z a b . . . . j jd. j j j c e f g j ji. j j j h j k l . . . .

jm. jn. jo. jp. jq. jr. js. jt. ju. jv. jw. jx. jy. Collaborative Work: jz. After completing your chart, be prepared to compare your notes with others. ka. Directions: Write your answer to the question using information you learned in this unit. Be sure to use information from the text to justify your answer. Be sure to use complete sentences and correct punctuation and grammar. kb. kc.